Web Mediators for Accessible Browsing

We present a highly accurate method for classifying web pages based on link percentage, which is the percentage of text characters that are parts of links normalized by the number of all text characters on a web page. K-means clustering is used to create unique thresholds to differentiate index pages and article pages on individual web sites. Index pages contain mostly links to articles and other indices, while article pages contain mostly text. We also present a novel link grouping algorithm using agglomerative hierarchical clustering that groups links in the same spatial neighborhood together while preserving link structure. Grouping allows users with severe disabilities to use a scan-based mechanism to tab through a web page and select items. In experiments, we saw up to a 40-fold reduction in the number of commands needed to click on a link with a scan-based interface, which shows that we can vastly improve the rate of communication for users with disabilities. We used web page classification and link grouping to alter web page display on an accessible web browser that we developed to make a usable browsing interface for users with disabilities. Our classification method consistently outperformed a baseline classifier even when using minimal data to generate article and index clusters, and achieved classification accuracy of 94.0% on web sites with well-formed or slightly malformed HTML, compared with 80.1% accuracy for the baseline classifier.

The importance of interaction strength for food web dynamics and ecosystem functioning

Global biodiversity is eroding at an alarming rate, through a combination of anthropogenic disturbance and environmental change. Ecological communities are bewildering in their complexity. Experimental ecologists strive to understand the mechanisms that drive the stability and structure of these complex communities in a bid to inform nature conservation and management. Two fields of research have had high profile success at developing theories related to these stabilising structures and testing them through controlled experimentation. Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research has explored the likely consequences of biodiversity loss on the functioning of natural systems and the provision of important ecosystem services. Empirical tests of BEF theory often consist of simplified laboratory and field experiments, carried out on subsets of ecological communities. Such experiments often overlook key information relating to patterns of interactions, important relationships, and fundamental ecosystem properties. The study of multi-species predator-prey interactions has also contributed much to our understanding of how complex systems are structured, particularly through the importance of indirect effects and predator suppression of prey populations. A growing number of studies describe these complex interactions in detailed food webs, which encompass all the interactions in a community. This has led to recent calls for an integration of BEF research with the comprehensive study of food web properties and patterns, to help elucidate the mechanisms that allow complex communities to persist in nature. This thesis adopts such an approach, through experimentation at Lough Hyne marine reserve, in southwest Ireland. Complex communities were allowed to develop naturally in exclusion cages, with only the diversity of top trophic levels controlled. Species removals were carried out and the resulting changes to predator-prey interactions, ecosystem functioning, food web properties, and stability were studied in detail. The findings of these experiments contribute greatly to our understanding of the stability and structure of complex natural communities.

Interaction strengths and net effects in food web models

Understanding how dynamic ecological communities respond to anthropogenic drivers of change such as habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change and the introduction of alien species requires that there is a theoretical framework able to predict community dynamics. At present there is a lack of empirical data that can be used to inform and test predictive models, which means that much of our knowledge regarding the response of ecological communities to perturbations is obtained from theoretical analyses and simulations. This thesis is composed of two strands of research: an empirical experiment conducted to inform the scaling of intraspecific and interspecific interaction strengths in a three species food chain and a series of theoretical analyses on the changes to equilibrium biomass abundances following press perturbations. The empirical experiment is a consequence of the difficulties faced when parameterising the intraspecific interaction strengths in a Lotka-Volterra model. A modification of the dynamic index is used alongside the original dynamic index to estimate intraspecific interactions and interspecific interaction strengths in a three species food. The theoretical analyses focused on the effect of press perturbations to focal species on the equilibrium biomass densities of all species in the community; these perturbations allow for the quantification of a species total net effect. It was found that there is a strong and consistent positive relationship between a species body size and its total net effect for a set of 97 synthetic food webs and also for the Ythan Estuary and Tuesday Lake food webs (empirically described food webs). It is shown that ecological constraints (due to allometric scaling) on the magnitude of entries in the community matrix cause the patterns observed in the inverse community matrix and thus explain the relationship between a species body mass and its total net effect in a community.

Do diabetic veterans use the Internet? Self-reported usage, skills, and interest in using My HealtheVet Web portal.

OBJECTIVE: The Veterans Health Administration has developed My HealtheVet (MHV), a Web-based portal that links veterans to their care in the veteran affairs (VA) system. The objective of this study was to measure diabetic veterans' access to and use of the Internet, and their interest in using MHV to help manage their diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional mailed survey of 201 patients with type 2 diabetes and hemoglobin A(1c) > 8.0% receiving primary care at any of five primary care clinic sites affiliated with a VA tertiary care facility. Main measures included Internet usage, access, and attitudes; computer skills; interest in using the Internet; awareness of and attitudes toward MHV; demographics; and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: A majority of respondents reported having access to the Internet at home. Nearly half of all respondents had searched online for information about diabetes, including some who did not have home Internet access. More than a third obtained "some" or "a lot" of their health-related information online. Forty-one percent reported being "very interested" in using MHV to help track their home blood glucose readings, a third of whom did not have home Internet access. Factors associated with being "very interested" were as follows: having access to the Internet at home (p < 0.001), "a lot/some" trust in the Internet as a source of health information (p = 0.002), lower age (p = 0.03), and some college (p = 0.04). Neither race (p = 0.44) nor income (p = 0.25) was significantly associated with interest in MHV. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that a diverse sample of older VA patients with sub-optimally controlled diabetes had a level of familiarity with and access to the Internet comparable to an age-matched national sample. In addition, there was a high degree of interest in using the Internet to help manage their diabetes.

Development and usability testing of a Web-based decision aid for families of patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation.

BACKGROUND: Web-based decision aids are increasingly important in medical research and clinical care. However, few have been studied in an intensive care unit setting. The objectives of this study were to develop a Web-based decision aid for family members of patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation and to evaluate its usability and acceptability. METHODS: Using an iterative process involving 48 critical illness survivors, family surrogate decision makers, and intensivists, we developed a Web-based decision aid addressing goals of care preferences for surrogate decision makers of patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation that could be either administered by study staff or completed independently by family members (Development Phase). After piloting the decision aid among 13 surrogate decision makers and seven intensivists, we assessed the decision aid's usability in the Evaluation Phase among a cohort of 30 surrogate decision makers using the Systems Usability Scale (SUS). Acceptability was assessed using measures of satisfaction and preference for electronic Collaborative Decision Support (eCODES) versus the original printed decision aid. RESULTS: The final decision aid, termed 'electronic Collaborative Decision Support', provides a framework for shared decision making, elicits relevant values and preferences, incorporates clinical data to personalize prognostic estimates generated from the ProVent prediction model, generates a printable document summarizing the user's interaction with the decision aid, and can digitally archive each user session. Usability was excellent (mean SUS, 80 ± 10) overall, but lower among those 56 years and older (73 ± 7) versus those who were younger (84 ± 9); p = 0.03. A total of 93% of users reported a preference for electronic versus printed versions. CONCLUSIONS: The Web-based decision aid for ICU surrogate decision makers can facilitate highly individualized information sharing with excellent usability and acceptability. Decision aids that employ an electronic format such as eCODES represent a strategy that could enhance patient-clinician collaboration and decision making quality in intensive care.

Effects of Web-Based Self-Reporting: College Students’ Self-Efficacy Regarding Fruit and Vegetable Intake

This study evaluated the effect of an online diet-tracking tool on college students’ self-efficacy regarding fruit and vegetable intake. A convenience sample of students completed online self-efficacy surveys before and after a six-week intervention in which they tracked dietary intake with an online tool. Group one (n=22 fall, n=43 spring) accessed a tracking tool without nutrition tips; group two (n=20 fall, n=33 spring) accessed the tool and weekly nutrition tips. The control group (n=36 fall, n=60 spring) had access to neither. Each semester there were significant changes in self-efficacy from pre- to post-test for men and for women when experimental groups were combined (p<0.05 for all); however, these changes were inconsistent. Qualitative data showed that participants responded well to the simplicity of the tool, the immediacy of feedback, and the customized database containing foods available on campus. Future models should improve user engagement by increasing convenience, potentially by automation.

Clinical utility of a Web-enabled risk-assessment and clinical decision support program.

PURPOSE: Risk-stratified guidelines can improve quality of care and cost-effectiveness, but their uptake in primary care has been limited. MeTree, a Web-based, patient-facing risk-assessment and clinical decision support tool, is designed to facilitate uptake of risk-stratified guidelines. METHODS: A hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial of three clinics (two intervention, one control). PARTICIPANTS: consentable nonadopted adults with upcoming appointments. PRIMARY OUTCOME: agreement between patient risk level and risk management for those meeting evidence-based criteria for increased-risk risk-management strategies (increased risk) and those who do not (average risk) before MeTree and after. MEASURES: chart abstraction was used to identify risk management related to colon, breast, and ovarian cancer, hereditary cancer, and thrombosis. RESULTS: Participants = 488, female = 284 (58.2%), white = 411 (85.7%), mean age = 58.7 (SD = 12.3). Agreement between risk management and risk level for all conditions for each participant, except for colon cancer, which was limited to those <50 years of age, was (i) 1.1% (N = 2/174) for the increased-risk group before MeTree and 16.1% (N = 28/174) after and (ii) 99.2% (N = 2,125/2,142) for the average-risk group before MeTree and 99.5% (N = 2,131/2,142) after. Of those receiving increased-risk risk-management strategies at baseline, 10.5% (N = 2/19) met criteria for increased risk. After MeTree, 80.7% (N = 46/57) met criteria. CONCLUSION: MeTree integration into primary care can improve uptake of risk-stratified guidelines and potentially reduce "overuse" and "underuse" of increased-risk services.Genet Med 18 10, 1020-1028.

Uso actual del suelo de los pastizales templados de Argentina : impacto del manejo sobre la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos intermedios relacionados con la dinámica del carbono y el nitrógeno

Las transformaciones realizadas por el ser humano alteran la composición y estructura del ecosistema para dirigir la energía fijada a la obtención de bienes con valor de mercado. Sin embargo, dichas alteraciones en el ambiente también reducen la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos. En esta tesis se analiza el impacto de las transformaciones agrícolas sobre la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos a nivel regional (Región Pampeana), en particular el carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) y las emisiones de N2O. Para ello se evalúa, en la principal zona agrícola del país, la dinámica temporal de las rotaciones agrícola-ganaderas y la importancia relativa de distintos tipos de labranza. La aproximación metodológica incluyó el uso de técnicas de teledetección, ensayos a campo y modelos de simulación. Los resultados obtenidos señalan que en la Pampa Ondulada, la agricultura continua fue el uso dominante y se encontró que un 28 por ciento de la superficie bajo este uso es monocultivo de soja. En cuanto a los sistemas de labranza la siembra directa representa el 70 por ciento del área bajo cultivos de verano. Mediante un modelo de simulación se determinó que de las secuencias de cultivos relevadas en la región la soja1ra/maíz bajo labranza convencional y sin fertilización fue la de mayor pérdida de COS para un período de 60 años (37 por ciento). Por el contrario, rotaciones de soja/trigo-soja2da (6 años) pastura (4 años) bajo siembra directa y altos niveles de fertilización presentaron un aumento del 10 por ciento en el mismo período. La información espacial muestra menores pérdidas de COS hacia el este y mayores hacia el oeste de la zona de estudio. En la pampa interior se comparó la emisión de N2O entre un cultivo de soja, solo y en doble cultivo, con el pastizal. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias significativas entre las diferentes coberturas

Sustentabilidad de los agroecosistemas pampeanos : análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de la provisión de servicios de los ecosistemas

La conversión de ecosistemas naturales en sistemas agrícolas ha promovido un creciente interés por la sustentabilidad de los agroecosistemas, pudiendo ser evaluada a través de su capacidad de proveer servicios de los ecosistemas (SE). El abordaje de esta temática se realizó a partir del desarrollo de un modelo conceptual representando, de manera cualitativa, el conjunto de variables que determinan la provisión de ocho SE (Balance de C del suelo, Balance de N del suelo, Mantenimiento de la estructura del suelo, Balance hídrico en el suelo, Control de emisión de N2O, Regulación de adversidades bióticas, Control de contaminación del agua subterránea, Mantenimiento de la riqueza de especies) en Región Pampeana. La parametrización de cuatro sectores (Balance de C y N del suelo, Control de emisión de N2O, Control de contaminación del agua subterránea) desprendidos del modelo conceptual se realizó mediante una metodología probabilística denominada Redes Bayesianas, en la cual se vislumbran de manera clara y sencilla el conocimiento y la incertidumbre inherentes al funcionamiento de los agroecosistemas. Posteriormente, la aplicación (y cuantificación) de dichos modelos en tres zonas agrícolas pampeanas con distintas características agro-ecológicas permitió establecer los niveles de provisión de los SE seleccionados. Los aportes originales más destacados de esta tesis fueron los siguientes: 1) presencia de tres relaciones negativas (trade-offs) y dos positivas (sinergias) entre SE; 2) ausencia de un patrón diferencial de influencia de variables ambientales y variables productivas sobre la provisión de SE tanto desde un punto de vista cualitativo como cuantitativo; y 3) nivel de provisión de SE seleccionados, en términos probabilísticos, mayor al 50 por ciento salvo en el caso de Balance de N del suelo (que no superó el valor de 20 por ciento). El enfoque analítico aquí desarrollado puede ser de utilidad para 1) evaluar la sustentabilidad de los agroecosistemas pampeanos desde una dimensión ecológica, y/o 2) asistir a los stakeholders en la toma de decisiones con el objetivo de llevar a cabo estrategias sustentables de uso de la tierra.

Worksheet for astronomical variables (VARAST 1.0)

p.171-177

Worksheet for astronomical variables (VARAST 1.0)

p.171-177

Uso de contenidos matemáticos en creaciones publicitarias para la promoción de bienes y servicios

El presente artículo muestra los resultados obtenidos en una experiencia pedagógica de aula con estudiantes de la carrera de Ingeniería en Gestión de Empresas del Instituto Profesional La Araucana de Osorno, quienes dada una empresa, ficticia o real, debieron crear afiches publicitarios utilizando contenidos matemáticos básicos y avanzados para promocionar los bienes o servicios que ofrecen a la comunidad. Como resultado de la experiencia se logró que los estudiantes aplicaran conceptos de matemática básica y avanzada para la creación de publicidad de acuerdo a las necesidades de una empresa, visualizando la matemática como una disciplina aplicable a diferentes situaciones.

Sitio web: funciones cuadráticas una experiencia de desarrollo, implementación y evaluación

El presente trabajo expone una experiencia de desarrollo, implementación y evaluación de un sitio Web denominado Funciones Cuadráticas. La experiencia surgió de la necesidad palpable en los centros educativos de educación secundaria en Costa Rica, de contar con una herramienta informática dirigida al profesor para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del tema de funciones. El sitio fue desarrollado utilizando el software Dreamweaver MX 2004, se implementó inicialmente mediante una prueba piloto aplicada a un grupo de estudiantes matriculados en un curso de matemática básica en la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica. Actualmente el sitio en su última versión se encuentra en línea en la dirección electrónica http://www.cidse.itcr.ac.cr/revistamate/AportesPe/Externos/fcuadraticas/index.htm

De Mates... ¿Na? Una Web por y para los alumnos de matemáticas

La idea de diseñar en la asignatura taller de matemáticas una página web surgió a lo largo del curso 2000-01. Buscábamos resaltar el carácter lúdico del taller y pensamos que una página web podría ser un buen elemento motivador de la asignatura, a la vez que en ella podíamos mostrar a otras personas parte del trabajo que allí realizamos. En el taller tratábamos de redescubrir las Matemáticas y en la página web hablábamos de matemáticas mostrando las investigaciones y curiosidades que se realizaban a lo largo del curso.

Self-optimising data farming for web applications

Many Web applications walk the thin line between the need for dynamic data and the need to meet user performance expectations. In environments where funds are not available to constantly upgrade hardware inline with user demand, alternative approaches need to be considered. This paper introduces a ‘Data farming’ model whereby dynamic data, which is ‘grown’ in operational applications, is ‘harvested’ and ‘packaged’ for various consumer markets. Like any well managed agricultural operation, crops are harvested according to historical and perceived demand as inferred by a self-optimising process. This approach aims to make enhanced use of available resources through better utlilisation of system downtime - thereby improving application performance and increasing the availability of key business data.