Comportamento fiscal dos governos estaduais brasileiros:determinantes políticos e efeitos sobre os indicadores sócio-econômicos dos seus estados

Na década de oitenta aconteceram dois fatos fundamentais para o federalismo brasileiro: a redemocratização do país em 1985 e o aprofundamento da descentralização fiscal impulsionada pela Constituição de 1988. Mais de uma década depois, toma-se necessário avaliar os custos e beneficios do processo de descentralização no período democrático 1985 - 97. Tal avaliação pode adotar várias dimensões. De uma perspectiva macroeconômica não há dúvidas que o processo de descentralização fiscal impõe sérias restrições para a administração da política macroeconômica, no sentido em que o comportamento fiscal das esferas inferiores de governo nem sempre é compatível com os objetivos de política do governo central. De uma visão micro econômica, a desconcentração de responsabilidades e a maior autonomia financeira adquirida pelos níveis inferiores de governo deveria incidir numa maior eficiência na provisão de bens e serviços públicos. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir na compreensão do comportamento fiscal dos estados brasileiros num contexto de crescente autonomia política e econômica e de esforços de ajuste macroeconômico. Por outro lado, tenta-se avaliar os efeitos das políticas fiscais dos governos estaduais sobre o bem-estar da população de seus estados. Especificamente, este trabalho tem três objetivos. O primeiro é identificar e analisar a postura fiscal dos estados brasileiros a partir da evolução das principais categorias de receita e despesa estadual durante o período 1985 - 97. O segundo objetivo é explicar estas posturas fiscais no período democrático 1985- 1997 com base nas características do sistema político de cada estado, analisando sua influência sobre o desenho e implementação da política fiscal.Finalmente, o terceiro objetivo é testar até que ponto a descentralização foi eficiente, verificando se a política fiscal dos governos estaduais teve efeitos significativos sobre as principais variáveis sócio - econômicas estaduais tais como desemprego, pobreza e distribuição de renda. Os resultados encontrados na primeira parte mostram a impossibilidade de se fazer generalizações sobre o comportamento fiscal dos estados, já que, nem todos os estados exibiram falta de disciplina fiscal durante o período analisado. A grande maioria dos estados adotou uma política de "stop and go", isto é, as contrações foram seguidas de expansões fiscais e vice-versa, impedindo que se extraia tendências regulares de deterioração ou de melhoras progressivas na situação fiscal dos estados. Na segunda parte do trabalho, verificou-se que políticas fiscais expansionistas estão associadas a períodos eleitorais e sistemas com elevada fragmentação política. Por sua vez, apesar de não ser conclusiva, pode-se inferir que a orientação ideológica dos administradores estaduais , especificamente quando estes pertencem à esquerda, está associada a maiores níveis de despesa pública estadual. Finalmente, os resultados da última parte mostram que a política de gastos estaduais afeta algumas variáveis sócio - econômicas, tais como renda familiar per capita e desigualdade na distribuição de renda, mas não tem efeitos significativos sobre a taxa de desemprego, a proporção de pobres e a intensidade da pobreza em cada estado

What happens after the Central Bank of Brazil increases the target interbank rate by 1%?

In this paper I use Taylor's (2001) model and Vector Auto Regressions to shed some light on the evolution of some key macroeconomic variables after the Central Bank of Brazil, through the COPOM, increases the target interest rate by 1%. From a quantitative perspective, the best estimate from the empírical analysis, obtained with a 1994 : 2 - 2004 : 2 subsample of the data, is that GDP goes through an accumulated decline, over the next four years, around 0.08%. Innovations to interest rates explain around 9.2% of the forecast erro r of GDP.

Capital flows and monetary control under a domestic currency substitution regime: the recent Brazilian experience

The 90s have witnessed a resumption in capital flows to Latin America. due to the conjugation of low interest rates in the US and economic reforms in most LA countries. In Brazil. however. substantial capital flows have becn induced by the extremely high domestic interest rates practiced by the Central Bank as a measure of last reson given the absence of successful stabilization policies. These very high interest rates were needed to prevent capital flight in a context of a surprisingly stable inflation rate above 20% a month. and keep interest bearing govemment securities preferable to foreign assets as money substitutes. We carefully describe how this domestic currency substitution regime (interest bearing govemment securities are substituted for MIas cash holdings) requires the Central Bank to renounce aoy control over monerary aggregates. In this domestic currency substitution regime. hyperinflation is the most likely outcome of an isolated (i.e.. without fiscal adjusanents) attempt by the Brazilian Central Bank to control money.

Tax reform under fiscal stress: a CGE analysis of the Brazilian tax reform

In spite of a general agreement over the distortion imposed by the current Brazilian tax system, attempts to reform it during the last decade have faced several restrictions to its implementation. Two of these restrictions were particular binding: a) fiscal adjustment restriction (public sector debt cannot increase), b) fiscal federalist restriction (revenues from individual states and municipalities cannot decrease). This paper focuses on a specific reform that overcomes in principle the fiscal federalist restriction. Using Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1987) model calibrated for the Brazilian economy, I analyze the short and long run macroeconomic effects of this reform subject to the fiscal adjustment restriction. Finally, I look at the redistributive effects of this reform among generations as a way to infer about public opinion’s reaction to the reform. The reform consists basically of replacing indirect taxes on corporate revenues, which I show to be equivalent to a symmetric tax on labor and capital income, by a new federal VAT. The reform presented positive macroeconomic effects both in the short and long run. Despite a substantial increase in the average VAT rate in the first years after the reform, a majority of cohorts experienced an increase in their lifetime welfare, being potentially in favour of the reform.

Flypaper effect revisited : evidence for tax collection efficiency in Brazilian municipalities

This paper has two purposes. First, to construct efficiency scores in tax collection for Brazilian municipalities in 2004, taking into consideration two outputs: amount of per capita local tax collected -tax revenue- and the size of local informal economy- tax base. This methodology eliminates the price- effect of tax collection. Second, using the rules established on the Brazilian Constitution in 1988 to transfer unconditional funds among municipalities as instrument, to estimate the relationship between intergovernmental transfers and efficiency in tax collection. We conclude that transfers affect negatively the efficiency in tax collection, leading to a reinterpretation of the flypaper effect.

Robustness and stabilization properties of monetary policy rules in Brazil

Based on three versions of a small macroeconomic model for Brazil, this paper presents empirical evidence on the effects of parameter uncertainty on monetary policy rules and on the robustness of optimal and simple rules over different model specifications. By comparing the optimal policy rule under parameter uncertainty with the rule calculated under purely additive uncertainty, we find that parameter uncertainty should make policymakers react less aggressively to the economy's state variables, as suggested by Brainard's "conservatism principIe", although this effect seems to be relatively small. We then informally investigate each rule's robustness by analyzing the performance of policy rules derived from each model under each one of the alternative models. We find that optimal rules derived from each model perform very poorly under alternative models, whereas a simple Taylor rule is relatively robusto We also fmd that even within a specific model, the Taylor rule may perform better than the optimal rule under particularly unfavorable realizations from the policymaker' s loss distribution function.

Public debt management, monetary policy and financial institutions

Despite the large size of the Brazilian debt market, as well the large diversity of its bonds, the picture that emerges is of a market that has not yet completed its transition from the role it performed during the megainflation years, namely that of providing a liquid asset that provided positive real returns. This unfinished transition is currently placing the market under severe stress, as fears of a possible default from the next administration grow larger. This paper analyzes several aspects pertaining to the management of the domestic public debt. The causes for the extremely large and fast growth ofthe domestic public debt during the seven-year period that President Cardoso are discussed in Section 2. Section 3 computes Value at Risk and Cash Flow at Risk measures for the domestic public debt. The rollover risk is introduced in a mean-variance framework in Section 4. Section 5 discusses a few issues pertaining to the overlap between debt management and monetary policy. Finally, Section 6 wraps up with policy discussion and policy recommendations.

Brazil & Lusphone Africa: a study of history, international relations, & international trade

This report was inspired by a personal motivation to acquire more in depth knowledge about Brazil and Lusophone (Portuguese speaking) African nations and how they interact with each other in relation to their common colonial histories, cultures, and on matters of international relations, international development, and international trade. The countries selected for purpose and focus of this report are Brazil, Angola, and Mozambique; reference will also be made with respect to other Lusophone African countries such as Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé e Príncipe. Some of the research methodologies used to gather information about Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, and other Lusophone African nations in relation to their respective histories, international relations, international trade relations, and roles in the global economy as emerging market nations.