Avian coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Ectodomain Shows a Low Codon Adaptation to Gallus gallus with Virus-Exclusive Codons in Strategic Amino Acids Positions

This is a study on the Avian coronavirus IBV and chicken host-relationship from the codon usage point of view based on fifty-nine non-redundant IBV S1 sequences (nt 1-507) from strains detected worldwide and chicken tissue-specific protein genes sequences from IBV-replicating sites. The effective number of codons (ENC) values ranged from 36 to 47.8, indicating a high-to-moderate codon usage bias. The highest IBV codon adaptation index (CAI) value was 0.7, indicating a distant virus versus host synonymous codons usage. The ENC x GC3 % curve indicates that both mutational pressure and natural selection are the driving forces on codon usage pattern in S1. The low CAI values agree with a low S protein expression and considering that S protein is a determinant for attachment and neutralization, this could be a further mechanism besides mRNA transcription attenuation for a low expression of this protein leading to an immune camouflage.

Sources of organic trace minerals in diets for weaned piglets

One hundred and twenty six piglets from a commercial genetic strain weaned at 21 days of age (6.11 +/- 0.42 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of supplementation levels of organic sources of trace minerals in the diets of weaned piglets on performance, occurrence of diarrhea, excretion of copper and zinc in the feces, and hematological parameters. A completely randomized block design was adopted, composed of six treatments (diets containing 100% of inorganic trace minerals premix at 3.00 kg/T; diets containing 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of organic trace minerals premix, equivalent to 0; 0.75; 1.50; 2.25 or 3.00 kg/T, respectively), seven replicates and three animals per plot. During the experimental period (from 21 to 63 days of age), the increasing levels of organic trace minerals premix in the diets determined a quadratic effect on daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion (FC), percentage of hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelets (Pt), and a linear increase of Cu and Zn concentrations in feces. The comparison of means between the treatment with inorganic trace minerals premix and the other treatments showed that piglets fed diets without trace minerals premix had lower values of DWG, Ht, Hb, MCH, MCV, Pt and the worst FC value of piglets fed diets containing 25% of organic trace minerals premix presented lower values of Ht and Hb, in comparison with those fed diets with 100% of inorganic trace minerals premix. Inorganic trace minerals premix can be substituted by organic trace minerals premix at a lower level of inclusion in diets for weaned piglets.

Multi-criteria analysis in the strategic environmental assessment of the sugar and alcohol sector

The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the sugar and alcohol sector guides a territorial and sectoral planning that benefits most of the local society and supports this economic activity in all its stages. In this way, the present work aims to determine an index of aggregation of the indicators generated in the baseline of the SEA process, called Index of Sustainability of Expansion of the Sugar and Alcohol Sector (IScana). For this, it was used the normalization of the indicators of each city by the fuzzy logic and attribution of weights by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Then, the IScana values had been spatialized in the region of 'Grande Dourados'-Mato Grosso do Sul State. The northern portion concentrated the highest values of IScana, 0.48 and 0.55, referring to the cities of Nova Alvorada do Sul and Rio Brilhante, while, in the central portion, the city of Dourados presented the lowest value, 0.10. The selection of the set of indicators forming the IScana, and their relative importance, was satisfactory for the application of fuzzy logic and AHP techniques. The IScana index supplies objective information regarding the diagnosis of the region for the application of SEA.

Work activities as a resource for work organization design and for strategic decisions?

This paper proposes a discussion about the possibilities to link strategic decisions to working activities performed by workers. In that sense contributions from activities analysis could be considered in order to design and manage production.

Micro-structural and compositional variations of hydrothermal epidote-group minerals from a peralkaline granite, Corupá Pluton, Graciosa Province, South Brazil, and their petrological implications

Epidote-group minerals, together with albite, quartz, fluorite, Al-poor and Fe-rich phyllosilicates, zircon, and minor oxides and sulphides, are typical hydrothermal phases in peralkaline alkali-feldspar granites from the Corupá Pluton, Graciosa Province, South Brazil. The epidote-group minerals occur as single crystals and as aggregates filling in rock interstices and miarolitic cavities. They display complex recurrent zoning patterns with an internal zone of ferriallanite-(Ce), followed by allanite-(Ce), then epidote-ferriepidote, and an external zone with allanite-(Ce), with sharp limits, as shown in BSE and X-ray images. REE patterns show decreasing fractionation degrees of LREE over HREE from ferriallanite to epidote. The most external allanite is enriched in MREE. LA-ICP-MS data indicate that ferriallanite is enriched (>10-fold) in Ti, Sr and Ga, and depleted in Mg, Rb, Th and Zr relative to the host granite. Allanite has lower Ga and Mn and higher Zr, Nb and U contents as compared to ferriallanite, while epidote is enriched in Sr, U and depleted in Pb, Zr, Hf, Ti and Ga. The formation of these minerals is related to the variable concentrations of HFSE, Ca, Al, Fe and F in fluids remaining from magmatic crystallization, in an oxidizing environment, close to the HM buffer. L-MREE were in part released by the alteration of chevkinite, their main primary repository in the host rocks.

Weathering of Fe-bearing minerals under extraterrestrial conditions, investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy

The weathering of Fe-bearing minerals under extraterrestrial conditions was investigated by Mössbauer (MB) spectroscopy to gain insights into the role of water on the planet Mars. The NASA Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity each carry a miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometer MIMOS II for the in situ investigation of Martian soils and rocks as part of their payload. The MER flight instruments had to be modified in order to work over the Martian diurnal temperature range (180 K – 290 K) and within the unique electronic environment of the rovers. The modification required special calibration procedures. The integration time necessary to obtain a good quality Mössbauer spectrum with the MIMOS II flight instruments was reduced by 30 % through the design of a new collimator. The in situ investigation of rocks along the rover Spirit's traverse in Gusev crater revealed weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills. Correlation plots of primary Fe-bearing minerals identified by MB spectroscopy such as olivine versus secondary Fe-bearing phases such as nanophase Fe oxides showed that olivine is the mineral which is primarily involved in weathering reactions. This argues for a reduced availability of water. Identification of the Fe-oxyhydroxide goethite in the Columbia Hills is unequivocal evidence for aqueous weathering processes in the Columbia Hills. Experiments in which mineral powders were exposed to components of the Martian atmosphere showed that interaction with the atmosphere alone, in the absence of liquid water, is sufficient to oxidize Martian surface materials. The fine-grained dust suspended in the Martian atmosphere may have been altered solely by gas-solid reactions. Fresh and altered specimens of Martian meteorites were investigated with MIMOS II. The study of Martian meteorites in the lab helped to identify in Bounce Rock the first rock on Mars which is similar in composition to basaltic shergottites, a subgroup of the Martian meteorites. The field of astrobiology includes the study of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe. Water is a prerequisite for life. The MER Mössbauer spectrometers identified aqueous minerals such as jarosite and goethite. The identification of jarosite was crucial to evaluate the habitability of Opportunity's landing site at Meridiani Planum during the formation of the sedimentary outcrop rocks, because jarosite puts strong constrains on pH levels. The identification of olivine in rocks and soils on the Gusev crater plains provide evidence for the sparsity of water under current conditions on Mars. Ratios of Fe2+/Fe3+ were obtained with Mössbauer spectroscopy from basaltic glass samples which were exposed at a deep sea hydrothermal vent. The ratios were used as a measure of potential energy for use by a microbial community. Samples from Mars analogue field sites on Earth exhibiting morphological biosignatures were also investigated.

Smart cities, analysis of a strategic plan.

Abstract (English) Cities nowadays face complex challenges to meet objectives regarding socio-economic development and quality of life. The concept of "smart city" is a response to these challenges. Although common practices are being developed all over the world, different priorities are defined and different architectures are followed. In this master thesis I focuses on the applied architecture of Riverside's case study, through a progression model that underline the main steps that moves the city from a situation of crisis, to be appointed "Intelligent Community" of the 2012 by Intelligent Community Forum. I discuss the problem of integration among the physical, institutional and digital dimension of smart cities and the "bridges" that connect these three spatialities. Riverside's progression model takes as a reference a comprehensive framework made unifying the keys component of the three most quoted framework in this field: a technology-oriented vision (strongly promoted by IBM [Dirks et al. 2009]), an approach-oriented one [Schaffers et al. 2011] that is sponsored by many initiatives within the European Commission, and a purely service-oriented one [Giffinger et al. 2007][Toppeta, 2010].

Speleogenesis and secondary cave minerals in quartz-sandstone and quartzite environment

The main objective of this research is to improve the comprehension of the processes controlling the formation of caves and karst-like morphologies in quartz-rich lithologies (more than 90% quartz), like quartz-sandstones and metamorphic quartzites. In the scientific community the processes actually most retained to be responsible of these formations are explained in the “Arenisation Theory”. This implies a slow but pervasive dissolution of the quartz grain/mineral boundaries increasing the general porosity until the rock becomes incohesive and can be easily eroded by running waters. The loose sands produced by the weathering processes are then evacuated to the surface through processes of piping due to the infiltration of waters from the fracture network or the bedding planes. To deal with these problems we adopted a multidisciplinary approach through the exploration and the study of several cave systems in different tepuis. The first step was to build a theoretical model of the arenisation process, considering the most recent knowledge about the dissolution kinetics of quartz, the intergranular/grain boundaries diffusion processes, the primary diffusion porosity, in the simplified conditions of an open fracture crossed by a continuous flow of undersatured water. The results of the model were then compared with the world’s widest dataset (more than 150 analyses) of water geochemistry collected till now on the tepui, in superficial and cave settings. All these studies allowed verifying the importance and the effectiveness of the arenisation process that is confirmed to be the main process responsible of the primary formation of these caves and of the karst-like superficial morphologies. The numerical modelling and the field observations allowed evaluating a possible age of the cave systems around 20-30 million of years.

Ab initio quantum mechanical investigation of structural and chemical-physical properties of selected minerals for minero-petrological, structural ceramic and biomaterial applications

The purpose of this thesis is the atomic-scale simulation of the crystal-chemical and physical (phonon, energetic) properties of some strategically important minerals for structural ceramics, biomedical and petrological applications. These properties affect the thermodynamic stability and rule the mineral-environment interface phenomena, with important economical, (bio)technological, petrological and environmental implications. The minerals of interest belong to the family of phyllosilicates (talc, pyrophyllite and muscovite) and apatite (OHAp), chosen for their importance in industrial and biomedical applications (structural ceramics) and petrophysics. In this thesis work we have applicated quantum mechanics methods, formulas and knowledge to the resolution of mineralogical problems ("Quantum Mineralogy”). The chosen theoretical approach is the Density Functional Theory (DFT), along with periodic boundary conditions to limit the portion of the mineral in analysis to the crystallographic cell and the hybrid functional B3LYP. The crystalline orbitals were simulated by linear combination of Gaussian functions (GTO). The dispersive forces, which are important for the structural determination of phyllosilicates and not properly con-sidered in pure DFT method, have been included by means of a semi-empirical correction. The phonon and the mechanical properties were also calculated. The equation of state, both in athermal conditions and in a wide temperature range, has been obtained by means of variations in the volume of the cell and quasi-harmonic approximation. Some thermo-chemical properties of the minerals (isochoric and isobaric thermal capacity) were calculated, because of their considerable applicative importance. For the first time three-dimensional charts related to these properties at different pressures and temperatures were provided. The hydroxylapatite has been studied from the standpoint of structural and phonon properties for its biotechnological role. In fact, biological apatite represents the inorganic phase of vertebrate hard tissues. Numerous carbonated (hydroxyl)apatite structures were modelled by QM to cover the broadest spectrum of possible biological structural variations to fulfil bioceramics applications.

Identification and dissolution behavior of the secondary uranium minerals in the corrosion products of Depleted Uranium (DU) ammunition formed in soils

In der vorliegenden Studie wurden verschiedene Techniken eingesetzt um drei Proben (4, 7, and 8) die aus denrnKorrosionsprodukten von aus dem Kosovo Krieg stammenden Munitionskugeln, bestehend aus abgereichertem Uranrn(Depleted Uranium - DU), zu untersuchen. Als erstes Verfahren wurde die Raman-Spektroskopie eingesetzt. Hierbeirnzeigte sichin den Proben, charakterisiert durch einen Doppelpeak, die Anwesenheit von Schoepitrn(UO2)8O2(OH)12(H2O)12. Der erste und zweite Peakzeigte sich im Spektralbereich von 840,3-842,5 cm-1rnbeziehungsweise 853,6-855,8 cm-1. Diese Werte stimmen mit den Literaturwerten für Raman-Peaks für Schoepitrnüberein. Des Weiteren wurde bei dieser Untersuchungsmethode Becquerelite Ca(UO2)6O4(OH)6(H2O)8 mit einemrnPeak im Bereich zwischen 829 to 836 cm-1 gefunden. Aufgrund des Fehlens des Becquerelitespektrums in derrnSpektralbibliothek wurde eine in der Natur vorkommende Variante analysiert und deren Peak bei 829 cm-1 bestimmt,rnwas mit den Ergebnissen in den Proben korrespondiert. Mittels Röntgenbeugung (X-Ray Diffraction, XRD) zeigtenrnsich in allen Proben ähnliche Spektren. Das lässt darauf schließen, dass das pulverisierte Material in allen Probenrndas gleiche ist. Hierbei zeigte sich eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung mit Schoepit und/oder meta-rnSchoepit(UO2)8O2(OH)12(H2O)10, sowie Becquerelite. Weiterhin war weder Autunit, Sabugalit noch Uranylphosphatrnanwesend, was die Ergebnisse einer anderen Studie, durchgeführt an denselben Proben, wiederlegt. DiernAnwesenheit von P, C oder Ca im Probenmaterial konnte ausgeschlossen werden. Im Falle von Calciumkann diesrnmit der Anwesenheit von Uran erklärt werden, welches aufgrund seines Atomradius bevorzugt in Becquerelite (1:6)rneingebaut wird. Die beiden Hauptpeaks für Uran lagen im Falle von U 4f 7/2 bei 382.0 eV und im Falle von U 4f 5/2rnbei 392 eV. Diese Werte mit den Literaturwerten für Schoepit und meta-Schoepitüberein. Die Ergebnissernelektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung zeigen U, O, Ca, Ti als dominante Komponenten in allen Messungen.rnElemente wie Si, Al, Fe, S, Na, und C wurden ebenfalls detektiert; allerdings kann nicht ausgeschlossen werden,rndass diese Elemente aus dem Boden in der unmittelbaren Umgebung der Munitionsgeschosse stammen. Gold wurdernebenfalls gemessen, was aber auf die Goldarmierung in den Probenaufbereitungsbehältern zurückgeführt werdenrnkann. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte außerdem einige Stellen in denen elementares Uran und Bodenmineralernsowie sekundäre Uranminerale auftraten. Die Elementübersicht zeigt einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen U andrnCa und gleichzeitig keine Korrelation zwischen U und Si, oder Mg. Auf der anderen Seite zeigte sich aber einrnZusammenhang zwischen Si und Al da beide Konstituenten von Bodenmineralen darstellen. Eine mit Hilfe derrnElektronenstrahlmikroanalyse durchgeführte quantitative Analyse zeigte den Massenanteil von Uran bei ca. 78 - 80%,rnwas mit den 78,2% and 79,47% für Becquerelite beziehungsweise Schoepit aufgrund ihrer Summenformelrnkorrespondiert. Zusätzlich zeigt sich für Calcium ein Massenanteil von 2% was mit dem Wert in Becquerelite (2.19%)rnrecht gut übereinstimmt. Der Massenanteil von Ti lag in einigen Fällen bei 0,77%, was auf eine noch nicht korrodierternDU-Legierung zurückzuführen ist. Ein Lösungsexperiment wurde weiterhin durchgeführt, wobei eine 0,01 M NaClO4-rnLösung zum Einsatz kam in der die verbliebene Probensubstanz der Korrosionsprodukte gelöst wurde;rnNatriumperchlorate wurde hierbei genutzt um die Ionenstärke bei 0,01 zu halten. Um Verunreinigungen durchrnatmosphärisches CO2 zu vermeiden wurden die im Versuch für die drei Hauptproben genutzten 15 Probenbehälterrnmit Stickstoffgas gespült. Eine Modelkalkulation für den beschriebenen Versuchsaufbau wurde mit Visual MINTEQrnv.3.0 für die mittels vorgenannten Analysemethoden beschriebenen Mineralphasen im pH-Bereich von 6 – 10 imrnFalle von Becquerelite, und Schoepit berechnet. Die modellierten Lösungskurven wurden unter An- und Abwesenheitrnvon atmosphärischem CO2 kalkuliert. Nach dem Ende des Lösungsexperiments (Dauer ca. 6 Monate) zeigten diernKonzentrationen des gelösten Urans, gemessen mittels ICP-OES, gute Übereinstimmung mit den modelliertenrnSchoepit und Becquerelite Kurven. Auf Grund des ähnlichen Löslichkeitverhaltens war es nicht möglich zwichen denrnbeiden Mineralen zu unterscheiden. Schoepit kontrolliert im sauren Bereich die Löslichkeit des Urans, währendrnbecquerelit im basichen am wenigsten gelöst wird. Des Weiteren bleibt festzuhalten, dass ein Anteil an CO2 in diernverschlossenen Probenbehälter eingedrungen ist, was sich mit der Vorhersage der Modeldaten deckt. Die Löslichkeitrnvon Uran in der Lösung als Funktion des pH-Wertes zeigte die niedrigsten Konzentrationen im Falle einer Zunahmerndes pH-Wertes von 5 auf 7 (ungefähr 5,1 x 10-6 mol/l) und einer Zunahme des pH-Wertes auf 8 (ungefähr 1,5 x 10-6rnmol/l bei). Oberhalb dieses Bereichs resultiert jeder weitere Anstieg des pH-Wertes in einer Zunahme gelösten Uransrnin der Lösung. Der ph-Wert der Lösung wie auch deren pCO2-Wert kontrollieren hier die Menge des gelösten Urans.rnAuf der anderen Seite zeigten im Falle von Becquerelite die Ca-Konzentrationen höhere Werte als erwartet, wobeirnwahrscheinlich auf eine Vermischung der Proben mit Bodensubstanz zurückgeführt werden kann. Abschließendrnwurde, unter Berücksichtigung der oben genannten Ergebnisse, eine Fallstudie aus Basrah (Irak) diskutiert, wo inrnzwei militärischen Konflikten Uranmunition in zwei Regionen unter verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen eingesetztrnwurden.

Strategic decision making in international firms: effect of top management team internationalization on international strategic decision process

In this research project, I have integrated two research streams on international strategic decisions making in international firms: upper echelons or top management teams (TMT) internationalization research and international strategic decision making process research. Both research streams in international business literature have evolved independently, but there is a potential in combining these two streams of research. The first empirical paper “TMT internationalization and international strategic decision making process: a decision level analysis of rationality, speed, and performance” explores the influence of TMT internationalization on strategic decision rationality and speed and, subsequently, their effect on international strategic decision effectiveness (performance). The results show that the internationalization of TMT is positively related to decision effectiveness and this relationship is mediated by decision rationality while the hypotheses regarding the association between TMT internationalization and decision speed, and the mediating effect of speed were not supported. The second paper “TMT internationalization and international strategic decision rationality: the mediating role of international information” of my thesis is a simple but logical extension of first paper. The first paper showed that TMT Internationalization has a significant positive effect on international strategic decision rationality. The second paper explicitly showed that TMT internationalization affect on international strategic decision rationality comes from two sources: international experience (personal international knowledge and information) and international information collected from managerial international contacts. For this research project, I have collected data from international software firms in Pakistan. My research contributes to the literature on upper echelons theory and strategic decision making in context of international business and international firms by explicitly examining the link between TMT internationalization and characteristics of strategic decisions making process (i.e. rationality and speed) in international firms and their possible mediating effect on performance.

Development of models and methods to simulate peptide-assisted nucleation and growth of calcium-minerals

In den vergangenen Jahren wurden einige bislang unbekannte Phänomene experimentell beobachtet, wie etwa die Existenz unterschiedlicher Prä-Nukleations-Strukturen. Diese haben zu einem neuen Verständnis von Prozessen, die auf molekularer Ebene während der Nukleation und dem Wachstum von Kristallen auftreten, beigetragen. Die Auswirkungen solcher Prä-Nukleations-Strukturen auf den Prozess der Biomineralisation sind noch nicht hinreichend verstanden. Die Mechanismen, mittels derer biomolekulare Modifikatoren, wie Peptide, mit Prä-Nukleations-Strukturen interagieren und somit den Nukleationsprozess von Mineralen beeinflussen könnten, sind vielfältig. Molekulare Simulationen sind zur Analyse der Formation von Prä-Nukleations-Strukturen in Anwesenheit von Modifikatoren gut geeignet. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt einen Ansatz zur Analyse der Interaktion von Peptiden mit den in Lösung befindlichen Bestandteilen der entstehenden Kristalle mit Hilfe von Molekular-Dynamik Simulationen.rnUm informative Simulationen zu ermöglichen, wurde in einem ersten Schritt die Qualität bestehender Kraftfelder im Hinblick auf die Beschreibung von mit Calciumionen interagierenden Oligoglutamaten in wässrigen Lösungen untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass große Unstimmigkeiten zwischen etablierten Kraftfeldern bestehen, und dass keines der untersuchten Kraftfelder eine realistische Beschreibung der Ionen-Paarung dieser komplexen Ionen widerspiegelte. Daher wurde eine Strategie zur Optimierung bestehender biomolekularer Kraftfelder in dieser Hinsicht entwickelt. Relativ geringe Veränderungen der auf die Ionen–Peptid van-der-Waals-Wechselwirkungen bezogenen Parameter reichten aus, um ein verlässliches Modell für das untersuchte System zu erzielen. rnDas umfassende Sampling des Phasenraumes der Systeme stellt aufgrund der zahlreichen Freiheitsgrade und der starken Interaktionen zwischen Calciumionen und Glutamat in Lösung eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Daher wurde die Methode der Biasing Potential Replica Exchange Molekular-Dynamik Simulationen im Hinblick auf das Sampling von Oligoglutamaten justiert und es erfolgte die Simulation von Peptiden verschiedener Kettenlängen in Anwesenheit von Calciumionen. Mit Hilfe der Sketch-Map Analyse konnten im Rahmen der Simulationen zahlreiche stabile Ionen-Peptid-Komplexe identifiziert werden, welche die Formation von Prä-Nukleations-Strukturen beeinflussen könnten. Abhängig von der Kettenlänge des Peptids weisen diese Komplexe charakteristische Abstände zwischen den Calciumionen auf. Diese ähneln einigen Abständen zwischen den Calciumionen in jenen Phasen von Calcium-Oxalat Kristallen, die in Anwesenheit von Oligoglutamaten gewachsen sind. Die Analogie der Abstände zwischen Calciumionen in gelösten Ionen-Peptid-Komplexen und in Calcium-Oxalat Kristallen könnte auf die Bedeutung von Ionen-Peptid-Komplexen im Prozess der Nukleation und des Wachstums von Biomineralen hindeuten und stellt einen möglichen Erklärungsansatz für die Fähigkeit von Oligoglutamaten zur Beeinflussung der Phase des sich formierenden Kristalls dar, die experimentell beobachtet wurde.

Il modello green office come nicchia strategica per la transizione sostenibile del sistema universita the green office model as strategic niche for sustainability transition of hei systems

Nella prima parte di questo progetto di tesi, ho analizzato tutte le nozioni teoriche rilevanti in merito alla teoria della transizione. Il primo concetto condiviso in questa trattazione è quello di transizione. Nella parte finale del capitolo, il focus si sposta sul ruolo, in una generica transizione, delle nicchie. Lo strumento centrale in questa struttura sono gli esperimenti di transizione, i quali forniscono un approccio alternativo ai progetti di innovazione classica che sono incentrati nell'ottenimento di soluzioni a breve termine. Vi è dunque una forte relazione tra nicchia e sperimentazione. Infine la trattazione si concentra sul tema dello Strategic Niche Management. Nel secondo capitolo, analizzo il tema della sostenibilità inserita in un contesto universitario. Questa sezione si focalizza sulle strategie di alto livello richieste per dare avvio alla transizione universitaria verso la sostenibilità, identificando gli ostacoli e gli elementi portanti, e definendo una vision al fine di concretizzarla. Il capitolo guida, passo per passo, le università che tentano di mettere in pratica il proprio obiettivo e la vision di sviluppo sostenibile. Una delle problematiche principali per stimare gli sforzi verso la sostenibilità nelle università è costituita in modo particolare dagli strumenti di valutazione. Per questo motivo, è stata sviluppata la valutazione grafica della sostenibilità nell'università (GASU). Al fine di riassumere quanto detto fin qui ed avere un quadro generale più chiaro dell'organizzazione di un campus universitario che mira a diventare sostenibile, ho utilizzato lo strumento gestionale della SWOT Analysis. Negli ultimi due capitoli, infine, analizzo nel dettaglio il modello Green Office. La teorizzazione di questo modello e l'elaborazione dei 6 principi del Green Office sono state effettuate da rootAbility. Le seguenti pagine presentano 3 casi studio di come i 6 principi dei Green Office sono stati adattati alle 3 unità di sostenibilità guidate da studenti e supportate da staff qualificato. L'oggetto della trattazione sono i principali GO affermatisi nei Paesi Bassi. A seguito dell'introduzione del modello relativo al Green Office e dell'illustrazione degli esempi presi in esame, è stato sfruttato lo strumento della feasibility analysis al fine di giudicare se l'idea di business sia praticabile. Il mezzo con cui ho condotto l'analisi sotto riportata è un questionario relativo al modello di Green Office implementato, nel quale viene chiesto di valutare gli aspetti relativi alla organizational feasibility e alla financial feasibility. Infine nella sezione finale ho considerato i Green Office come fossero un unico movimento. L'analisi mira a considerare l'impatto globale del Green Office Movement nei sistemi universitari e come, a seguito del loro consolidarsi nella struttura accademica, possano divenire prassi comune. La struttura proposta contiene elementi sia da il SNM (Strategic Niche Management) che dal TE (Transition Experiment).