Tietojohtaminen, talouskasvu - katsaus tietojohtamisen ja talouskasvun väliseen yhteyteen

Yhteiskunnan myönteinen kehitys on riippuvainen talouskasvusta. Talouskasvun moottoreina toimivat yritykset ja niiden välinen kilpailu. Kilpailuetua yritykset luovat parantamalla tuottavuuttaan. Tuottavuuden paraneminen tarkoittaa sitä, että yhä pienemmillä resursseilla saadaan aikaiseksi suurempi tuotos. Talouskasvu ja tuottavuuden kasvu liittyvät siis kiinteästi toisiinsa. Yritys parantaa tuottavuuttaan toimintansa jatkuvalla kehittämisellä. Se innovoi, eli etsii, löytää ja tuo markkinoille uusia tai parempia tapoja kilpailla toimialalla. Tietopääoma, tiedon strateginen johtaminen, tiedon kodifiointi, -jakaminen ja –lisääminen toimivat kaikki tekijöinä yrityksen kyvykkyydessä jatkuvaan innovointiin. Tietojohtaminen tarjoaa metodit ja välineet yrityksen tietopääoman hallintaan, sen lisäämiseen ja hyödyntämiseen.

FRUIT MORPHOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF BABASSU PALMS IN NORTHERN MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL1

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to morphologically characterize fruits of the babassu palm tree (Attalea vitrivir) and to estimate their productivity in the north of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Twenty mature fruits were collected from 10 plants in three different areas in Januária, Minas Gerais. Eighteen biometric parameters of the fruits were measured, the oil contents of the seeds was determined, the adherence to normal distribution was evaluated, distribution frequencies were evaluated and the effects of individuals and areas on the variables and the correlations between them were analyzed. The production of fruit bunches per plant and the number of fruits per bunch from 10 plants were quantified in three areas and the potential production under both natural harvesting and cultivation conditions were estimated. Significant differences were found among all of the biometric parameters examined between the different individuals and the different areas, which shows wide morphological variability in the fruits. The average oil content was 45.7%, but with significant differences among individuals. The observed variability favors the selection of productive individuals in genetic improvement programs. The potential productivity of endocarps and oil based on a density of 400/plants per hectare would be respectively 6.4 and 1.2 tons/ha, which indicates the possibility of using A. vitrivir for producing charcoal, bio fuels, and for carbon fixation.

Sulfuric acid - glucose separation using mixed-recycle steady state recycling chromatography

Batch chromatography is a widely used separation technique in a variety of fields meeting difficult separations. Several technologies for improving the performance of chromatography have been studied, including mixed-recycle steady state recycling (MR-SSR) chromatography. Design of MR-SSR has been commonly limited on 100 % purity constraint cases and empirical work. In this study a predictive design method was used to optimize feed pulse size and design a number of experimental MR-SSR separations for a solution of 20 % sulfuric acid and 100 g/L glucose. The design was under target product fraction purities of 98.7 % for H2SO4 and 95 % for glucose. The experiments indicate a maximum of 59 % increase in sulfuric acid productivity and 82 % increase for glucose when compared to corresponding batch separation. Eluent consumption was lowered by approximately 50 % using recycling chromatography. Within this study the target purities and yields set in design were not completely met, and further optimization of the process is deemed necessary.

Determination of management zones from normalized and standardized equivalent produtivity maps in the soybean culture

Through the site-specific management, the precision agriculture brings new techniques for the agricultural sector, as well as a larger detailing of the used methods and increase of the global efficiency of the system. The objective of this work was to analyze two techniques for definition of management zones using soybean yield maps, in a productive area handled with localized fertilization and other with conventional fertilization. The sampling area has 1.74 ha, with 128 plots with site-specific fertilization and 128 plots with conventional fertilization. The productivity data were normalized by two techniques (normalized and standardized equivalent productivity), being later classified in management zones. It can be concluded that the two methods of management zones definition had revealed to be efficient, presenting similarities in the data disposal. Due to the fact that the equivalent standardized productivity uses standard score, it contemplates a better statistics justification.

Regulated deficit irrigation and tommy atkins mango orchard productivity under microsprinkling in brazilian semi arid

This study aimed to test controlled levels of water deficiency in soil in mango trees, under microsprinkling irrigation, in semi-arid conditions, and to evaluate its effect in the productivity and fruits quality. The deficits were applied in the phases I, II and III of growth of the fruit, during the productive cycles of the mango tree in 2006 and 2007. The experiment in both cases was arranged in an entirely random design with 10 treatments and 3 repetitions, in the year I, and with 8 treatments and 3 repetitions in the year II. The values of soil water potential, of the treatments submitted to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), were placed in the range of 0 to -0.011 MPa, showing that the soil humidity varied between the saturation and the field capacity, not characterizing deficit water condition. The average values of stem water potential (Ψstem) varied between -0.90 and -1.74 MPa, evidencing significant effect (p <0.05) just for T1 (without irrigation), T7 and T8 (RDI with 30% of the ETc in the phases II and III, respectively). Through the variance analysis, significant differences were not verified among productivity, number of fruits per plant and size of the fruit, in none of the experiments, what indicates the possibility of reduction of the water use in the irrigation of the mango tree without significant losses of productivity and fruit quality.

Integrating professional education, research and extensionin irrigated agriculture technology centers

With the objective to stimulate the use of irrigation and the electric energy fee reduction during night time program granted by the 2004 Federal law, the Government of the state of Paraná, Brazil launched the Night Irrigation Program - NPI. Beyond this discount, the farmer that adheres to NPI will get additional benefits, as completion of the electric grid without cost, subsidized financing of equipment, technical assistance, support with environmental farm compliance, and the possibility of replacing the entire pump energy matrix. As part of the NPI strategy of action, installation of learning centers for irrigation technology was planned in agricultural schools, thus contributing both to improve technical professional training in agriculture, and for the dissemination of knowledge in irrigated agriculture, in order to increase agricultural productivity.

Recycling of nutrients with application of organic waste in degraded pasture

The utilization of organic wastes represents an alternative to recover degraded pasture. The experiment aimed to assess the changes caused by the provision of different organic waste (poultry litter, turkey litter and pig manure) in a medium-textured Oxisol in Brazilian Savanna under degraded pasture. It was applied different doses of waste compared to the use of mineral fertilizers and organic mineral and evaluated the effect on soil parameters (pH, organic matter, phosphorus and potassium) and leaf of Brachiariadecumbens (crude protein, phosphorus and dry mass production). It was observed that application of organic waste did not increase the level of soil organic matter and pH in the surface layer, and the application of turkey litter caused acidification at depths of 0.20-0.40 m and 0.40-0.60 m. There was an increase in P and K in the soil with the application of poultry litter and swine manure. All organic wastes increased the productivity of dry matter and crude protein and phosphorus. The recycling of nutrients via the application of organic waste allows efficiency of most parameters similar to those observed with the use of mineral sources, contributing to improving the nutritional status of soil-plantsystem.

Economic viability of retrofiting emitters in center pivot irrigation systems

Although several studies have been conducted to evaluate the uniformity of water application under center pivot irrigation systems, there are few studies concerning the economic perspective of such coefficient. The aim of this study is to present a methodology to accomplish an economic analysis as support for the decision-making to retrofit emitters in center pivot irrigation systems, and to attribute an economic meaning to the uniformity coefficient of water application taking into account the response function productivity to the amount of water applied and the sale price of the crops. In the hypothetic calculation example considering the variation of revenue of potato crop under center pivot irrigation system, it was verified that the area with uniformity coefficient of water application of 90% brought an income increase of BR$ 1,992.00, considering an area about 1,0 ha. Thus, it can be concluded that the methodology presented has met the objectives proposed in the study and made it possible to attribute an economical meaning to the coefficient of water uniformity application.

Impact of irrigation on yield and energy balance of the production of oil and cake of two sunflower varieties

The energy balance for the production of sunflower oil and cake was carried out during the agricultural and industrial stage phase, where it was considered a cold extraction by hydraulic pressing, with the plant location in a rural area with a radius of 30km range. Data on productivity was used in two varieties of sunflower (Helio 358 and Aguará 04) grown in different seasons (2007/2008, 2008/2009), under different irrigation levels. Data showed that irrigation resulted in an increase in productivity of both varieties, and the best response was observed for Aguará 04 variety. Moreover, the increased intensity of irrigation negatively affected the energy balance, reducing the ratio between energy produced and energy used in the production chain. The most significant inputs in the energy intake were fertilizer followed by diesel oil, when irrigation was not used for. When the irrigation technique was used, the most significant inputs, in order of representativeness, were: energy, fertilizer and equipment.

Coffea arabica (cv Catuaí) production and bean size under different population arrangements and soil water availability

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation under different population arrangements on the phytometric features, coffee productivity and bean size classification according to sieve retention. The experiment with Coffea arabica L. cv Catuaí was carried out in Mococa, São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was a 6 x 2 factorial scheme in randomized blocks, with four replications. The six densities of plantation were E1 (1.60 x 0.50 m); E2 (1.60 x 0.75 m); E3 (1.60 x 1.00 m); E4 (3.20 x 0.50 m); E5 (3.20 x 0.75 m) and E6 (3.20 x 1.00 m), which were divided according to the availability of water (irrigated - I - or non-irrigated - NI - groups). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and averages compared by Tukey test at 1 and 5% of probability. Descriptive analysis of coffee beans according to sieve classification was performed. Irrigation promoted an increase in plant height, crown diameter and production of processed coffee when compared with the NI group. Interaction between population arrangement and irrigation was observed, with an increase in production and crown diameter as the spacing was decreased. Therefore, irrigation provided significant increase in coffee bean size.

Impacts of the application of swine wastewater in percolate and in soil cultivated with soybean

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible impacts caused in the soil and in the percolate in lysimeters of drainage with application of different rates of swine wastewater (SW) during the cycle of soybean culture and to assess the productivity of it. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Engineering Experimental Center of UNIOESTE. The soil was classified as typical Distroferric Red Latosol. There were twenty-four drainage lysimeters in the area in which the soybean was cultivated, cultivar CD 214. Four SW depths (0; 100; 200 and 300 m³ ha-1) were applied to the soil seven days before the sowing in a single application combined with two mineral fertilizations in the sowing (with and without recommended fertilization during sowing), and three repetitions per treatment. It was realized three collections of percolate in each experimental portion, the first was conducted 40 days after sowing (DAS); the second at 72 DAS, and the third at the end of crop cycle (117 DAS). It was evaluated in the percolate the pH, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and total nitrogen. Based on the results, it was possible to observe that the level of K, P and N in the soil increased according tothe increase of SW rates. The levels of K and P in the percolate were higher for higher rates of SW. The productivity was not influenced by the application of SW or by fertilization.

Quality of papaya hybrid grown under different irrigation depths

Irrigation is a practice widely used in fruit production in the Brazilian Northeast region, including in the papaya crop in order to increase their productivity. For the purpose of knowing the productive potential of papaya hybrid irrigated, an experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the performance of a papaya hybrid under different irrigations depths. Four irrigation depths (50, 75, 100 and 125% of ETo) were tested and the reference evapotranspiration was calculated by the Penman-Monteith model. The hybrid papaya used was UENF/Caliman 01, which was planted in single rows, spaced 4 x 2m from each other, and irrigated by dripping. The experimental design in randomized blocks was used with six replications and three plants per plot. The following variables were evaluated: transversal diameter, longitudinal diameter, pulp thickness, external and internal appearances, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pulp pH and soluble solids/titratable acidity relation. The higher transversal and longitudinal diameters of the fruit were obtained applying an irrigation depth of about 108% of evapotranspiration. The UENF/Caliman 01 hybrid can be cultivated in the semiarid region of the State of Paraiba, Brazil, with replacement rate of 100% ETo, without compromising the quality of the fruits.

Energy expenditure in vocalizations of pigs under stress

Modern swine production faces many challenges nowadays, among which are productivity growth, meat quality improvement, decrease of environmental damage and reduction of cost production. Pigs spend energy to vocalizing, especially when they undergo stress. The waste of energy can increase the cost of production and lead to greater environmental damage. The goal of this study was to estimate the energy spent by pigs under the stress of castration and its effect on the animals' weight gain. Two groups of ten animals each were castrated, being one group with local anesthetic and the other without anesthetic. The piglets' vocalizations were recorded during different stages of the neutering process and then estimated of the amount of energy emitted during each vocalization. Afterwards, this energy was associated with the animals' weight gain. There was no difference in the total energy spent in both groups, since the energy used during the application of anesthetic was similar to the energy spent during the castration of the animals without anesthetic. There was also no correlation between energy spent and the animals' weight gain. It was possible to estimate the amount of energy emitted through vocalization. This energy spent by piglets in pain was greater than in other handling situations (contention, weighting and realease).