Developing novel strains for butanol production

[Excerpt] The growing global demand for new energy sources combined with environmental concerns had motivated the search for alternative fuels, produced from renewable raw materials. During the last decade, ethanol was considered the next generation of biofuels. But more recently, n-butanol gained attention due to its superior fuel properties when compared with ethanol. Although n-butanol is naturally produced by solventogenic bacteria through ABE fermentation, the low productivities obtained with this bioprocess discouraged its use. Thus, most of n-butanol produced nowadays is chemical synthesized via petrochemical routes and its price is extremely sensitive to crude oil’s price. One possible approach to overcome this issue is to express non-native pathways in microbial factories. (...)

Citric acid production by Y. lipolytica W29 from crude glycerol: strain improvement by mutagenesis

[Excerpt] Citric acid, an important and versatile organic acid extensively used in several industries, is originally produced by Aspergillus niger in submerged fermentation from molasses [1]. However, Yarrowia lipolytica have been studied and demonstrate a great potential as citric acid producer from several carbon sources [1–5] including crude glycerol, a low cost byproduct from the biodiesel industry [6]. The simultaneous production of the isomer isocitric acid is the major problem in using this yeast in the citric acid production. (...)

Bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia stipitis and Zymomonas mobilis from delignified coconut fibre mature and lignin extraction according to biorefinery concept

In search to increase the offer of liquid, clean, renewable and sustainable energy in the world energy matrix, the use of lignocellulosic materials (LCMs) for bioethanol production arises as a valuable alternative. The objective of this work was to analyze and compare the performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia stipitis and Zymomonas mobilis in the production of bioethanol from coconut fibre mature (CFM) using different strategies: simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF). The CFM was pretreated by hydrothermal pretreatment catalyzed with sodium hydroxide (HPCSH). The pretreated CFM was characterized by X-ray diffractometry and SEM, and the lignin recovered in the liquid phase by FTIR and TGA. After the HPCSH pretreatment (2.5% (v/v) sodium hydroxide at 180 °C for 30 min), the cellulose content was 56.44%, while the hemicellulose and lignin were reduced 69.04% and 89.13%, respectively. Following pretreatment, the obtained cellulosic fraction was submitted to SSF and SSSF. Pichia stipitis allowed for the highest ethanol yield 90.18% in SSSF, 91.17% and 91.03% were obtained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis, respectively. It may be concluded that the selection of the most efficient microorganism for the obtention of high bioethanol production yields from cellulose pretreated by HPCSH depends on the operational strategy used and this pretreatment is an interesting alternative for add value of coconut fibre mature compounds (lignin, phenolics) being in accordance with the biorefinery concept.

Production of medium-chain fatty acids and higher alcohols by a synthetic co-culture grown on carbon monoxide or syngas

Synthesis gas, a mixture of CO, H2, and CO2, is a promising renewable feedstock for bio-based production of organic chemicals. Production of medium-chain fatty acids can be performed via chain elongation, utilizing acetate and ethanol as main substrates. Acetate and ethanol are main products of syngas fermentation by acetogens. Therefore, syngas can be indirectly used as a substrate for the chain elongation process.

Valorization of eucalyptus wood by glycerol-organosolv pretreatment within the biorefinery concept: an integrated and intensified approach

The efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass and the reduction of production cost are mandatory to attain a cost-effective lignocellulose-to-ethanol process. The selection of suitable pretreatment that allows an effective fractionation of biomass and the use of pretreated material at high-solid loadings on saccharification and fermentation (SSF) processes are considered promising strategies for that purpose. Eucalyptus globulus wood was fractionated by organosolv process at 200 C for 69 min using 56% of glycerol-water. A 99% of cellulose remained in pretreated biomass and 65% of lignin was solubilized. Precipitated lignin was characterized for chemical composition and thermal behavior, showing similar features to commercial lignin. In order to produce lignocellulosic ethanol at high-gravity, a full factory design was carried to assess the liquid to solid ratio (3e9 g/g) and enzyme to solid ratio (8e16 FPU/g) on SSF of delignified Eucalyptus. High ethanol concentration (94 g/L) corresponding to 77% of conversion at 16FPU/g and LSR ¼ 3 g/g using an industrial and thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was successfully produced from pretreated biomass. Process integration of a suitable pretreatment, which allows for whole biomass valorization, with intensified saccharification-fermentation stages was shown to be feasible strategy for the co-production of high ethanol titers, oligosaccharides and lignin paving the way for cost-effective Eucalyptus biorefinery.

The role of marine anaerobic bacteria and archaea in bioenergy production

The development of products from marine bioresources is gaining importance in the biotechnology sector. The global market for Marine Biotechnology products and processes was, in 2010, estimated at 2.8 billion with a cumulative annual growth rate of 510% (Børresen et al., Marine biotechnology: a new vision and strategy for Europe. Marine Board Position Paper 15. Beernem: Marine Board-ESF, 2010). Marine Biotechnology has the potential to make significant contributions towards the sustainable supply of food and energy, the solution of climate change and environmental degradation issues, and the human health. Besides the creation of jobs and wealth, it will contribute to the development of a greener economy. Thus, huge expectations anticipate the global development of marine biotechnology. The marine environment represents more than 70% of the Earths surface and includes the largest ranges of temperature, light and pressure encountered by life. These diverse marine environments still remain largely unexplored, in comparison with terrestrial habitats. Notwithstanding, efforts are being done by the scientific community to widespread the knowledge on oceans microbial life. For example, the J. Craig Venter Institute, in collaboration with the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and Scripps Institution of Oceanography have built a state-of-the-art computational resource along with software tools to catalogue and interpret microbial life in the worlds oceans. The potential application of the marine biotechnology in the bioenergy sector is wide and, certainly, will evolve far beyond the current interest in marine algae. This chapter revises the current knowledge on marine anaerobic bacteria and archaea with a role in bio-hydrogen production, syngas fermentation and bio-electrochemical processes, three examples of bioenergy production routes.

The brewing yeast

The concept of brewing science is very recent when compared with the history of beer. It began with the microscopic observations of Louis Pasteur and evolved through the last century with improvements in engineering, microbiology, and instrumental analysis. However, the most profound insight into brewing processes only emerged in the past decades through the advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering. These techniques allowed scientists to not only affirm their experiences and past findings, but also to clarify a vast number of links between cellular structures and their role within the metabolic pathways in yeast. This chapter is therefore dedicated to the behavior of the brewing yeast during fermentation. The discussion puts together the recent findings in the core carbon and nitrogen metabolism of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their fermentation performance.

An overview of the brewing process

The first chapter of this book has an introductory character, which discusses the basics of brewing. This includes not only the essential ingredients of beer, but also the steps in the process that transforms the raw materials (grains, hops) into fermented and maturated beer. Special attention is given to the processes involving an organized action of enzymes, which convert the polymeric macromolecules present in malt (such as proteins and polysaccharides) into simple sugars and amino acids; making them available/assimilable for the yeast during fermentation.

Contributos para a elucidação do modo de ação de própolis português: o caso do própolis do Pereiro

Dissertação de mestrado em Genética Molecular

Estudo de estirpes probióticas como inoculantes de silagens para o controlo de micotoxinas

Dissertação de mestrado em Bioengenharia

Biotechnological production and application of fructooligosaccharides

Currently, prebiotics are all carbohydrates of relatively short chain length. An important group is the fructooligosaccharides, which are a special kind of prebiotics associated to their selective stimulation of the activity of certain groups of colonic bacteria that have a positive and beneficial effect on intestinal microbiota, reducing incidence of gastrointestinal infections, respiratory and also possessing a recognized bifidogenic effect. Traditionally, these prebiotic compounds have been obtained through extraction processes from some plants, as well as through enzymatic hydrolysis of sucrose. However, different fermentative methods have also been proposed for the production of fructooligosaccharides, such as solid-state fermentation utilizing various agroindustrial by-products. By optimizing the culture parameters, fructooligosaccharides yields and productivity can be improved. The use of immobilized enzymes and cells has also been proposed as being an effective and economic method for large-scale production of fructooligosaccharides. This paper is an overview on the results of recent studies on fructooligosacharides biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, sources, biotechnological production and applications.

New integrative computational approaches unveil the Saccharomyces cerevisiae pheno-metabolomic fermentative profile and allow strain selection for winemaking

During must fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains thousands of volatile aroma compounds are formed. The objective of the present work was to adapt computational approaches to analyze pheno-metabolomic diversity of a S. cerevisiae strain collection with different origins. Phenotypic and genetic characterization together with individual must fermentations were performed, and metabolites relevant to aromatic profiles were determined. Experimental results were projected onto a common coordinates system, revealing 17 statistical-relevant multi-dimensional modules, combining sets of most-correlated features of noteworthy biological importance. The present method allowed, as a breakthrough, to combine genetic, phenotypic and metabolomic data, which has not been possible so far due to difficulties in comparing different types of data. Therefore, the proposed computational approach revealed as successful to shed light into the holistic characterization of S. cerevisiae pheno-metabolome in must fermentative conditions. This will allow the identification of combined relevant features with application in selection of good winemaking strains.

Mejoramiento genético de especies forrajeras para ambientes diversos

La ganadería argentina tiene como uno de sus principales componentes de la alimentación a las pasturas cultivadas, tanto anuales como perennes. La expansión agrícola determinó el desplazamiento de parte de la ganadería nacional hacia zonas con restricciones edáficas y/o climáticas, necesitadas de nuevas tecnologías en pasturas. La genética permite abordar estos desafíos a través del desarrollo de cultivares de especies forrajeras adaptados a diversos ambientes. Instituciones nacionales han desarrollado y difundido los cultivares mas exitosos de las principales especies templadas existentes en el mercado nacional. En el caso de las especies megatérmicas, no existen cultivares nacionales y las demandas de la región son abastecidas por introducciones foráneas a veces no seleccionadas en ambientes restrictivos. Esto pone en evidencia que el mejoramiento genético de especies megatérmicas es una clara vacancia de instituciones nacionales y privadas del país. En este contexto, el Proyecto del INTA AEFP 261821 PE Mejoramiento genético de especies forrajeras para ambientes diversos tiene como objetivo general incrementar la productividad, la calidad y/o la persistencia de las pasturas cultivadas a través del desarrollo de cultivares forrajeros adaptados a los distintos ambientes y sistemas de producción. En particular, a su vez, tiene como objetivo generar poblaciones o clones de Chloris gayana y Cenchrus ciliaris, mejorados por su tolerancia al estrés abiótico, mayor productividad y digestibilidad de la materia seca. Si bien la digestibilidad es de importancia central, no es el único factor de calidad que gobierna el producto animal. El valor nutritivo del forraje depende de sus constituyentes químicos, del consumo y la digestibilidad y la implementación de estrategias de selección para mejorar la calidad solo se logra si se comprende el rol de cada constituyente celular en la nutrición animal. Debido a la escasa disponibilidad de muestra, tipo de forrajeras (megatérmicas) y a la necesidad de realizar un screening comparativo se utilizará la técnica in situ (desaparición ruminal de la materia seca). En este proyecto el Laboratorio de Forrajes de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la UCC actuará como contraparte de la Institución Cooperante asumiendo la ejecución del objetivo de evaluar caracteres de calidad de las forrajeras estudiadas

Mejoramiento genético de especies forrajeras para ambientes diversos.

La ganadería argentina tiene como uno de sus principales componentes de la alimentación a las pasturas cultivadas, tanto anuales como perennes. La expansión agrícola determinó el desplazamiento de parte de la ganadería nacional hacia zonas con restricciones edáficas y/o climáticas, necesitadas de nuevas tecnologías en pasturas. La genética permite abordar estos desafíos a través del desarrollo de cultivares de especies forrajeras adaptados a diversos ambientes. Instituciones nacionales han desarrollado y difundido los cultivares mas exitosos de las principales especies templadas existentes en el mercado nacional. En el caso de las especies megatérmicas, existe un cultivar y las demandas de la región son abastecidas por introducciones foráneas a veces no seleccionadas en ambientes restrictivos. Esto pone en evidencia que el mejoramiento genético de especies megatérmicas es una clara vacancia de instituciones nacionales y privadas del país. En este contexto, el Proyecto del INTA AEFP 261821 PE Mejoramiento genético de especies forrajeras para ambientes diversos tiene como objetivo general incrementar la productividad, la calidad y/o la persistencia de las pasturas cultivadas a través del desarrollo de cultivares forrajeros adaptados a los distintos ambientes y sistemas de producción. En particular, a su vez, tiene como objetivo generar poblaciones o clones de Chloris gayana Kunt y Cenchrus ciliaris L., mejorados por su tolerancia al estrés abiótico, mayor productividad y digestibilidad de la materia seca. Debido a la escasa disponibilidad de muestra, tipo de forrajeras (megatérmicas) y a la necesidad de realizar un screening comparativo se utilizará la técnica in situ (desaparición ruminal de la materia seca). En este proyecto el Laboratorio de Forrajes de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la UCC actuará como contraparte de la Institución Cooperante asumiendo la ejecución del objetivo de evaluar caracteres de calidad de las forrajeras estudiadas.

Oeuvres de Pasteur réunies par Pasteur Vallery-Radot.

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