Veia gástrica posterior: hipertensão porta

A veia gástrica posterior não é muito citada nos livros de anatomia e nos trabalhos sobre hipertensão porta. Estudou-se sua anatomia, freqüência e desembocadura. Ela foi encontrada em 54% dos casos e, em 100%, desembocava na veia esplênica. Discute-se a vantagem ou não de sua ligadura ou preservação no tratamento cirúrgico da hipertensão porta.

Acesso sagital transretal anterior (ASTRA) para vaginoplastia após complicação de anoretoplastia sagital posterior

A exposição transperineal de altas vaginas é limitada. Essas limitações podem ser contornadas usando ASTRA (anterior sagital transrectal approach). Relatamos o uso desta estratégia cirúrgica para o tratamento de um caso de atresia vaginal adquirida, após anorretoplastia posterior, em caso de malformação anorretal.

Embolização das artérias uterinas com partículas de PVA-PVAC esférico como preparo para posterior ressecção cirúrgica de miomas

OBJETIVO: avaliar a utilização de uma nova partícula de polivinil álcool e polivinil acetato (PVA-PVAc) esférica, para embolização das artérias uterinas, em pacientes portadoras de mioma, com indicação cirúrgica. MÉTODOS: doze pacientes foram submetidas à embolização de miomas uterinos com partículas de PVA-PVAc. Três a nove meses depois, realizou-se uma laparotomia com miomectomia. Analisaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: volume do útero e do maior mioma; concentrações do hormônio folículo estimulante e de hemoglobina; sangramento menstrual (número de dias e de absorventes utilizados), sinais e sintomas antes do tratamento, após a embolização e após a miomectomia. RESULTADOS: a média de idade foi 37 anos e a média do volume uterino, previamente ao tratamento, de 939,3cc. Três anos após a embolização, observou-se diminuição do volume uterino (p=0,0005). Houve melhora na concentração de hemoglobina (p= 0,0004), com elevação após a embolização, sem variação subsequente à miomectomia. Não ocorreu variação significante do hormônio folículo estimulante, (p=0,17). Não foi constatado nenhum caso de falência ovariana, mas uma das pacientes apresentou atrofia de endométrio. Duas pacientes engravidaram, com bons indicadores obstétricos. Quanto aos sinais e sintomas, houve melhora após a embolização, que se manteve após a miomectomia. CONCLUSÃO: a embolização arterial com partículas de PVA-PVAc esférico mostrou-se promissora no preparo para uma intervenção cirúrgica com retirada dos miomas, pois, associou-se à redução do volume uterino, à diminuição do sangramento operatório e tornou possível a utilização de incisões menores, aumentando a chance de preservação do útero.

Topographic anatomical study of the sciatic nerve relationship to the posterior portal in hip arthroscopy

Objective: To evaluate the anatomic topographic relation between the sciatic nerve in relation to the piriform muscle and the posterior portal for the establishment of hip arthroscopy.Methods: We dissected 40 hips of 20 corpses of adult Brazilians, 17 male and three female, six black, six brown and eight white. We studied the anatomical relationship between the sciatic nerve and the piriform muscle with their variations and the distance between the lateral edge of the sciatic nerve and the posterior portal used in hip arthroscopy. We then classified the anatomical alterations found in the path of the sciatic nerve on the piriform muscle.Results: Seventeen corpses had bilateral relationship between the sciatic nerve and the piriform muscle, i.e., type A. We found the following anatomical variations: 12.5% of variant type B; and an average distance between the sciatic nerve and the portal for arthroscopy of 2.98cm. One body had type B anatomical variation on the left hip and type A on the right.Conclusion: the making of the posterior arthroscopic portal to the hip joint must be done with careful marking of the trochanter massive; should there be difficult to find it, a small surgical access is recommended. The access point to the portal should not exceed two centimeters towards the posterior superior aspect of the greater trochanter, and must be made with the limb in internal rotation of 15 degrees.

Avaliação da aplicabilidade da técnica de maturação in vitro de oócitos humanos e posterior fertilização

OBJETIVO: avaliar a aplicabilidade da técnica de maturação in vitro de oócitos humanos e posterior fertilização. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo não randomizado descritivo realizado no período de novembro de 1999 a março de 2001 no qual foram incluídas 15 pacientes com infertilidade tubária e 20 ciclos de fertilização in vitro. Todas assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes de iniciar o estudo. As pacientes tinham idade entre 18 e 32 anos incompletos, obstrução tubária como causa exclusiva de infertilidade e índice de massa corporal inferior a 25 kg/m². As pacientes receberam 300 UI de hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) recombinante por via intramuscular no segundo dia do ciclo e doses adicionais de 150 UI no quarto e no sexto dia do ciclo. A coleta ovular foi realizada no sétimo dia do ciclo. Os oócitos foram colocados em meio TCM 199 acrescido de antibióticos, piruvato, FSH, gonadotrofina coriônica humana e soro (Serum Substitute Supplement - Irvine Scientific®). Após 48 h de cultivo, os oócitos que atingiram o estágio de metáfase II foram inseminados e os fertilizados foram transferidos. RESULTADOS: foram puncionados 144 folículos com a coleta de 67 oócitos imaturos (46,5%). Quarenta e três oócitos atingiram o estágio de metáfase II (64,2%) e foram inseminados. Destes, 30 fertilizaram e 25 embriões foram transferidos para 10 pacientes. Houve uma gravidez com nascimento de um bebê. CONCLUSÃO: concluiu-se que a técnica de maturar oócitos humanos in vitro previamente à fertilização in vitro é técnica exeqüível, capaz de gerar gravidez.

Tratamento da lombalgia e dor pélvica posterior na gestação por um método de exercícios

OBJETIVO: avaliar a efetividade do método dos exercícios stretching global ativo (SGA) comparativamente às orientações médicas para resolver as dores lombares e/ou pélvica posterior durante a gestação. MÉTODOS: foram selecionadas 69 grávidas que apresentaram dores lombares e/ou pélvica posterior para participar de ensaio clínico prospectivo randomizado. As pacientes foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo SGA, que praticou exercícios orientados pelo método SGA, e grupo ORI, que seguiu as orientações médicas. As gestantes foram acompanhadas por oito semanas. Foi utilizada a escala análogo-visual para medir a intensidade da dor e os testes de provocação de dor lombar e pélvica posterior para confirmação das mesmas. RESULTADOS: após o tratamento das grávidas que participaram dos exercícios do SGA, 61% (p<0,01) não apresentaram queixa de dor nas regiões lombar e pélvica posterior, resultado que não se observou nas gestantes do grupo ORI, que seguiu as orientações médicas e não praticou exercícios pelo método, sendo que 11% (p=0,50) apresentaram melhora. CONCLUSÕES: o método de exercícios SGA diminuiu e reduziu a intensidade da dor lombar e pélvica posterior, entretanto as orientações médicas não foram efetivas para amenizar as dores das gestantes. As algias lombares e/ou pélvica posterior da gestação não apresentaram relação significativa com a dor pré-gestacional e nem com a prática de exercício físico um ano antes da gestação atual.

Avaliação ultra-sonográfica do segmento posterior de olhos de cães diabéticos e não diabéticos portadores de catarata

A catarata impossibilita a passagem de luz dentro do olho, dificultando o exame físico direto das estruturas oculares. É necessária a identificação prévia de quaisquer alterações oculares que contra-indiquem a cirurgia de catarata. A ultra-sonografia, ou ecografia ocular, é um exame seguro, de baixo custo, não invasivo, de fácil realização, que completa o exame oftálmico. Foi realizada avaliação ultra-sonográfica, com transdutor linear, freqüência de 10 MHz, de 225 olhos de 123 cães, sendo cães controle (Grupo 1), 52 cães não diabéticos portadores de catarata (Grupo 2) e 35 cães diabéticos portadores de catarata (Grupo 3), todos eles atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram encontradas as seguintes alterações ultra-sonográficas no Grupo 1: degeneração vítrea em 43%, descolamento de vítreo posterior em 7,7%, hialose asteróide em 4,6% dos olhos; no Grupo 2: degeneração vítrea em 58,9%, descolamento de vítreo posterior em 8,4%, hialose asteróide em 2,1%, processo inflamatório e/ou hemorrágico em 2,1% e descolamento de retina em 4,3% dos olhos; e no Grupo 3: degeneração vítrea em 50,7%, descolamento de vítreo posterior em 13,8%, hialose asteróide em 12,3%, processo inflamatório e/ou hemorrágico em 3,1% e descolamento de retina em 3,1% dos olhos. Concluiu-se, que (1) cães diabéticos, principalmente os que apresentam a doença há mais de 2 anos, tem maior predisposição para o desenvolvimento de hialose asteróide; (2) não houve diferença entre a freqüencia de descolamento de retina encontrada em cães diabéticos e não diabéticos; e (3) a ultra-sonografia ocular é em exame seguro, eficaz e importante na avaliação pré-operatória de cães portadores de catarata.

A and B mode ultrasonography in preoperative evaluation of lens and posterior segment of dogs eyes with cataract

Ultrasonography of the lens and posterior segment is an indispensable step in the preoperative evaluation of dogs with cataracts, since ophthalmoscopy is not feasible when there is opacification of the lens. This study evaluated the echographic conditions of cataractous lens and fundus of the eye in dogs affected by cataracts. The study was conducted in 30 dogs (56 eyes), 10 males and 20 females, with different types of cataracts at different stages of development. Echography in A and B modes, simultaneously, was carried out for the examination of the lens and posterior segment. The examinations revealed anterior cortical, posterior cortical and nuclear cataract in 12 eyes (21.4%), anterior cortical, posterior cortical, nuclear and posterior capsular in 23 eyes (41%), anterior cortical, posterior cortical and posterior capsular cataract in one eye (1.7%), anterior cortical and nuclear cataract in one eye (1.7%), anterior cortical, nuclear and posterior capsular cataract in five eyes (8.9%), and anterior cortical cataract in seven eyes (12.5%). Abnormal ultrasonographic alterations were observed in the posterior segment in 26 eyes evaluated (46.4%). Vitreal degeneration was detected in 12 eyes (21.4%), images of vitreal exudate or hemorrhage in seven eyes (12.5%), persistence of hyaloid artery in four eyes (7.1%) and lens subluxation in three eyes (5.3%). The results obtained reiterate the importance of ultrasonography in canine patients presented for cataract surgery given that alterations of the posterior segment are difficult to identify in a clinical examination when the lens is opacified.

Renal cortex copper concentration in acute copper poisoning in calves

The aim of this study was to estimate the diagnostic value of renal cortex copper (Cu) concentration in clinical cases of acute copper poisoning (ACP). A total of 97 calves that died due to subcutaneous copper administration were compiled in eleven farms. At least, one necropsy was conducted on each farm and samples for complementary analysis were taken. The degree of autolysis in each necropsy was evaluated. The cases appeared on extensive grazing calf breeding and intensive feedlot farms, in calves of 60 to 200 kg body weight. Mortality varied from 0.86 to 6.96 %, on the farms studied. The first succumbed calf was found on the farms between 6 and 72 hours after the susbcutaneous Cu administration. As discrepancies regarding the reference value arose, the local value (19.9 parts per million) was used, confirming the diagnosis of acute copper poisoning in 93% of the analyzed kidney samples. These results confirm the value of analysis of the cortical kidney Cu concentration for the diagnosis of acute copper poisoning.

Changes in the electrophysiological parameters of the posterior intestine of Anguilla anguilla (Pisces) induced by oxytocin, urotensin II and aldosterone

In view of the importance of the intestine in the osmoregulation of freshwater fishes, we determined the effects of oxytocin, urotensin II (UII), and aldosterone added to the serosal side of the isolated posterior intestine of the freshwater-adapted teleost Anguilla anguilla on electrophysiological parameters. Oxytocin decreased the short-circuit current (SCC) and transepithelial potential difference (TPD) at concentrations of 1 and 10 mU/ml (to 50% and 42% of control values, respectively), but did not alter these parameters at a concentration of 0.1 mU/ml. UII reduced SCC and TPD at concentrations of 10 nM, 50 nM and 100 nM (to 85% of control values), but increased these parameters at the concentration of 500 nM (to 115% of control values). Aldosterone did not alter SCC or TPD at the concentrations tested (10 nM and 100 nM). Oxytocin may open Na+ channels in the apical membrane, allowing the flow of Na+ to the serosa, reducing SCC and TPD. Should this hypothesis be correct, oxytocin would be important for freshwater adaptation, since it would increase Na+ absorption. The reduction of SCC and TPD in the posterior intestine of A. anguilla induced by UII is evidence that this neurohormone is also important for freshwater adaptation in teleosts. Aldosterone did not show this effect probably due to the lack of receptors in this organ

Localization of NMDA receptors in the cerebral cortex: a schematic overview

The fundamental role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in many cortical functions has been firmly defined, as has its involvement in a number of neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, until recently very little was known about the anatomical localization of NMDA receptors in the cerebral cortex of mammals. The recent application of molecular biological techniques to the study of NMDA receptors has provided specific tools which have greatly expanded our understanding of the localization of NMDA receptors in the cerebral cortex. In particular, immunocytochemical studies on the distribution of cortical NMDA receptors have shown that NMDA receptors are preferentially localized on dendritic spines, have disclosed an unknown fraction of presynaptic NMDA receptors on both excitatory and inhibitory axon terminals, and demonstrated that cortical astrocytes do express NMDA receptors. These studies suggest that the effects induced by the activation of NMDA receptors are not due solely to the opening of NMDA channels on neuronal postsynaptic membranes, as previously assumed, but that the activation of presynaptic and glial NMDA receptors may mediate part of these effects

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation reduces rat frontal cortex acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) activity

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation induces several behavioral changes. Among these, a decrease in yawning behavior produced by low doses of cholinergic agonists is observed which indicates a change in brain cholinergic neurotransmission after REM sleep deprivation. Acetylcholinesterase (Achase) controls acetylcholine (Ach) availability in the synaptic cleft. Therefore, altered Achase activity may lead to a change in Ach availability at the receptor level which, in turn, may result in modification of cholinergic neurotransmission. To determine if REM sleep deprivation would change the activity of Achase, male Wistar rats, 3 months old, weighing 250-300 g, were deprived of REM sleep for 96 h by the flower-pot technique (N = 12). Two additional groups, a home-cage control (N = 6) and a large platform control (N = 6), were also used. Achase was measured in the frontal cortex using two different methods to obtain the enzyme activity. One method consisted of the obtention of total (900 g supernatant), membrane-bound (100,000 g pellet) and soluble (100,000 g supernatant) Achase, and the other method consisted of the obtention of a fraction (40,000 g pellet) enriched in synaptic membrane-bound enzyme. In both preparations, REM sleep deprivation induced a significant decrease in rat frontal cortex Achase activity when compared to both home-cage and large platform controls. REM sleep deprivation induced a significant decrease of 16% in the membrane-bound Achase activity (nmol thiocholine formed min-1 mg protein-1) in the 100,000 g pellet enzyme preparation (home-cage group 152.1 ± 5.7, large platform group 152.7 ± 24.9 and REM sleep-deprived group 127.9 ± 13.8). There was no difference in the soluble enzyme activity. REM sleep deprivation also induced a significant decrease of 20% in the enriched synaptic membrane-bound Achase activity (home-cage group 126.4 ± 21.5, large platform group 127.8 ± 20.4, REM sleep-deprived group 102.8 ± 14.2). Our results suggest that REM sleep deprivation changes Ach availability at the level of its receptors through a decrease in Achase activity

Effects of entorhinal cortex lesions on memory in different tasks

Lesions of the entorhinal cortex produce retrograde memory impairment in both animals and humans. Here we report the effects of bilateral entorhinal cortex lesions caused by the stereotaxic infusion of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in rats at two different moments, before or after the training session, on memory of different tasks: two-way shuttle avoidance, inhibitory avoidance and habituation to an open field. Pre- or post-training entorhinal cortex lesions caused an impairment of performance in the shuttle avoidance task, which agrees with the previously described role of this area in the processing of memories acquired in successive sessions. In the inhibitory avoidance task, only the post-training lesions had an effect (amnesia). No effect was observed on the open field task. The findings suggest that the role of the entorhinal cortex in memory processing is task-dependent, perhaps related to the complexity of each task

NADPH-diaphorase activity in area 17 of the squirrel monkey visual cortex: neuropil pattern, cell morphology and laminar distribution

We studied the distribution of NADPH-diaphorase activity in the visual cortex of normal adult New World monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) using the malic enzyme "indirect" method. NADPH-diaphorase neuropil activity had a heterogeneous distribution. In coronal sections, it had a clear laminar pattern that was coincident with Nissl-stained layers. In tangential sections, we observed blobs in supragranular layers of V1 and stripes throughout the entire V2. We quantified and compared the tangential distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and cytochrome oxidase blobs in adjacent sections of the supragranular layers of V1. Although their spatial distributions were rather similar, the two enzymes did not always overlap. The histochemical reaction also revealed two different types of stained cells: a slightly stained subpopulation and a subgroup of deeply stained neurons resembling a Golgi impregnation. These neurons were sparsely spined non-pyramidal cells. Their dendritic arbors were very well stained but their axons were not always evident. In the gray matter, heavily stained neurons showed different dendritic arbor morphologies. However, most of the strongly reactive cells lay in the subjacent white matter, where they presented a more homogenous morphology. Our results demonstrate that the pattern of NADPH-diaphorase activity is similar to that previously described in Old World monkeys

Methylmercury intoxication and histochemical demonstration of NADPH-diaphorase activity in the striate cortex of adult cats

The effects of methylmercury (MeHg) on histochemical demonstration of the NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity in the striate cortex were studied in 4 adult cats. Two animals were used as control. The contaminated animals received 50 ml milk containing 0.42 µg MeHg and 100 g fish containing 0.03 µg MeHg daily for 2 months. The level of MeHg in area 17 of intoxicated animals was 3.2 µg/g wet weight brain tissue. Two cats were perfused 24 h after the last dose (group 1) and the other animals were perfused 6 months later (group 2). After microtomy, sections were processed for NADPHd histochemistry procedures using the malic enzyme method. Dendritic branch counts were performed from camera lucida drawings for control and intoxicated animals (N = 80). Average, standard deviation and Student t-test were calculated for each data group. The concentrations of mercury (Hg) in milk, fish and brain tissue were measured by acid digestion of samples, followed by reduction of total Hg in the digested sample to metallic Hg using stannous chloride followed by atomic fluorescence analysis. Only group 2 revealed a reduction of the neuropil enzyme activity and morphometric analysis showed a reduction in dendritic field area and in the number of distal dendrite branches of the NADPHd neurons in the white matter (P<0.05). These results suggest that NADPHd neurons in the white matter are more vulnerable to the long-term effects of MeHg than NADPHd neurons in the gray matter.