Dietary supplementation with omega-3 in cystic fibrosis patients

Accumulation of neutr ophils releasing proteolytic enzymes and free radicals induceprogressive lung tissue destruction in CF. Among several hfflammatory mediatorsimplicated in this process, leukotriene B 4 (LTB4) product of arachidonic (AA;20:4n 6) omega 6 polytmsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) plays an important role.Various anti inflammatory strategies including dietary supplementation of omega 3PUFA, known to favor the synthesis of less active leukotriene B 5 (LTBs), have beeninvestigated. To further explore this nutritional approach, biological effects of anomega 3 PUFA oral supplementation (n 3 OS) were measured in 17 CF patients haa prospective, randomized, double blind, crossover study. CF patients (mean age:18 + 9 years, FEVI: 66 + 29 %) received a dietary supplementation enriched, or not,ha omega 3 PUFA during a 2 x 6 months period. A modification in neutrophilmembrane PUFA composition was observed under n 3 OS with an increase in EPA(20:5n 3) PUFA (from 0.66 ± 0.56 to 1.60 ± 0.61 ~tmol %, P< 0.01). The LTB jLTB 5ratio was decreased (from 72 + 27 to 24 + 7, P< 0.C~31), in CF patients taking n 3OS. However, n 3 OS supplementation did neither affect the internalization of bothIL 8 receptors following IL 8 exposure, nor IL 8 induced neutrophil chemotaxis.Our results show that n 3 PUFA are absorbed and incorporated in neutrophilmembrmae. The consecutive decrease ha LTBjLTB 5 ratio suggests that, ha theseconditions, neutr ophils may produce less toxic mediators from the AA pathway. Thepotential clinical benefit for CF patients still needs to be assessed with furtherstudies of longer duration and including more patients.

Vitamina C, Cancro e Cittoxidade: Marcação e estabilidade in vitro e in vivo

A vitamina C é uma substância essencial apresentando inúmeras propriedades fisiológicas. Ela apresenta-se sob duas formas, a reduzida e a oxidada. O ácido ascórbico (AA), a forma reduzida da vitamina C, é um potente antioxidante hidrossolúvel, na medida em que neutraliza os radicais livres, constituindo um potencial mecanismo anticancerígeno. O AA actua também como pró-oxidante, promovendo a formação de espécies reactivas de oxigénio (ROS), como o peróxido de hidrogénio (H2O2), que comprometem a viabilidade celular. Por outro lado, a maioria das células tumorais não transporta directamente o AA para o seu interior, razão pela qual as células obtêm a vitamina C na sua forma oxidada, o ácido dehidroascórbico (DHA). As células tumorais demonstram ainda outra particularidade, a diminuição da catalase (enzima responsável pela destoxificação do H2O2), num factor entre 10 e 100, relativamente às células normais. Assim, o aumento da produção de H2O2, acoplado à deficiência da actividade da catalase nas células neoplásicas e à presença de metais de transição, poderá redundar na citotoxicidade selectiva da vitamina C e na consequente revelação do seu potencial terapêutico.

Response Prediction in Chronic Hepatitis C by Assessment of IP-10 and IL28B-Related Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms.

BACKGROUND: High baseline levels of IP-10 predict a slower first phase decline in HCV RNA and a poor outcome following interferon/ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Several recent studies report that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) adjacent to IL28B predict spontaneous resolution of HCV infection and outcome of treatment among HCV genotype 1 infected patients. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In the present study, we correlated the occurrence of variants at three such SNPs (rs12979860, rs12980275, and rs8099917) with pretreatment plasma IP-10 and HCV RNA throughout therapy within a phase III treatment trial (HCV-DITTO) involving 253 Caucasian patients. The favorable SNP variants (CC, AA, and TT, respectively) were associated with lower baseline IP-10 (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, P = 0.04) and were less common among HCV genotype 1 infected patients than genotype 2/3 (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, and P = 0.01). Patients carrying favorable SNP genotypes had higher baseline viral load than those carrying unfavorable variants (P = 0.0013, P = 0.029, P = 0.0004 respectively). Among HCV genotype 1 infected carriers of the favorable C, A, or T alleles, IP-10 below 150 pg/mL significantly predicted a more pronounced reduction of HCV RNA from day 0 to 4 (first phase decline), which translated into increased rates of RVR (62%, 53%, and 39%) and SVR (85%, 76%, and 75% respectively) among homozygous carriers with baseline IP-10 below 150 pg/mL. In multivariate analyses of genotype 1-infected patients, baseline IP-10 and C genotype at rs12979860 independently predicted the first phase viral decline and RVR, which in turn independently predicted SVR. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant assessment of pretreatment IP-10 and IL28B-related SNPs augments the prediction of the first phase decline in HCV RNA, RVR, and final therapeutic outcome.

Arythmies supraventriculaires chez les patients adultes porteurs d'une cardiopathie congénitale

Mon projet de recherche s'est articulé autour des arythmies supraventriculaires chez les patients adultes porteurs d'une cardiopathie congénitale (Adults with Congenital Heart Disease ou ACHD). Grâce aux progrès de la chirurgie cardiaque et de la cardiologie, la survie à l'âge adulte des enfants nés avec une malformation cardiaque est excellente et la population des ACHD ne cesse de croître, tout en vieillissant. Les arythmies cardiaques sont une complication à long terme bien connue chez ces patients et une des principales causes de mortalité et de morbidité. Mon travail de recherche comporte une perspective épidémiologique avec une étude de population et une perspective anatomique, avec une étude d'imagerie cardiaque par échographie. 1. Étude épidémiologique : Arythmies auriculaires (AA) chez les patients porteurs d'une cardiopathie congénitale. Sous le titre anglais Atrial Arrhythmias in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease, cette étude a été publiée dans le journal américain Circulation. A travers les résultats de cette étude, j'ai démontré, pour la première fois dans une aussi grande population, que les AA étaient fréquentes chez les patients ACHD, que le risque à long-terme pour ces patients de développer des AA était élevé, et que le développement d'AA avait un impact négatif en termes de mortalité, de morbidité et d'intervention. 2. Étude anatomique : Les paramètres échographiques associés à la fibrillation auriculaire (FA) chez les patients adultes porteurs d'une cardiopathie congénitale. Sous le titre anglais Mirror image atrial dilatation in Adult Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Congenital Heart Disease, cette étude a été publiée dans le journal américain International Journal of Cardiology, j'ai démontré dans cette étude que les patients ACHD avec une pathologie isolée du coeur gauche présentaient une dilatation progressive de l'oreillette gauche (OG) lorsqu'ils développaient de la FA. Chez les patients avec une pathologie isolée du coeur droit, j'ai décrit une image « miroir » : l'oreillette droite (OD) était toujours plus grande que l'OG βί présentait une dilatation progressive lors de FA. Ces résultats soutiennent l'hypothèse que la FA pourrait provenir de l'OD dilatée chez les patients ACHD avec une pathologie du coeur droit et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives diagnostiques et thérapeutiques chez ces patients:

Polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are associated with protection against leprosy.

Accumulating evidence suggests that polymorphisms in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) influence the pathogenesis of mycobacterial infections, including leprosy, a disease whose manifestations depend on host immune responses. Polymorphisms in TLR2 are associated with an increased risk of reversal reaction, but not susceptibility to leprosy itself. We examined whether polymorphisms in TLR4 are associated with susceptibility to leprosy in a cohort of 441 Ethiopian leprosy patients and 197 healthy controls. We found that two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR4 (896G>A [D299G] and 1196C>T [T399I]) were associated with a protective effect against the disease. The 896GG, GA and AA genotypes were found in 91.7, 7.8 and 0.5% of leprosy cases versus 79.9, 19.1 and 1.0% of controls, respectively (odds ratio [OR] = 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20-0.57, P < 0.001, additive model). Similarly, the 1196CC, CT and TT genotypes were found in 98.1, 1.9 and 0% of leprosy cases versus 91.8, 7.7 and 0.5% of controls, respectively (OR = 0.16, 95% CI 0.06--.40, P < 0.001, dominant model). We found that Mycobacterium leprae stimulation of monocytes partially inhibited their subsequent response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Our data suggest that TLR4 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to leprosy and that this effect may be mediated at the cellular level by the modulation of TLR4 signalling by M. leprae.

CENÁRIOS E ORIENTAÇÕES DE ESTRATÉGIAS DE ADAPTAÇÃO DAS POLÍTICAS DE PESCAS ÀS MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS PARA CABO VERDE ATÉ 2050

O presente trabalho ostenta os resultados dos trabalhos de “Elaboração de cenários e orientações de Estratégias de adaptação das políticas de pescas às mudanças climáticas em Cabo Verde até 2050”, realizados a nível Nacional e Local (Palmeira, Rincão e São Pedro), enquadrado no âmbito do projecto de adaptação das políticas de pesca às mudanças climáticas na África Ocidental (APPECCAO). O intuito foi de recolher subsídios junto das respectivas comunidades piscatórias e instituições conhecedoras do Sector das pescas em Cabo Verde, para elaborar os cenários e definir as orientações de estratégias de adaptação das capacidades e políticas de pescas até 2050. Constituindo, contributo para um melhor planeamento e adaptação das capacidades e políticas de pesca às possíveis alterações ambientais causadas pelas mudanças climáticas e desenvolver acções coerentes e sustentáveis de uso dos recursos.

Affirmative Action in Iowa, September 2007

In accordance with 19B.5 of the Code of Iowa, the 2007 Affirmative Action in Iowa report illustrates the progress made during fiscal year 2007 to balance the State's workforce, the challenges that the State must address and the effort that the Department of Administrative Services must lead in order to remove barriers that limit the hiring, retention and advancement of females, minorities and persons with disabilities in the State's workforce. Highlighted in the report are the State's efforts to improve EEO/AA/Diversity training, coordinating targeted recruitment and partnering with disability organizations. Additionally, the Department of Administrative Services-Human Resources Enterprise outlines its plan to build on its past efforts and implement recommendations to remove barriers in the state selection processes and to improve its affirmative action and auditing processes.

Composição da comunidade de Formicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) em copas de Attalea phalerata Mart. (Arecaceae), no Pantanal de Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brasil

Três indivíduos da palmeira Attalea phalerata Mart (Arecaceae) foram amostrados durante a fase aquática (cheia) no Pantanal de Mato Grosso (fevereiro/2001) utilizando-se a metodologia de nebulização de copas "canopy fogging". Este estudo objetivou avaliar a diversidade, hábitos alimentares e a distribuição espacial da comunidade de Formicidae em copas dessa palmeira que forma adensamentos monodominantes, típicos nessa região. Cada palmeira foi nebulizada uma única vez e realizadas três coletas subseqüentes. Um total de 966 formigas, pertencentes a 6 subfamílias, 13 tribos e 29 espécies foram amostradas em 49 m² de área amostral (19,7±52,7 indivíduos/m²) representando 3,9% do total de artrópodes obtidos. Myrmicinae foi a subfamília mais representativa, com 6 tribos e 14 espécies, destacando-se Solenopsidini com 5 espécies. Formicinae foi a segunda subfamília mais abundante com 3 tribos e 8 espécies. Pheidole sp. 2 foi dominante na amostragem geral (284 indivíduos; 29,4% da captura total) seguida por Camponotus (Myrmobrachys) crassus (182 individuos; 18,8%) e Crematogaster (Orthocrema) sp. 1 pr. quadriformis (119 individuos; 12,3%). Os índices de diversidade foram consideráveis (H'=2,185; D= 0,835) apesar de demonstrarem baixos valores de equitabilidade (0,649 e 0,248, respectivamente). Este resultado demonstra a heterogeneidade da comunidade de Formicidae associada à copa dessa palmeira. A análise da distribuição espacial desmonstrou que a maior abundância e riqueza de Formicidae ocorrem na região central da copa, próximo ao caule.

Heritability of left ventricular structure and function in Caucasian families.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the heritability as well as genetic and environmental correlations of left ventricular (LV) structural and functional traits in complex pedigrees of a Caucasian population. METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomly recruited 459 white European subjects from 52 families (50% women; mean age 45 years). LV structure was measured by M-mode and 2D echocardiography and LV function was measured by conventional Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Other measurements included blood pressure, anthropometric, and biochemical measurements. We estimated the heritability of LV traits while adjusting for covariables, including sex, age, body height and weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and heart rate. With full adjustment, heritability of LV mass was 0.23 (P= 0.025). The TDI-derived mitral annular velocities Ea and Aa showed moderate heritability (h(2)= 0.36 and 0.53, respectively), whereas the mitral inflow A peak had weak heritability (h(2) = 0.25) and the E peak was not heritable (h(2) = 0.11). We partitioned the total phenotypic correlation when it reached significance, into a genetic and an environmental component. The genetic correlations were 0.61 between the E and Ea peaks and 0.90 between the A and Aa peaks. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated moderate heritability for LV mass as well as the mitral annular Ea and Aa peaks. We also found significant genetic correlations between the E and Ea peaks and between the A and Aa peaks. Our current findings support the ongoing research to map and detect genetic variants that contribute to the variation in LV mass and other LV structural and functional phenotypes.

Predação de sementes de Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) O'Kuntze (Arecaceae) por Pachymerus nucleorum Fabricius (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae)

A predação de sementes da palmeira Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) O'Kuntze, 1891(Arecaceae) por Pachymerus nucleorum Fabricius, 1972 foi avaliada de setembro de 2003 a setembro de 2005 no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba (RJ). A biologia e o comportamento de P. nucleorum em A. arenaria e as taxas de predação de sementes foram descritas. Frutos encontrados sob 50 palmeiras foram coletados, mensalmente, em cada uma das duas áreas amostradas no PNRJ (mata de cordão arenoso e formação arbustiva aberta de Clusia Sclthdl, Clusiaceae). A avaliação dos cocos predados foi feita a partir da contagem dos orifícios de saída dos bruquíneos no campo, da emergência dos insetos no laboratório e da abertura dos frutos remanescentes. Através de observações e experimentos em 60 infrutescências, verificou-se que a oviposição de Pachymerus nucleorum em A. arenaria ocorre na infrutescência ainda em desenvolvimento diferentemente de registros na literatura em outras espécies de palmeiras, onde a oviposição ocorre nos frutos no chão. A predação dos frutos por P. nucleorum foi de 29,3% na área de mata de cordão arenoso e 20,6% na formação arbustiva aberta de Clusia. O ciclo de vida de P. nucleorum foi bastante longo e com amplitudes bem grandes dentro de uma mesma amostra, o que sugere uma possível diapausa em alguma fase do seu ciclo de vida.

La capitación en la financiación territorial de los servicios públicos transferidos: el caso de la sanidad y de la educación

Se ofrece en el presente trabajo un estudio empírico sobre la garantíade suficiencia y equidad en la distribución territorial de los recursos sanitarios que se derivaría de una posible incorporación de la financiación sanitaria en la financiación autonómica general. Se pretende con ello analizar hasta que extremo el no ajuste por el grado de envejecimiento relativo en la transferencia del gasto sanitario a las CC.AA. compensa el asumir unos menores costes en educación, transferencia financiada igualmente con criterio poblacional puro. Se muestran para el caso español algunos escenarios de participación en una cesta general de impuestos que satisfagan los niveles de financiación requeridos para el conjunto de servicios anteriores, a través de un sencillo ejercicio de programación lineal, adoptando la estrategia del espacio fiscal en la financiación autonómica.

Crepuscular activity of culicids (Diptera, Culicidae) in the peridomicile and in the remaining riparian forest in Tibagi river, State of Paraná, Brazil

Crepuscular activity of culicids (Diptera, Culicidae) in the peridomicile and in the remaining riparian forest in Tibagi river, State of Paraná, Brazil. Human-attracted mosquitoes were collected for one hour, around sunset time (half hour before and half after), from April to December 2006, in two environments (riparian forest and near houses), in Tibagi river basin, Palmeira municipality, State of Paraná. Seven-hundred forty-nine mosquitoes, belonging to 13 species, were collected. Psorophora champerico Dyar & Knab, 1906 (42.86%) and Psorophora discrucians (Walker, 1856) (40.59%) were the most frequent species. No significant differences between quantities of Ps. champerico (t = -0.792; d.f. = 16; p = 0.43) and Ps. discrucians (t = 0.689; d.f. = 16; p = 0.49) obtained in riparian forest and near houses were observed, indicating similar conditions for crepuscular activity of these species in both environments. Psorophora champerico and Ps. discrucians responded (haematophagic activity) to environmental stimuli associated with the twilight hours differently in distinct habitats studied. The former species is registered for the first time in the Atlantic forest biome.

First report and morphological redescription of Teleonemia morio (Stål) (Hemiptera, Tingidae) in Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) in Brazil

First report and morphological redescription of Teleonemia morio (Stål) (Hemiptera, Tingidae) in Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) in Brazil. This is the first report of a severe attack of Teleonemia morio (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Tingidae) on Annona squamosa L. (custard apple), causing up to 80% of losses of infested trees. In order to facilitate the identification of this insect pest, the adult female of T. morio is redescribed based on specimens collected in Palmeira dos Índios, Alagoas, Brazil.