Coral communities exposed to differential large amplitude internal waves cooling and a severe heat stress in 2010 in the Andaman Sea

Tropical scleractinian corals are particularly vulnerable to global warming as elevated sea surface temperatures (SST) disrupt the delicate balance between the coral host and their algal endosymbionts, leading to symbiont expulsion, mass bleaching and mortality. While satellite sensing of SST has proven a good predictor of coral bleaching at the regional scale, there are large deviations in bleaching severity and mortality on the local scale, which are only poorly understood. Here, we show that internal waves play a major role in explaining local coral bleaching and mortality patterns in the Andaman Sea. In spite of a severe region-wide SST anomaly in May 2010, frequent upslope intrusions of cold sub-pycnocline waters due to breaking large amplitude internal waves (LAIW) alleviated heating and mitigated coral bleaching and mortality in shallow LAIW-exposed waters. In LAIW-sheltered waters, by contrast, bleaching susceptible species suffered severe bleaching and total mortality. These findings suggest that LAIW, which are ubiquitous in tropical stratified waters, benefit coral reefs during thermal stress and provide local refugia for bleaching susceptible corals. The swash zones of LAIW may thus be important, so far overlooked, conservation areas for the maintainance of coral diversity in a warming climate. The consideration of LAIW can significantly improve coral bleaching predictions and can provide a valuable tool for coral reef conservation and management.

Sea-surface paleotemperature reconstructions for the middle Miocene-Holocene of ODP Site 133-811 in the Coral Sea off northeast Australia

The derivation of a detailed sea-surface paleotemperature curve for the middle Miocene-Holocene (10-0 Ma) from ODP Site 811 on the Queensland Plateau, northeast Australia, has clarified the role of sea-surface temperature fluctuations as a control on the initiation and development of the extensive carbonate platforms of this region. This curve was derived from isotopic analyses of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber, and converted to temperature using the surface-water paleotemperature equation accounting for variations in global ice volume. The accuracy of these data were confirmed by derivation of paleotemperatures using the water column isotopic gradient (Delta delta18O), corrected for salinity and variations in seafloor water mass temperature. Results indicate that during this period surface-water temperatures were, on average, greater than the minimum required for tropical reef growth (20°C; Veron, 1986), with the exception of the late Miocene and earliest early Pliocene (10-4.9 Ma), when there were repeated intervals of temperatures between 18-20°C. Tropical reef growth on the Queensland Plateau was extensive from the early to early middle Miocene (~21-13 Ma), after which reef development began to decline. A lowstand near 11 Ma probably exposed shallower portions of the plateau; after re-immersion near 7 Ma, the areal extent of reef development was greatly reduced (~ 50%). Paleotemperature data from Site 811 indicate that decreased sea-surface temperatures were likely to have been instrumental in reducing the area of active reef growth on the Queensland Plateau. Reduced reefal growth rates continued until the late Pliocene or Quaternary, despite the increase of average sea-surface paleotemperatures to 22-23°C. Studies on modern corals show that when sea-surface temperatures are below ~24°C, as they were from the late Miocene to the Pleistocene off northeast Australia, corals are stressed and growth rates are greatly reduced. Consequently, when temperatures are in this range, corals have difficulty keeping pace with subsidence and changing environmental factors. In the late Pliocene, sedimentation rates increased due to increases in non-reefal carbonate production and falling sea levels. It was not until the mid-Quaternary (0.6-0.7 Ma) that sea-surface paleotemperatures increased above 24°C as a result of the formation of a western Coral Sea warm water pool. Because of age discrepancies, it is unclear exactly when an effective barrier developed on the central Great Barrier Reef; the formation of the warm water pool was likely to have either assisted the formation of this barrier and/or permitted increased coral growth rates. Fluctuations in sea-surface temperature can account for much of the observed spatial and temporal variations of reef growth and carbonate platform distribution off northeast Australia, and therefore we conclude that paleotemperature variations are a critical control on the development of carbonate platforms, and must be considered an important cause of ancient platform "drowning".

Island bibliographies. Micronesian botany; land environment and ecology of coral atolls; vegetation of tropical Pacific islands,

Mode of access: Internet.

The Eocene and lower Oligocene coral faunas of the United States with descriptions of a few doubtfully Cretaceous species /

Includes index.

Surface features of coral reefs /

Mode of access: Internet.

Aerology and naval warfare, the Battle of the Coral Sea.

"This is one of a series of pamphlets dealing with the weather aspects of Naval and Amphibious Warfare."

Representación que el doctor don Antonio de San-Germán, primer cirujano de este primer exército, y honorario de la Real Cámara dirige a S.A. el Supremo Consejo de Regencia

Mode of access: Internet.

Real Cedula de S. M. y señores del Consejo por la qual se manda guardar, cumplir y observar el Tratado de paz y amistad ajustado entre esta Monarquía y el Dey y Regencia de Argel...

Mode of access: Internet.

Real Cedula de S. M. y señores del Consejo por la qual se manda guardar y cumplir el Tratado de paz y amistad ajustado entre esta Monarquía y el Bey, y la Regencia de Tunez.

Mode of access: Internet.

Gazeta de la Regencia de España e Indias.

Mode of access: Internet.

Real cedula de S.M. y señores del Consejo, por la cual se declaran nulos y de ningun valor todos los actos del Gobierno llamado Constitucional, de cualquiera clase y condicion que sean, y se aprueba interinamente todo cuanto se ha decretado y ordenado por la Junta Provisional de Gobierno y por la Regencia del Reino, con lo demas que en ella se expresa

Certifica la copia Bartolomé Muñoz de Torres.

Decretos y resoluciones de la Junta Provisional, Regencia del Reino, y los expedidos por Su Magestad desde que fue libre del tiránico poder revolucionario /

Indice.

Key Largo Coral Reef Marine Sanctuary management plan

Mode of access: Internet.

Respetuosos descargos que el Teniente General D. Francisco Vallesteros [sic] ofrece a la generosa nación española. En contestación á los cargos que S.A. la Regencia del Reyno se ha servido hacerle en su Manifiesto de 12 de Diciembre del año pasado de 1812 dirigido á la misma para su inteligencia.

Mode of access: Internet.

Representación de la Junta Superior de Confiscos y Secuestros al Supremo Consejo de Regencia, sobre la exposición que en 13 de Noviembre ha hecho la Junta Provincial de Cádiz á las Cortes generales y extraordinarias.

Mode of access: Internet.