National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change - 2008 - 2012

The archipelago of Cape Verde is made up of ten islands and nine islets and is located between latitudes 14º 28' N and 17º 12' N and longitudes 22º 40' W and 25º 22' W. It is located approximately 500 km from the Senegal coast in West Africa (Figure 1). The islands are divided into two groups: Windward and Leeward. The Windward group is composed of the islands of Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, São Nicolau, Sal and Boavista; and the Leeward group is composed of the islands Maio, Santiago, Fogo and Brava. The archipelago has a total land surface of 4,033 km2 and an Economic Exclusive Zone (ZEE) that extends for approximately 734,000 km2. In general, the relief is very steep, culminating with high elevations (e.g. 2,829 m on Fogo and 1,979 m on Santo Antão). The surface area, geophysical configuration and geology vary greatly from one island to the next. Cape Verde, due to its geomorphology, has a dense and complex hydrographical network. However, there are no permanent water courses and temporary water courses run only during the rainy season. These temporary water courses drain quickly towards the main watersheds, where, unless captured by artificial means, continue rapidly to lower areas and to the sea. This applies equally to the flatter islands. The largest watershed is Rabil with an area of 199.2 km2. The watershed areas on other islands extend over less than 70 km2. Cape Verde is both a least developed country (LDC) and a small island development state (SIDS). In 2002, the population of Cape Verde was estimated at approximately 451,000, of whom 52% were women and 48% men. The population was growing at an average 2.4% per year, and the urban population was estimated at 53.7 %. Over the past 15 years, the Government has implemented a successful development strategy, leading to a sustained economic growth anchored on development of the private sector and the integration of Cape Verde into the world economy. During this period, the tertiary sector has become increasingly important, with strong growth in the tourism, transport, banking and trade sectors. Overall, the quality of life indicators show substantial improvements in almost all areas: housing conditions, access to drinking water and sanitation, use of modern energy in both lighting and cooking, access to health services and education. Despite these overall socio-economic successes, the primary sector has witnessed limited progress. Weak performance in the primary sector has had a severe negative impact on the incomes and poverty risks faced by rural workers1. Moreover, relative poverty has increased significantly during the past decade. The poverty profile shows that: (i) extreme poverty is mostly found in rural areas, although it has also increased in urban areas; (ii) poverty is more likely to occur when the head of the household is a woman; (iii) poverty increases with family size; (iv) education significantly affects poverty; (v) the predominantly agricultural islands of Santo Antão and Fogo have the highest poverty rates; (vi) unemployment affects the poor more than the nonpoor; (vii) agriculture and fisheries workers are more likely to be poor than those in other sectors. Therefore, the fight against poverty and income inequalities remains one of the greatest challenges for Cape Verde authorities. The various governments of Cape Verde over the last decade have demonstrated a commitment to improving governance, notably by encouraging a democratic culture that guarantees stability and democratic changes without conflicts. This democratic governance offers a space for a wider participation of citizens in public management and consolidates social cohesion. However, there are some remaining challenges related to democratic governance and the gains must be systematically monitored. Finally, it is worth emphasizing that the country’s insularity has stimulated a movement to decentralized governance, although social inequalities and contrasts from one island to the next constitute, at the same time, challenges and opportunities.

Workshop: Capacity building for national public health advocacy: case studies from national associations

The first statement of the EUPHA on the Future of Public Health in Europe refers to the need for going 'to policymakers, politicians and practitioners in all sectors of society and advise them on how to promote public health throughout society'. WHO-EURO Director General Marc Danzon, quoted in the second EUPHA statement on the responsibility of policy makers indicates that 'learning is not systematically applied in health policy development in our continent'. Statement 3 calls for the integration of public health into the political agenda in all sectors. The first EUPHA president, Louise Gunning-Schepers, quoted in Statement 10 called on EUPHA to become 'a powerful advocate of the public health community'. In addition to the above, the EU is now actively seeking ways to build capacity to implement its health strategy. Learning and building the capacity to achieve our aims The aims and objectives to promote the public's health as reflected in EUPHA's 10 statements are also mirrored in the national public health associations. However, many of EUPHA's national associations have little or limited experience in promoting public health policy at the national level. To assist in the learning of advocacy for public health policies, case studies presenting experiences of national public health organizations in lobbying for national public health policy will be presented and discussed. In addition to sharing experiences, the presentations will identify successful approaches to public health advocacy as well as lessons learned from unsuccessful attempts.

Lectotype designations for Ptychoderini species (Coleoptera, Anthribidae, Anthribinae) of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle

Based on a study of the type material housed in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris, lectotypes are designated for the following species: 1) described by Jekel in 1855 - Ptychoderes columbianus, P. callosus, P. mixtus, P. antiquus, Hypselotropis batesi, Ectatotropis conicollis, and Tropipygus speciosus; 2) described by Thomson in 1858 - Phloeotragus sparsutus. The following species have the type specimens illustrated: Ptychoderes mixtus, lectotype female; P. tricostifrons, holotype male; Hypselotropis speciosa, lectotype male; Phloeotragus sparsutus, lectotype male and paralectotype female.

Programme d’Action National de Lutte Contre la Desertification

Depuis son indépendance en 1975, le Cap Vert est résolument engagé dans la lutte contre la désertification et les effets de la sécheresse. Plus de 32.000.000 arbres ont été plantés au cours des vingt dernières années pour protéger le sol de l'érosion et reconstituer un espace forestier pratiquement anéanti par cinq siècles d'occupation humaine. Des milliers de kilomètres de murettes et de banquettes, des milliers de digues de correction torrentielle et d'ouvrages hydrauliques ont été construits sur l'ensemble de l'archipel. Les aménagements anti-érosifs ont été mis en place sur plus de 43 % des terres occupées par les cultures pluviales, soit plus de 16.000 hectares. Cet immense effort déployé par les Capverdiens pour lutter contre la dégradation de leurs ressources naturelles et l'appauvrissement des populations qui en dépendent, tire ses motivations historiques des sécheresses désastreuses qui ont secoué le pays au fil des années, jusqu'à celle de 1947 - 49 qui a provoqué des milliers de morts. Ce Programme d'Action National (PAN) s'inscrit dans la continuité de ces efforts. Il est le fruit d'une réflexion conjointe de l'ensemble des acteurs concernés par le problème de la désertification. Il repose à la fois sur le bilan des actions menées jusqu'à ce jour par les différents intervenants, et sur une consultation massive, menée sur l'ensemble du pays, des populations touchées par la désertification et les effets de la sécheresse. Il ne prétend pas innover dans le domaine des techniques de lutte, ni remettre en question le rôle des différents acteurs engagés dans cette lutte. Il vise simplement à une meilleure coordination des efforts et à une plus large participation de la population. Conscientes des problèmes posés par l'interaction de l'homme et de l'environnement sur l'ensemble de la planète, les nations du monde se sont réunies à Rio de Janeiro au mois de juin 1992 lors de la Conférence Mondiale de L’Environnement. Cette conférence organisée par les Nations Unies visait à rapprocher les pays en voie de développement et les pays industrialisés pour garantir l'avenir de la planète terre. Trois conventions internationales fixant des accords de partenariat et des modalités concrètes de mise en oeuvre sont issues de cette rencontre. Il s'agit de: - La Convention sur la Diversité Biologique; - La Convention sur les Changements Climatiques; - Et enfin la Convention de Lutte Contre la Désertification dans les pays gravement touchés par la sécheresse et/ou la désertification, en particulier en Afrique, qui fut adoptée à Paris le 17 juin 1994, et ouverte à la signature en octobre de la même année. Parmi la centaine de signataires de la convention, la République du Cap-Vert fut le deuxième signataire au monde et le premier pays en Afrique. La Convention de Lutte Contre la Désertification (CCD) repose sur quatre grands principes: a) "Les décisions concernant la conception et l'exécution des programmes de lutte contre la désertification doivent être prises avec la participation des populations et des collectivités locales, et un environnement porteur doit être créé aux échelons supérieurs pour faciliter l'action aux niveaux national et local"; b) La nécessité "d'améliorer, dans un esprit de solidarité et de partenariat internationaux, la coopération et la coordination au niveau sous-régional, régional et international, et de concentrer les ressources financières, humaines, organisationnelles, et techniques là où elles sont nécessaires"; c) La nécessité "d'instituer une coopération entre les pouvoirs publics à tous les niveaux, les collectivités, les organisations non gouvernementales et les exploitants des terres pour mieux faire comprendre, dans les zones touchées, la nature et la valeur de la terre et des rares ressources en eau, et pour promouvoir une utilisation durable de ces ressources"; d) Enfin, "la prise en considération de la situation et des besoins particuliers des pays en voie de développement, tout spécialement les moins avancés d'entre eux". Afin de mettre en oeuvre les résolutions de la convention, il a été demandé à chaque pays signataire d'élaborer un Programme d'Action National, pour en faire l'élément central de sa stratégie en matière de LCD. Le Comité Inter-Etats de Lutte Contre la Sécheresse au Sahel (CILSS), qui regroupe neuf pays dont la République du Cap-Vert, a été désigné pour appuyer et pour coordonner au niveau sous-régional la mise en oeuvre de la convention. Au niveau national, le Secrétariat Exécutif pour l'Environnement (SEPA) a été désigné pour assurer la coordination de la mise en oeuvre du PAN. Dans cette tâche, le SEPA compte déjà avec l’appui du Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD/UNSO) et de la Coopération Française - chef de file des bailleurs de fonds pour la mise en oeuvre de la CCD au Cap-Vert. L’élaboration du PAN a été un processus relativement long qui a commencé par la réalisation du Premier Forum National en novembre 1995. Ce Forum a permis, entre autres, d’informer les différents partenaires sur la CCD. Par la suite, le Secrétariat Exécutif pour l’Environnement avec l’aide du projet “Appui à la Mise en Oeuvre de la CCD”, a réalisé des tournées d’information et de discussions dans toutes les 17 municipalités qui composent le Pays. Ces tournées ont permis de dialoguer et d’engager effectivement le processus de décentralisation dans l’élaboration du PAN. Il a été convenu que chaque commune doit élaborer un Programme Municipal de Lutte Contre la Désertification. Une formation en approche participative (Méthode accélérée de recherche participative) a été organisée à l’attention des représentants des communes. Cela a permis aux municipalités de réaliser un diagnostic participatif au niveau des communautés. Des Commissions Municipales pour l’Environnement ont été créées pour la mise en oeuvre de la CCD. Ces Commissions sont formées par les représentants des services publics, des ONG, des associations paysannes et des confessions religieuses. Chaque Municipalité a réalisé un diagnostic participatif et élaboré un rapport qui décrit la situation socio économique des différentes zones et les propositions des communautés pour lutter contre la désertification. Sur la base des diagnostics participatifs et avec l’appui du SEPA, les différentes municipalités ont élaboré leurs propres programmes. Ces programmes ont été validés au cours d’ateliers municipaux avec la participation de tous les partenaires concernés. Le PAN comporte 190 projets municipaux présentés sous forme de fiches de projets dans le volume annexe, auxquels s’ajoutent 5 projets nationaux. Ces derniers ont été définis, d’une part pour répondre à des problèmes et préoccupations manifestées au niveau municipal, mais dont les solutions ont un caractère national et d’autre part pour créer la complémentarité nécessaire avec les autres Programmes Nationaux. Parmi les objectifs majeurs que le Cap-Vert s'est fixé dans son 4ème Plan National de Développement, figurent des objectifs économiques comme la valorisation des ressources naturelles, et des objectifs sociaux, comme la lutte contre la pauvreté et le sous-emploi, la sécurité alimentaire, la protection de l'environnement, et la couverture des besoins essentiels de la population. Tous ces objectifs rentrent dans le champ d'action du PAN, qui contribue donc largement à l'objectif principal du 4ème Plan, à savoir l'intégration dynamique du Cap-Vert dans l'économie mondiale.

Record keeping by Swiss physiotherapists--a national survey of knowledge regarding legal requirements.

A national survey conducted in Switzerland aimed to evaluate the knowledge of physiotherapists regarding the legal requirements for record keeping and to collect their feedback about record keeping in general. Three physiotherapists from various professional practice groups and a lawyer specialised in health law developed a questionnaire that was sent to the 7,753 members of two existing national associations of physiotherapists. The questionnaire evaluated the participants' knowledge by calculating a score of legal knowledge, which had a maximum of 30 points. We included 825 questionnaires in the analysis. The large majority (83.4%) of participants confessed an ignorance of the legal requirements concerning record keeping prior to the survey. The average score of legal compatibility was 8 points. The younger age of the physiotherapists was a significant predictor of having knowledge of the legal requirements for record keeping (p <0.001). The participants had an appreciation of the value of records, but they did not have the relevant knowledge regarding the legal requirements for keeping records. The participants blamed a lack of time and remuneration for their failure to keep records according to known requirements. All practising allied health professionals should keep up-to-date and accurate records that conform to active legal requirements and existing international guidelines. In addition to the existing legal requirements, the emergence of e-health and the electronic era will trigger major changes in patient record management by physiotherapists.

Environmental factors giving rise to variations in national management accounting practice

Comparative national management accounting is the least developed aspect in the field of international accounting. Only during the second half of the 1990's some comparisons of national managementaccounting practice have appeared published but only at theregional level. In this paper a range of factors that give rise to variations in national management accounting practice are postulated. We support this list with examples from a range of analyses of national management accounting practices, drawing particularly on the work of Lizcano (1996) and Bhimani (1996).Finally, twelve key factors are identified as influencing an individual country's approach to management accounting.

How important are tobacco prices in the propensity to start and quit smoking? An analysis of smoking histories from the Spanish National Health Survey

This paper analyses the effect of tobacco prices on the propensity tostart and quit smoking using a pool of the 1993, 1995 and 1997 editionsof the Spanish National Health Surveys. The estimates for severalparametric models of the hazard rate for starting and quitting suggestthat i) The public health measures applied as of 1992 have had asignificative effect on both reducing the hazard of starting andincreasing the hazard of quitting, ii) Prices have a very weak effect onthe hazard of starting in the male population and no significant effectin the female population, iii) The price floor of cigarrettes, proxiedby the average price of a pack of black cigarrettes, has a significanteffect on the quitting hazard which is robust across specifications andapplies to both men and women. The implied price elasticity of the timeup to quitting is situated around -1.4.

Market structure and hospital efficiency: Evaluating potential effects of deregulation in a national health service

In this article we examine the potential effect of market structureon hospital technical efficiency as a measure of performance controlled byownership and regulation. This study is relevant to provide an evaluationof the potential effects of recommended and initiated deregulation policiesin order to promote market reforms in the context of a European NationalHealth Service. Our goal was reached through three main empirical stages.Firstly, using patient origin data from hospitals in the region of Cataloniain 1990, we estimated geographic hospital markets through the Elzinga--Hogartyapproach, based on patient flows. Then we measured the market level ofconcentration using the Herfindahl--Hirschman index. Secondly, technicaland scale efficiency scores for each hospital was obtained specifying aData Envelopment Analysis. According to the data nearly two--thirds of thehospitals operate under the production frontier with an average efficiencyscore of 0.841. Finally, the determinants of the efficiency scores wereinvestigated using a censored regression model. Special attention waspaid to test the hypothesis that there is an efficiency improvement in morecompetitive markets. The results suggest that the number of competitors inthe market contributes positively to technical efficiency and there is someevidence that the differences in efficiency scores are attributed toseveral environmental factors such as ownership, market structure andregulation effects.

Note sur les musaraignes (Soricidae, Mammalia) du Parc National du Souss-Massa Maroc

With 420 trap-nights we sampled shrews in different habitats of the Souss-Massa National Park. Crocidura viaria (n=11) was found in 5 habitats (cultivated land, wetland, beach dunes with Chenopodia, sand dunes with patchy vegetation and also in the Euphorbia association). No shrews were captured in Eucalyptus forest with undergrowth. Southward from Essaouira, C. viaria is obviously the most frequent species in dense or patchy lowland vegetation. Two other species (C. whitakeri and C. tarfayaensis) which occur in sympatry in the Agadir region were not captured. They live probably not in syntopy with C. viaria and their ecological requirements remain to be studied.

Banks, government bonds, and default: what do the data say?

We use data from Bankscope to analyze the holdings of public bonds by over 18,000 banks located in 185 countries and the role of these bonds in 18 sovereign debt crises over the period 1998-2012. We find that: (i) banks hold a sizeable share of their assets in government bonds (about 9% on average), particularly in less financially developed countries; (ii) during sovereign crises, banks on average increase their bondholdings by 1% of their assets, but this increase is concentrated among larger and more profitable banks, and; (iii) the correlation between a bank's holdings of public bonds and its future loans is positive in normal times, but turns negative during defaults. A 10% increase in bank bond-holdings during default is associated with a 3.2% reduction in future loans, and bonds bought in normal times account for 75% of this effect. Our results are consistent with the view that there is a liquidity benefit for banks to hold public bonds in normal times, which is critical for understanding bank fragility during sovereign crises.