A Insustentabilidade do transporte em automóveis

A mobilidade urbana é um problema em diversos centros urbanos e é agravada pelo número crescente de automóveis e seu uso indiscriminado. Este estudo exploratório-descritivo abordará revisões conceituais e levantamento extenso de dados sobre a função de transporte; o automóvel, quanto a sua origem e simbolismos; o contexto do Brasil e da cidade do Rio de Janeiro; a dependência dos veículos e os impactos do trânsito na sociedade, a fim de explicar a insustentabilidade desse meio de transporte, da forma como tem sido utilizado nas cidades. Dentre os principais impactos causados pela dependência do automóvel, destacam-se os relativos a saúde, com problemas que vão desde complicações no sistema respiratório e circulatório até o comprometimento da saúde mental; qualidade de vida e a relação entre tempo e custos de locomoção; segurança e todo aparato tecnológico de automóveis que protege o usuário em detrimento do público mais vulnerável, como pedestres e ciclistas; morfologia da cidade, que acaba por privilegiar um modal individual e cria novas formas urbanas que demandam mais espaços para automóveis; mudanças climáticas devido à poluição desproporcional, que influencia os padrões bioquímicos de vários ecossistemas, gerando mudanças climáticas; e prejuízos econômicos, estimados por três diferentes metodologias de estudo, que procuraram monetizar o custo dos congestionamentos. A pesquisa propõe diversas atitudes para reverter ou mitigar o uso excessivo do Transporte em Automóveis. Esta contribuição para os estudos da geografia de transportes vislumbra deixar subsídios para que se avance no debate sobre a dependência do automóvel, especialmente em grandes cidades

An extended computational model of the circulatory system for designing ventricular assist devices.

An extended computational model of the circulatory system has been developed to predict blood flow in the presence of ventricular assist devices (VADs). A novel VAD, placed in the descending aorta, intended to offload the left ventricle (LV) and augment renal perfusion is being studied. For this application, a better understanding of the global hemodynamic response of the VAD, in essence an electrically driven pump, and the cardiovascular system is necessary. To meet this need, a model has been established as a nonlinear, lumped-parameter electrical analog, and simulated results under different states [healthy, congestive heart failure (CHF), and postinsertion of VAD] are presented. The systemic circulation is separated into five compartments and the descending aorta is composed of three components to accurately yield the system response of each section before and after the insertion of the VAD. Delays in valve closing time and blood inertia in the aorta were introduced to deliver a more realistic model. Pump governing equations and optimization are based on fundamental theories of turbomachines and can serve as a practical initial design point for rotary blood pumps. The model's results closely mimic established parameters for the circulatory system and confirm the feasibility of the intra-aortic VAD concept. This computational model can be linked with models of the pump motor to provide a valuable tool for innovative VAD design.

海南岛长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物群及其古植被和古气候研究

植物作为气候环境变化的敏感指示物，能够提供许多有价值的气候环境变化信息，通过保存在地层中的植物化石和孢粉研究第三纪气候和环境变化已成为当今国际上的重要研究领域。 近年来，随着许多定量化的古气候分析方法(如：叶相分析法、树木年轮气候学法、共存分析法和特有种气候分析法）的不断出现，研究精度愈来愈高，已从定性描述过渡到定量化重建的阶段。 在本研究论文中，我们利用德国科学家Mosbrugger和Utescher在1997年倡导的共存分析法对海南岛长昌盆地始新世气候进行定量研究，并对盆地当时的古植被进行了重建。 长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物群以被子植物花粉占绝对优势(94.5%)，主要以壳斗科个体极小的三沟、三孔沟花粉为主(88.9%)，其他热带一亚热带分子有枫粉、山矾粉、棕榈粉和桃金娘粉等;裸子植物花粉含量较低(<3%)，以松粉为主，铁杉粉、杉粉和麻黄粉零星出现;蕨类植物孢子含量低(<2.7%)。孢粉组合表明始新世时盆地中央的平原或丘陵地带生长着亚热带常绿落叶阔叶林，在盆地周围的山地生长着温带常绿落叶阔叶林和针叶林植被。 通过共存分析获得的长昌盆地始新世气候参数如下：年均温为14.2 - 19.4oC;最热月均温为24.1-29.1 0C;最冷月均温为1.7-8.6 0C;年较差为18.6-24.6oC;年均降雨量为797.5 -1113.3 mm;最大月降雨量为141.5 -268.1 mm;最小月降雨量为8.9- 14.1 mm。 我们将长昌盆地始新世孢粉植物群和古气候与吉林珲春始新世孢粉植物群和古气候进行比较，结果表明始新世时两地虽然相距23个纬度，但南北气候差异不大，均比较温暖湿润。其可能原因是：一方面，当时我国位于欧亚大陆的东南缘，受大气环流和洋流的影响比较均一;另一方面，始新世时青藏高原抬升并不剧烈，我国大部分地区的地势较为平缓，地面大气层的密度比较均匀，气温保持匀和状态。

The near-AD 1600 multi-proxy puzzle

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): A varve chronology with annual resolution (AD 1117-1992) has been developed recently for Santa Barbara Basin. Varve thickness and water content show an exponential trend consistent with expected patterns in the presence of sediment compaction over time. Annual varve thickness was decomposed into orthogonal components using singular spectrum analysis (SSA) to identify and retrieve inter-decadal oscillations. ... This suggests a connection with global-scale decadal cycles identified in the subtropical Pacific gyre circulation and, possibly, with solar-driven phenomena. The near-1600 AD event coincides with (a) a similarly sudden change of state in nearby Santa Monica Basin that triggered the onset of anoxic conditions and the preservation of laminated sediments, (b) an extreme drought over the American Southwest, (c) a transformation of the age structure in a number of forest populations throughout Arizona and New Mexico. Total organic carbon burial flux in Santa Barbara Basin varves also shows a marked change after AD 1600. A possible climatic link is proposed that involves pathways for moisture transport in the Southwest at decadal and longer time scales.

Micro-vortex generator flow control for supersonic engine inlets

To investigate the flow control potential of micro-vortex generators for supersonic mixed-compression inlets, a basic model experiment has been designed which combines a normal shock wave with a subsonic diffuser. The diffuser is formed by a simple expansion corner, with a divergence angle of 6 degrees. The diffuser entry Mach numbers were M=1.3 and M=1.5 and a number of shock locations relative to the corner position were tested. Flow control was applied in the form of counter-rotating micro-vanes with heights of approximately 20% of boundary layer thickness. Furthermore, corner fences where employed to reduce sidewall effects. It was found that micro-vortex generators were able to significantly reduce the extent of flow separation under all conditions, but could not eliminate it altogether. Corner fences also demonstrated potential for improving the flow in rectangular cross section channels and the combination of corner fences with micro-vortex generators was found to give the greatest benefits. At M=1.3 the combination of corner fences and micro-vanes placed close to the diffuser entry could prevent separation for a wide range of conditions. At the higher diffuser entry Mach number the benefits of flow control were less significant although a reduction of separation size and an improved pressure recovery was observed. It is thought that micro-vortex generators can have significant flow control potential if they are placed close to the expected separation onset and when the adverse pressure gradient is not too far above the incipient separation level. The significant beneficial effects of corner fences warrant a more comprehensive further investigation. It is thought that the control methods suggested here are capable of reducing the bleed requirement on an inlet, which could provide significant performance advantages.

Nuclear matrix of the most primitive eukaryote Archezoa

Accumulating evidence suggests that unicellular Archezoa are the most primitive eukaryotes and their nuclei are of significance to the study of evolution of the eukaryotic nucleus. Nuclear matrix is an ubiquitous important structure of eukaryotic nucleus; its evolution is certainly one of the most important parts of the evolution of nucleus. To study the evolution of nuclear matrix, nuclear matrices of Archezoa are investigated. Giardia lamblia cells are extracted sequentially. Both embedment-free section EM and whole mount cell EM of the extracted cells show that, like higher eukaryotes, this species has a residual nuclear matrix in its nucleus and rich intermediate filaments in its cytoplasm, and the two networks connect with each other to form a united network. But its nuclear matrix does not have nucleolar matrix and its lamina is not as typical as that of higher eukaryotes; Western blotting shows that lamina of Giardia and two other Archezoa Entamoeba invadens and Trichomonas vaginali all contain only one polypeptide each which reacts with a mammalia anti-lamin polyclonal serum and is similar to lamin B (67 ku) of mammlia in molecular weight. According to the results and references, it is suggested that nuclear matrix is an early acquisition of the eukaryotic nucleus, and it and the "eukaryotic chromatin" as a whole must have originated very early in the process of evolution of eukaryotic cell, and their origin should be an important prerequisite of the origin of eukaryotic nucleus; in the iamin (gene) family, B-type lamins (gene) should be the ancestral type and that A-type lamins (gene) might derive therefrom.

Preliminary observations on the feeding of Tilapia nilotica Linn. in Lake Rudolf

Tilapia nilotica is commercially very important throughout the Ethiopian region including the major rivers in West Africa, the Chad basin, the Nile and its associated lakes. The Tilapia fishery of Lake Rudolf is at present small, but potentially important, particularly on the eastern shores of the lake where fishing intensity is low. Preliminary results from observations on the feeding of Tilapia nilotica in Lake Rudolf are presented. The fish exhibit a regular diurnal feeding rhythm, commencing between 05.00 hours and 08.00 hours and ceasing between 14.00 hours and 18.00 hours. The largest fish appear to feed longer. Quantitative estimates of the daily food intake indicate less material to be ingested than by populations in other lakes. The lysis of algae, intestinal pH and food material are also investigated.

A self-adaptive genetic algorithm applied to multi-objective optimization of an airfoil

Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been used to tackle non-linear multi-objective optimization (MOO) problems successfully, but their success is governed by key parameters which have been shown to be sensitive to the nature of the particular problem, incorporating concerns such as the numbers of objectives and variables, and the size and topology of the search space, making it hard to determine the best settings in advance. This work describes a real-encoded multi-objective optimizing GA (MOGA) that uses self-adaptive mutation and crossover, and which is applied to optimization of an airfoil, for minimization of drag and maximization of lift coefficients. The MOGA is integrated with a Free-Form Deformation tool to manage the section geometry, and XFoil which evaluates each airfoil in terms of its aerodynamic efficiency. The performance is compared with those of the heuristic MOO algorithms, the Multi-Objective Tabu Search (MOTS) and NSGA-II, showing that this GA achieves better convergence.

A four-phase confocal elliptical cylinder model for predicting the effective thermal conductivity of coated fibre composites

A four-phase confocal elliptical cylinder model is proposed from which a generalised self-consistent method is developed for predicting the thermal conductivity of coated fibre reinforced composites. The method can account for the influence of the fibre section shape ratio on conductivity, and the physical reasonableness of the model is demonstrated by using the fibre distribution function. An exact solution is obtained for thermal conductivity by applying conformal mapping and Laurent series expansion techniques of the analytic function. The solution to the three-phase confocal elliptical model, which simulates composites with idealised fibre-matrix interfaces, is arrived at as the degenerated case. A comparison with other available micromechanics methods, Hashin and Shtrikman's bounds and experimental data shows that the present method provides convergent and reasonable results for a full range of variations in fibre section shapes and for a complete spectrum of the fibre volume fraction. Numerical results show the dependence of the effective conductivities of composites on the aspect ratio of coated fibres and demonstrate that a coating is effective in enhancing the thermal transport property of a composite. The present solutions are helpful to analysis and design of composites.

千金子和暖地大叶藓的化学成分研究

本论文由三部分共4 章组成。第一部分阐述了大戟科大戟属传统中药千金子（Euphorbia lathyris L.）化学成分、生物学活性以及千金子化学成分的HPLC、UPLC-MS、GC-MS 分析成果。第二部分介绍了民族药材暖地大叶藓（Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwaegr.) Par.）的化学成分研究和结构鉴定。第三部分概述了大戟属 植物中大环二萜酯的研究进展。 第一章包括1－3 节。在第1, 2 节中报道了千金子（Euphorbia lathyris L.）95% 乙醇提取物的化学成分分离鉴定。我们采用正、反相硅胶柱层析、重结晶等各种分离方法，凭借MS、IR、NMR、X-ray 等现代仪器手段,从中共分离鉴定22 个化合物。其中8 个是高活性化合物前体-续随子烷型大环二萜及3 个巨大戟烷型二萜，还有香豆素、生物碱、甾体等类型，其中完成对5 个大环二萜酯构型的确认，对2 个二萜酯构型进行了修正。第3 节中介绍对千金子化学成分的细胞毒性、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性、P-gp 表达抑制活性的模型筛选结果。 第二章包括3 节，第1 节报道不同产地千金子高效液相色谱定量分析结果。第2 节介绍了各大环二萜酯的HPLC-MS/MS 的分析结果，并且对其质谱裂解规律、UPLC-MS 快速鉴定方法做了进一步讨论。第3 节介绍了千金子挥发油成分分析。采用传统水蒸气蒸馏方法提取千金子中的挥发油，并经气相色谱－质谱联用（GC-MS）技术共分离鉴定出 49 个化合物，占挥发油总量的90.48％。 第三章包括1, 2 两节，第1 节报道了暖地大叶藓化学成分。采用正、反相硅胶，凝胶柱层析等各种分离方法和MS、IR、NMR 等解析手段，共分离鉴定10个化合物，其中一个环肽化合物为新化合物。第2 节介绍了暖地大叶藓挥发油成分分析，共分离鉴定出 52 个化合物，占其挥发油总量的85.67％。 第四章概述了大戟科大戟属植物中大环二萜酯的研究进展。 This dissertation consists of three parts. In the first part, it is elaborated that the phytochemical investigation from the traditional Chinese medicine: seeds of Euphorbia lathyris L.. Biological activity and constituents analysis by HPLC、UPLC-MS、GC-MS were reported. In the second part, it is discussed that the chemical constituents were isolated and identificated from minority nationalitical herb－Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwaegr.) Par.. The third part is a review about the progress of studies on macrocyclic diterpenes from Euphorbia. The first part is composed of 1－3 sections. The section 1and 2 is focused on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from seeds of E. lathyris. 22 compounds were isolated from the seeds of E. lathyris. by isolation methods of column chromatography (silica gel, including reversed phase) and recrystallisation on the basis of spectroscopic methods including IR, MS, NMR and X-ray. In 8 macrocyclic and 3 ingenane diterpenes, the relative configuration of 5 macrocyclic diterpenes were confirmed, in which 2 were amended. In the third section, cell cytotoxic activity, restraining activity of α-Glucosidase and multidrug resistance (MDR) reversing activity about P-gp were tested. 5 potential revsering reagents were found. The second part is composed of 1－3 sections. In first section it is described that the quality of the chemical constituents of E. lathyris from 5 sources , which were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the fractionation rules of some macrocyclic diterpenes were discussed and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/ electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) was applied for quick determination of compounds in the second section. In the third section, chemical analysis of the essential oil from seeds of E. lathyris by GC-MS were reported. The essential oil from the seeds of E. lathyris L. in Sichuan was extracted by steam distillation and 49 compounds were isolated and identified from the essential oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). These compounds are accounted for 90.46% of the total essential oil. The second part, including section 4 and 5, is about the phytochemical investigation of R. giganteum. In the former section, ten compounds were isolated and identified. Among them, a new peptide was characterized by spectroscopic analysis including IR, MS and NMR. In the other section, 52 compounds were isolated and identified from the essential oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). These compounds are accounted for 85.67% of the total essential oil. The third part is a review about the progress of studies on macrocyclic diterpenes from Euphorbia.

Molecular vibration spectroscopy study of irradiation effect in C-60 films induced by low energy ion

Irradiation effect in C-60 films induced by 170 keV B ion was investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies. The damage cross section sigma and the effective damage radius R are deduced from the experimental data of all four IR active modes and evident four Raman active modes of C-60 molecule. The differences on irradiation sensitivity and structural stability of the different active modes of C-60 molecule are compared. The results indicate that T-1u (4) of infrared active mode and A(g) (1) of Raman active mode are most sensitive for B ion irradiation. On the other hand T-1u (2) of infrared active mode and H-g (3) of Raman active mode are comparatively stable under B ion irradiation. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3512968]

大尺度流域不同地貌类型区水土保持减水效益分析

趋势分析结果显示 ,河源涧区、风沙区、丘陵区各代表流域年径流量均在 1970年前后发生一致性改变 ,即从 1970年以来开始有明显的减少趋势 ,平均减流幅度 (与 195 9～ 196 9年径流相比 )以河源涧区 (大理河 )和丘陵区 (小理河 )最大 ,分别为 36 .33%和 36 .2 1% ,风沙区 (海流兔河 )最小 (2 0 .6 1% )。减流幅度的大小是各类型区下垫面状况、水土保持措施和治理程度、降雨量变化等多种因素综合作用的结果。借助适合于黄土高原降雨 -产流特性的月水量平衡改进模型 ,计算天然状态下降雨应有的产流量与同期实测径流量求得减水效果。结果表明 ,3个地貌类型区 70年代的减水效益没有明显差异 ,而在 80年代减水效果差异显著 ,丘陵区 (小理河 ,2 4.99% ) >风沙区 (海流兔河 ,17.2 8% ) >河源涧区 (大理河 ,13.13% )。上述结论为定量评价黄土高原生态环境建设对黄河水资源及水环境演变的影响提供了数据基础。

Mixed-layer water oscillations in tropical Pacific for ENSO cycle

The main modes of interannal variabilities of thermocline and sea surface wind stress in the tropical Pacific and their interactions are investigated, which show the following results. (1) The thermocline anomalies in the tropical Pacific have a zonal dipole pattern with 160 W as its axis and a meridional seesaw pattern with 6-8 degrees N as its transverse axis. The meridional oscillation has a phase lag of about 90 to the zonal oscillation, both oscillations get together to form the El Nino/La Nina cycle, which behaves as a mixed layer water oscillates anticlockwise within the tropical Pacific basin between equator and 12 degrees N. (2) There are two main patterns of wind stress anomalies in the tropical Pacific, of which the first component caused by trade wind anomaly is characterized by the zonal wind stress anomalies and its corresponding divergences field in the equatorial Pacific, and the abnormal cross- equatorial flow wind stress and its corresponding divergence field, which has a sign opposite to that of the equatorial region, in the off-equator of the tropical North Pacific, and the second component represents the wind stress anomalies and corresponding divergences caused by the ITCZ anomaly. (3) The trade winds anomaly plays a decisive role in the strength and phase transition of the ENSO cycle, which results in the sea level tilting, provides an initial potential energy to the mixed layer water oscillation, and causes the opposite thermocline displacement between the west side and east side of the equator and also between the equator and 12 degrees N of the North Pacific basin, therefore determines the amplitude and route for ENSO cycle. The ITCZ anomaly has some effects on the phase transition. (4) The thermal anomaly of the tropical western Pacific causes the wind stress anomaly and extends eastward along the equator accompanied with the mixed layer water oscillation in the equatorial Pacific, which causes the trade winds anomaly and produces the anomalous wind stress and the corresponding divergence in favor to conduce the oscillation, which in turn intensifies the oscillation. The coupled system of ocean-atmosphere interactions and the inertia gravity of the mixed layer water oscillation provide together a phase-switching mechanism and interannual memory for the ENSO cycle. In conclusion, the ENSO cycle essentially is an inertial oscillation of the mixed layer water induced by both the trade winds anomaly and the coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction in the tropical Pacific basin between the equator and 12 degrees N. When the force produced by the coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction is larger than or equal to the resistance caused by the mixed layer water oscillation, the oscillation will be stronger or maintain as it is, while when the force is less than the resistance, the oscillation will be weaker, even break.

西菲律宾海盆西北部重磁资料处理及其地质意义

西菲律宾海盆是西太平洋边缘海盆中最古老的海盆之一，从属于菲律宾海板块，研究表明西菲律宾海盆形成过程复杂。 本文对包括KR03-04航次在内的众多航次的海洋重力及磁力调查数据处理，获得了该区域布格重力异常及磁异常等值线图、上下延拓图、导数异常图等常规成果图件。同时，本文还对本单位在该地区所做的多道地震调查中的三条剖面进行了处理和解释，并对其中的两条测线作了重磁震联合反演研究。通过这些工作，本文得出该地区的构造特征。 该区分为冲大东海岭，乌尔达内塔海台及冲绳－吕宋断裂带等次一级的构造单元，总的构造为NWW走向，也有NE向的大构造带。其中，冲绳－吕宋断裂带破碎严重，NE向走向，在琉球海沟附近(126°E)转为NNE向，为一右旋的深大断裂，可能是由于菲律宾海盆受到琉球岛弧阻拦形成的，也可能是一个转换断层；乌尔达内塔海台中部存在一较大的NW断裂。冲大东海岭和乌尔达内塔海台可能是残留的火山弧；结合ODP及DSDP的相关资料，本文确定了琉球海沟外缘俯冲挤压造山带的形成原因及形成年代。在西菲律宾海盆，伏在一层薄薄的沉积物之下有较厚的一层基岩破碎带，这有可能是西菲律宾海盆无岩浆扩张的有力证据之一，此次扩张的动力可能来源于俯冲于琉球岛弧下面板块的拖曳。