New England and Middle Atlantic States, ca. 1690 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Belgii novi, angliae novae, et partis Virginiae : novissima delineatio. It was published by Petrum Schenk and Gerardum Valk, ca. 1690. Scale [ca. 1:2,450,000]. Covers the northeast Atlantic States from Maine to Virginia, and a portion of Canada. In Latin. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Mercator (world) projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as human settlements, forts, Native American tribal lands, drainage, territory boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief is shown pictorially. Includes illustrations and decorative cartouches. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, 1845 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont : compiled from the latest authorities, [by] J.H. Young, sc. It was published by S. Augustus Mitchell in 1845. Scale [ca. 1:1,001,000]. Covers also portions of New York, Massachusetts, and the provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick, Canada. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic projection (Meters). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, canals, drainage, state, county, and town boundaries, and more. Relief shown by hachures. Includes inset: North part of Maine. Scale [ca. 1:2,505,000]. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

New England and Eastern New York Railroads, 1849 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Railroad map of New England & eastern New York : compiled from the most authentic sources, by J.H. Goldthwait. It was published in 1849 by Redding & Co. and Clark, Austin, & Co. Scale [ca. 1:700,000]. Covers Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and portions of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic projection (Meters). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as railroads completed and in progress, drainage, state, county, and town boundaries, and more. Includes inset: Boston & vicinity showing the Grand Junction R.R. Scale [ca. 1:170,000]. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

European and North American Railway, New England and Eastern Canada, 1850 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the European and North American Railway : showing its connection with the railways of the United States & Canada, [by] A.C. Morton, engineer. It was published in 1850 by Bowen & Co. Scale [ca. 1:1,625,000]. Covers New England, eastern New York, and the Maritime Provinces. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic projection (Meters). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as completed, in progress, and proposed railroads, selected towns, drainage, state boundaries, and more. Includes inset: Map showing the plan for shortening the transit between New York & London. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Troy & Greenfield Railroad, New York and New England, ca. 1855 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the Troy & Greenfield Rail Road and its connections, [by] A.F. Edwards, chief engineer. It was published ca. 1855 by B.W. Thayer & Co.'s Lith. Scale not given. Covers Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and portions of Maine and New York.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the USA Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic projection (Meters). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as railroads completed, chartered and under construction, drainage, selected cities, towns, and villages, state and county boundaries, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Railroads, New York and New England, 1849 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map exhibiting the rail road, canal, lake and river routes from New York and Boston to the west, via Ogdensburgh, Buffalo and Sacket's Harbor, N.Y. It was published by J.H. Bufford & Co. Lith. in 1849. Scale [ca. 1:1,150,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads (completed and proposed), canals, drainage, selected cities and towns, state boundaries, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. Includes table of statistics and distances, and note on "Advantages of the Sackets Harbor route... ." This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Camden, New Jersey and vicinity, 1921 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of Philadelphia, Camden and vicinity : compiled from city plans & personal surveys, engraved by Albert Volk. It was published by Elvino V. Smith in 1921. Scale 1:35,000. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Pennsylvania South State Plane Coordinate System NAD83 (in Feet) (Fipszone 3702). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, county, township, and city ward boundaries, parks, cemeteries, and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

#DressCodePM & Re-Framing The Niqab: News Sources, Hashtag Activism, and Media Representation

This thesis originates from my interest in exploring how minorities are using social media to talk back to mainstream media. This study examines whether hashtags that trend on Twitter may impact how news stories related to minorities are covered in Canadian media. The Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated the niqab was “rooted in a culture that is anti-women” on 10 March 2015. The next day #DressCodePM trended in response to the PM’s niqab remarks. Using network gatekeeping theory, this study examines the types of sources quoted in the media stories published on 10 and 11 March 2015. The study’s goal is to explore whether using tweet quotes leads to the representation of a more diverse range of news sources. The study compares the types of sources quoted in stories that covered Harper’s comments without mentioning #DressCodePM versus stories that mention #DressCodePM. This study also uses Tuen A. van Dijk’s methodology of asking “who is speaking, how often and how prominently?” in order to examine whose voices have been privileged and whose voices have been marginalized in covering the niqab in Canadian media from the 1970s and until the days following the PM’s remarks. Network gatekeeping theory is applied in this study to assess whether the gated gained more power after #DressCodePM trended. The case study’s findings indicates that Caucasian male politicians were predominantly used as news sources in covering stories related to the niqab for the past 38 years in the Globe and Mail. The sourcing pattern of favouring politicians continued in Canadian print and online media on 10 March 2015 following Harper’s niqab comments. However, ordinary Canadian women, including Muslim women, were used more often than politicians as news sources in the stories about #DressCodePM that were published on 11 March 2015. The gated media users were able to gain power and attract Canadian Media’s attention by widely spreading #DressCodePM. This study draws attention to the lack of diversity of sources used in Canadian political news stories, yet this study also shows it is possible for the gated media users to amplify their voices through hashtag activism.