Human immunodeficiency virus-1 genotypic drug resistance among volunteer blood donors in Yunnan, China

BACKGROUND: Drug resistance profiles of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in treatment-naive infections have been reported in developed countries. However, little is known in developing countries, including China, especially in treatment-naive volunt

Glucans and disease resistance

The paper presents the usefulness of beta-glucans as immunostimulants for strengthening the non-specific defense system of a wide range of animals. In Taiwan, researchers tested the effects of beta-glucans on the vibriosis resistance of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon which yield promising results. They suggest that supplementation of beta-glucan at 0.5 mg per ml is sufficient in strengthening the non-specific defense mechanism of postlarval shrimp.

The study of maturational progress in the whitespotted rabbitfish (Siganus sutor) under different photoperiod and light intensity conditions

The rule of light on the timing of maturation and spawning in tropical and subtropical regions is not clear well, because the reproductive cycle in these systems is lunar synchronized. In this study, thus, the effects of different light regimes were investigated on maturational progress of whitespotted rabbitfish, Siganus sutor, the commercial species in Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. During prespawning season, 50 adult fish were randomly divided into ten 300-l tanks (n=5). The fish in control tank received indoor light condition and the fish in each other tanks were exposed to nine different combinations of photoperiod (8L: 16D, 12L: 12D, 16L: 8D) and light intensity (1000, 2000, 3000 lux). After 60 days, GSI and HSI values, serum levels of estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), 17-α hydroxyprogestrone (OHP), calcium (Ca2+) and gonad histology were evaluated for females and males. In females the GSI mean values of exposed fish increased in comparison with control except for fish were kept under 8L, 2000 lux (tank 8). These differences were significant only for fishes in tank 7 (8L, 3000 lux). In the cases of HSI, the results were converse, so that, the most of thanks showed significant decreasing than fishes reared under indoor condition. Morphology and histology study of Ovaries showed three developmental phases including 3, 4 and chiefly 5 that were parallel with GSI values. Fortheremore the serum levels of E2 was recorded between 0.54-15.8 ng/ml in different fish and their mean values were lower than control in all treatmants (P> 0.05). In males, the similar results were obtained. The GSI and HSI mean values in experimental regimes compared with control were upper and lower, respectively, except for fishes were reared in tank 1 (16L, 3000 lux). Testes histology of fishes were reared under different regimes showed signs of stage 5, since no blood vessels observed and thick milt exuded on slight pressure. The mean values of testosterone consentration in fishes were kept in tanks 1 and 6 (12L, 1000 lux) were higher and in other ones were lower than control group. It is also noted that the OHP and Ca2+ had diverse results including increasing and decreasing mean values than control. So, these factors contrary to E2 and T were not suitable to evaluation of maturity in both sexes. On the basis of ovarian structure in stage 5, oocyte development pattern in this species was group synchronous. So, increased mean of GSI versus decreased values of HSI, E2 and perhaps Ca2+ were the signs of improved maturation. But in males, reduced levels of T and similarity of testes morphology in all samples caused that GSI mean value was the only indicator for differentiating among treatments. These findings suggest that alternations were used in light regimes have been the reason of improved maturity in all treatments except fishes reared in tank 8. The ١٠٧ rule of light intensity on induction of maturity was cleared by comparision between fishes in tanks 4, 5, 6 and control group. Because day length was the same whereas fishes in tanks 4, 5 and 6 were exposed to increased light intensity compared with control. This fact verified by results was obtained from fishes in tanks 9 and especially 7, since photoperiod in this group was lower than control. So, higher intensity was considered as the reason of alternations. Contrasting with indoor condition, Induced maturity was also cleared for fishes were kept in tanks 1, 2 and 3, where both of light duration and intensity were increased. But, the rule of photoperiod was individually demonstrated when obtained results were compared with similar light intensities in other treatments. In conclusion, with comparison among different light regimes it is declared that siganids were kept under light condition of tank 2 including 16h light duration combined with 2000 lux intensity showed the best signs of sexual maturation in both sexes. On the basis of this study, setting up the spring light condition during prespawning season induces maturation in withspotted rabbitfish. This improvement not only by influence of photoperiod or light intensity, separately, but obtained through interaction between them. Thus, determination of threshold and resistance to light be recommended before exposure, although using proper regime during suitable time are necessary to achieve purposes considerably.

Merging effects of vitamin E and C on biological factors, blood characteristics and resistance against thermal stress in rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss)

This study was conducted to assay the effects of different levels of dietary vitamins C and E on growth indices and survival and resistance against thermal stress of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in pond culture of Marzan abad from December 2011 to February 2011. Seven diets were supplemented. 300 fish with the average weight of 17 g were introduced to ponds for 60 days. The results showed that the highest and the lowest weight gain were in fish fed with diet containing 50 mg/kg vitamin C and E and 0 mg/kg vitamin C and E(control) , respectively. The highest and the lowest Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured in control and diet 50 mg/kg vitamin C and E. There is a significant difference in their treatments (P<0.05). Also, the lowest and highest amount of Weight Gain (WG) were observed in (E) treatment with 165.04% and 117.5% in control, the highest and lowest Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Condition Factor (CF) was found in control and treatment 50 mg/kg vitamin C and E, respectively(P<0.05). In conclusion vitamin C and E have an important role in enhancement of growth performance and feed efficiency of rainbow trout.The highest red blood cells were found in combined treatments and which the vitamin C was added.The highest RBC were found in E treatment(1.1×104 /mm3) and the lowest one in control (P˂0.05). Counting white blood cells also confirmed highest quantity in combined treatments with (69.83×104/mm3) and the lowest one (28.83×104 /mm3) in control. In conclusion these vitamins have a significant role in blood characteristics. Meantime, the resistance against termal stress was measured at the end of 60 days by facing fishes into 5 centigrade warmer water so consentration of Cortisol and Glucose measured for this reason.The lowest cortisol amount was measured in E treatment with 188.74 ng/ml and the highest was found in control(P<0.05). There was a significant difference in blood glucose consentration of fishes in F treatment with (78.66 mg/dl) and control with 136 mg/dl as a highest one(P<0.05).

The study of the ergosan and vibromax effects on growth performances, survival rate and increase of the resistance to some of the environmental stresses in post larvae stage of the Indian white shrimp

In this study, which has been done in Hormoz larve Hatchery at Kohestak in Minab at 1385, the efficiency of Ergosen and Vibromax vaccine and the effect of them on growth factors such as total length, Carapase, dry weight and the number of upper mordents of rostrum and survival of the stages of larvae and post larvae of Indian white shrimp was studied. Thus in order to comparison the effects of Vibromax and Ergosen, each of them separately, in one treatment, and in another simultaneously with one control treatment was used. Vaccination against larvae shrimps was done through Artemia. This study used four treatments with three replicates in a completely randomized design and comparison of means was done through Duncan test. Breeding larvae and post larvae of Indian white shrimp from zoa I stage to PL 15 was done in 20 litter plastic buckets. Present results indicated that the highest amount of growth and survival factors in larvae stage (from zoa to PL1), and also in stages of PL5 and PL15, in the treatment of Ergoson effect + vaccine and it was with a little difference from that treatment of Ergoson effect which was in high significance difference in regard to control treatment at α<0.01 level and treatment of vaccine effect and control treatment at α<0.01 level often have no significant difference. This research used environmental stress tests to study the quality of post larvae under experiment. Studying in this field showed that feeding vaccine to larvae of Indian shrimps which was done through Artemia nauplii enrichment ,and ergosen , in treatment of ergosen vaccine lead to more resistance of post larvaes against salinity stress tests and formalin .This case was observed in every three stages ,so that in stress formalin test 100 parts per million and also 10 and 20 salinity parts in thousands the most survival was observed in treatment of Ergosan effect+vaccine and after that in treatment of Ergoson effect and with a little difference in treatment of vaccine effect. Of course this case, in treatment of Ergoson effect + vaccine due to the synergistic properties vaccine with Ergoson was more than to other treatments, while every three treatments, in most stages had significant difference toward control treatment at α<0.01 level and the control treatment because of not having Ergoson and nauplii artemia with vaccine, having the least survival rate in this stages.

Effects of Artemia enriched with unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin C on growth, survival and resistance Salmo trutta caspius larvae

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of using n-3 HUFA and Vitamin C enriched Artemia urmiana Nauplii Five difference treament were tested: for Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius) larvae compare with artificial food in five treatment: (1) Artificial food, (2) Newly hatched Artemia (3) n-3 HUFA enriched Artemia (4) n-3 HUFA + 10% Ascorbyl Palmitate enriched Artemia (5) n-3 HUFA+20% Ascorbyl palmitate enriched Artemia during 15 days then all treatment were fed with artificial food during 20 days. In days of 15, larvae fed with newly hatched Artemia didn’t show significant difference of growth rate and survival compared to larvae fed with n-3 HUFA and Vitamn C enriched live food (p<0.05), However all treatment which fed live food have better growth rate and survival compred to larvae fed artificial food. Larvae fed with enriched Artemia with n-3 HUFA + 20% Ascorbyl palmitate has best result of temperature resistance at 26'C and 28'C. There is not significant difference between treatment (1) and (2), (3) and in this manner between (2), (3) and (4), (5) (P>0.05). In days of 35, larvae fed n-3 HUFA + 10% and 20% Ascorbyl pamlitate show better wet weight and dry weight compared to other treatment (P<0.05). Larvae fed n-3 HUFA Artemia showed significant difference compared to treatment (1) and (2), However there is not significant difference between treatment (1) and (2). Larvae fed artificial food show less and significant difference of survival compared to other treatment (P<0.05). Larvae fed artificial food show least of temperature resistance at 26'C and 28'C , However, there is not significant difference between all treatment (P<0.05).

Magnetic sensor with compensation for lead and coil resistance

A measurement system for magnetic fields or electric currents uses a single-core fluxgate, magneto-inductive or magneto-impedance device driven from a radio frequency excitation source. Flux nulling feedback circuitry is provided to maintain the core of the sensor at substantially zero net flux and improve the linearity and dynamic response of the sensor system. A high pass filter is provided for reducing the dc effects of the ohmic resistance of the coil and lead wires on the effectiveness of the flux nulling feedback.

Low on-resistance SOI dual-trench-gate MOSFET

A low specific on-resistance (R-{{\rm on}, {\rm sp}}) integrable silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFET is proposed, and its mechanism is investigated by simulation. The SOI MOSFET features double trenches and dual gates (DTDG SOI): an oxide trench in the drift region, a buried gate inset in the oxide trench, and another trench gate (TG) extended to a buried oxide layer. First, the dual gates form dual conduction channels, and the extended gate widens the vertical conduction area; both of which sharply reduce R-{{\rm on}, {\rm sp}}. Second, the oxide trench folds the drift region in the vertical direction, resulting in a reduced device pitch and R-{{\rm on}, {\rm sp}}. Third, the oxide trench causes multidirectional depletion. This not only enhances the reduced surface field effect and thus reshapes the electric field distribution but also increases the drift doping concentration, leading to a reduced R-{{\rm on}, {\rm sp}} and an improved breakdown voltage (BV). Compared with a conventional SOI lateral Double-diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS), the DTDG MOSFET increases BV from 39 to 92 V at the same cell pitch or decreases R-{{\rm on}, { \rm sp}} by 77% at the same BV by simulation. Finally, the TG extended synchronously acts as an isolation trench between the high/low-voltage regions in a high-voltage integrated circuit, saving the chip area and simplifying the isolation process. © 2006 IEEE.

An assessment of the blast resistance of sandwich beams

An assessment of the underwater blast resistance of sandwich beams with a prismatic Y-truss core is presented, utilizing three-dimensional finite element calculations. Results show a significant performance benefit for sandwich construction when compared to a monolithic plate of the same mass when the sandwich core combines high shear strength with low compressive strength.