The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism

Increased intake of dietary carbohydrate that is fermented in the colon by the microbiota has been reported to decrease body weight, although the mechanism remains unclear. Here we use in vivo11C-acetate and PET-CT scanning to show that colonic acetate crosses the blood–brain barrier and is taken up by the brain. Intraperitoneal acetate results in appetite suppression and hypothalamic neuronal activation patterning. We also show that acetate administration is associated with activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and changes in the expression profiles of regulatory neuropeptides that favour appetite suppression. Furthermore, we demonstrate through 13C high-resolution magic-angle-spinning that 13C acetate from fermentation of 13C-labelled carbohydrate in the colon increases hypothalamic 13C acetate above baseline levels. Hypothalamic 13C acetate regionally increases the 13C labelling of the glutamate–glutamine and GABA neuroglial cycles, with hypothalamic 13C lactate reaching higher levels than the ‘remaining brain’. These observations suggest that acetate has a direct role in central appetite regulation.

Enhancement in corneal permeability of riboflavin using calcium sequestering compounds

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid and ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid are polyaminocarboxylic acids that are able to sequester metal ions. Calcium is implicated in maintenance of intercellular matrix, zonula occludens (tight junctions) and zonula adherens of epithelium and endothelium cells. Corneal epithelium is impervious to many aqueous formulations due to it being lipophilic, whereby transcellular drug transit is resisted, whilst tight junctions restrict access via the paracellular route. Research has shown that integrity of tight junctions breaks down through loss of Ca2+ for endothelial and epithelial cells. This study investigates different Ca2+ sequestering compounds and their effect on corneal permeability of riboflavin at physiological pH. Riboflavin is a topically administered ocular drug applied during UV-induced corneal cross-linking for the treatment of keratoconus.

On the barrier properties of the cornea: a microscopy study of the penetration of fluorescently labeled nanoparticles, polymers, and sodium fluorescein

Overcoming the natural defensive barrier functions of the eye remains one of the greatest challenges of ocular drug delivery. Cornea is a chemical and mechanical barrier preventing the passage of any foreign bodies including drugs into the eye, but the factors limiting penetration of permeants and nanoparticulate drug delivery systems through the cornea are still not fully understood. In this study, we investigate these barrier properties of the cornea using thiolated and PEGylated (750 and 5000 Da) nanoparticles, sodium fluorescein, and two linear polymers (dextran and polyethylene glycol). Experiments used intact bovine cornea in addition to bovine cornea de-epithelialized or tissues pretreated with cyclodextrin. It was shown that corneal epithelium is the major barrier for permeation; pretreatment of the cornea with β-cyclodextrin provides higher permeation of low molecular weight compounds, such as sodium fluorescein, but does not enhance penetration of nanoparticles and larger molecules. Studying penetration of thiolated and PEGylated (750 and 5000 Da) nanoparticles into the de-epithelialized ocular tissue revealed that interactions between corneal surface and thiol groups of nanoparticles were more significant determinants of penetration than particle size (for the sizes used here). PEGylation with polyethylene glycol of a higher molecular weight (5000 Da) allows penetration of nanoparticles into the stroma, which proceeds gradually, after an initial 1 h lag phase.

Advances in ophthalmic drug delivery

Various strategies for ocular drug delivery are considered; from basic formulation techniques for improving availability of drugs; viscosity enhancers and mucoadhesives aid drug retention and penetration enhancers promote drug transport into the eye. The use of drug loaded contact lenses and ocular inserts allows drugs to be better placed where they are needed for more direct delivery. Developments in ocular implants gives a means to overcome the physical barriers that traditionally prevented effective treatment. Implant technologies are under development allowing long term drug delivery from a single procedure, these devices allow posterior chamber diseases to be effectively treated. Future developments could bring artificial corneas to eliminate the need for donor tissue and one-off implantable drug depots lasting the patient’s lifetime.

Effects of urban density on carbon dioxide exchanges: observations of dense urban, suburban and woodland areas of southern England

Anthropogenic and biogenic controls on the surface–atmosphere exchange of CO2 are explored for three different environments. Similarities are seen between suburban and woodland sites during summer, when photosynthesis and respiration determine the diurnal pattern of the CO2 flux. In winter, emissions from human activities dominate urban and suburban fluxes; building emissions increase during cold weather, while traffic is a major component of CO2 emissions all year round. Observed CO2 fluxes reflect diurnal traffic patterns (busy throughout the day (urban); rush-hour peaks (suburban)) and vary between working days and non-working days, except at the woodland site. Suburban vegetation offsets some anthropogenic emissions, but 24-h CO2 fluxes are usually positive even during summer. Observations are compared to estimated emissions from simple models and inventories. Annual CO2 exchanges are significantly different between sites, demonstrating the impacts of increasing urban density (and decreasing vegetation fraction) on the CO2 flux to the atmosphere.

The Cold War in retrospect : 25 years after its end

This special issue of Cold War History offers a retrospective on the end of the Cold War, 25 years after its peaceful conclusion. This peaceful conclusion is an achievement that cannot be celebrated enough, and we must continue to build international relations in conflict and co-operation on this awareness of our common humanity and our common human fallibility.

Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults

Objective The colonic microbiota ferment dietary fibres, producing short chain fatty acids. Recent evidence suggests that the short chain fatty acid propionate may play an important role in appetite regulation. We hypothesised that colonic delivery of propionate would increase peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in humans, and reduce energy intake and weight gain in overweight adults. Design To investigate whether propionate promotes PYY and GLP-1 secretion, a primary cultured human colonic cell model was developed. To deliver propionate specifically to the colon, we developed a novel inulin-propionate ester. An acute randomised, controlled cross-over study was used to assess the effects of this inulin-propionate ester on energy intake and plasma PYY and GLP-1 concentrations. The long-term effects of inulin-propionate ester on weight gain were subsequently assessed in a randomised, controlled 24-week study involving 60 overweight adults. Results Propionate significantly stimulated the release of PYY and GLP-1 from human colonic cells. Acute ingestion of 10 g inulin-propionate ester significantly increased postprandial plasma PYY and GLP-1 and reduced energy intake. Over 24 weeks, 10 g/day inulin-propionate ester supplementation significantly reduced weight gain, intra-abdominal adipose tissue distribution, intrahepatocellular lipid content and prevented the deterioration in insulin sensitivity observed in the inulin-control group. Conclusions These data demonstrate for the first time that increasing colonic propionate prevents weight gain in overweight adult humans

Phenylephrine promotes phosphorylation of Bad in cardiac myocytes through the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and protein kinase A.

Studies in non-cardiomyocytic cells have shown that phosphorylation of the Bcl-2 family protein Bad on Ser-112, Ser-136 and Ser-155 decreases its pro-apoptotic activity. Both phenylephrine (100 microM) and the cell membrane-permeating cAMP analog, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP (100 microM), protected against 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced apoptosis in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes as assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). In cardiac myocytes, phenylephrine primarily stimulates the alpha-adrenoceptor, but, at high concentrations (100 microM), it also increases the activity of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase A (PKA) through the beta-adrenoceptor. Phenylephrine (100 microM) promoted rapid phosphorylation of Bad(Ser-112) and Bad(Ser-155), though we were unable to detect phosphorylation of Bad(Ser-136). Phosphorylation of Bad(Ser-112) was antagonized by either prazosin or propranolol, indicating that this phosphorylation required stimulation of both alpha(1)- and beta-adrenoceptors. Phosphorylation of Bad(Ser-155) was antagonized only by propranolol and was thus mediated through the beta-adrenoceptor. Inhibitor studies and partial purification of candidate kinases by fast protein liquid chromatography showed that the p90 ribosomal S6 kinases, p90RSK2/3 [which are activated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2)] directly phosphorylated Bad(Ser-112), whereas the PKA catalytic subunit directly phosphorylated Bad(Ser-155). However, efficient phosphorylation of Bad(Ser-112) also required PKA activity. These data suggest that, although p90RSK2/3 phosphorylate Bad(Ser-112) directly, phosphorylation of this site is enhanced by phosphorylation of Bad(Ser-155). These phosphorylations potentially diminish the pro-apoptotic activity of Bad and contribute to the cytoprotective effects of phenylephrine and 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP.

Integrable maps with non-trivial topology: application to divertor configurations

We explore a method for constructing two-dimensional area-preserving, integrable maps associated with Hamiltonian systems, with a given set of fixed points and given invariant curves. The method is used to find an integrable Poincare map for the field lines in a large aspect ratio tokamak with a poloidal single-null divertor. The divertor field is a superposition of a magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium with an arbitrarily chosen safety factor profile, with a wire carrying an electric current to create an X-point. This integrable map is perturbed by an impulsive perturbation that describes non-axisymmetric magnetic resonances at the plasma edge. The non-integrable perturbed map is applied to study the structure of the open field lines in the scrape-off layer, reproducing the main transport features obtained by integrating numerically the magnetic field line equations, such as the connection lengths and magnetic footprints on the divertor plate.

Photoproduction of J/psi and of high mass e(+)e(-) in ultra-peripheral Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

We present the first measurement of photoproduction of J/psi and of two-photon production of high-mass e(+)e(-) pairs in electromagnetic (or ultra-peripheral) nucleus-nucleus interactions, using Au + Au data at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. The events are tagged with forward neutrons emitted following Coulomb excitation of one or both Au* nuclei. The event sample consists of 28 events with m(e+e-) > 2 GeV/c(2) with zero like-sign background. The measured cross sections at midrapidity of d sigma/dy (J/psi + Xn, y = 0) = 76 +/- 33 (stat) +/- 11 (syst) pb and d(2)sigma /dm dy (e(+) e(-) + Xn, y = 0) = 86 +/- 23(stat) +/- 16(syst) mu b/ (GeV/c(2)) for m(e+e-) epsilon vertical bar 2.0, 2.8 vertical bar GeV/c(2) have been compared and found to be consistent with models for photoproduction of J/psi and QED based calculations of two-photon production of e(+)e(-) pairs. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dilepton mass spectra in p plus p collisions at root s=200 GeV

PHENIX has measured the electron-positron pair mass spectrum from 0 to 8 GeV/c(2) in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV. The contributions from light meson decays to e(+)e(-) pairs have been determined based on measurements of hadron production cross sections by PHENIX. Within the systematic uncertainty of similar to 20% they account for all e(+)e(-) pairs in the mass region below similar to 1 GeV/c(2). The e(+)e(-) pair yield remaining after subtracting these contributions is dominated by semileptonic decays of charmed hadrons correlated through flavor conservation. Using the spectral shape predicted by PYTHIA, we estimate the charm production cross section to be 544 +/- 39(stat) +/- 142(syst) +/- 200(model) pb. which is consistent with QCD calculations and measurements of single leptons by PHENIX. (C) 2008 Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.

Gravity: a new play by Greg Belanger

Gravity was first performed at Strider Theatre, Colby College in Waterville, Maine. It was directed by the author with the following cast: STEVEN: Harold Withee PAMELA: Sue Larsen JEREMY: Jason Reifler IXXTOR: Amanda Starr MOTHER: Catherine C. Coyne BREIT: Scott W. Cole TONI: Laura Smishkiss

O processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos : Um estudo de caso na indústria plástica do segmento Acessórios para Móveis

A presente pesquisa tem como tema o processo de Desenvolvimento de Novos Produtos, inclui uma análise do gerenciamento de novas ofertas em três empresas do segmento acessórios plásticos para móveis e um estudo comparativo da prática destas organizações com a análise da literatura. A manutenção de um processo planejado na implementação de novos produtos constitui uma importante ferramenta gerencial capaz de orientar as ações de desenvolvimento com mais segurança e eficiência. A análise da literatura permitiu identificar sete etapas que constituem as bases para a pesquisa, análise e desenvolvimento de um novo produto. Assim, a Geração de Idéias, Seleção de Idéias, Posicionamento Estratégico do Produto, Análise Comercial, Desenvolvimento do Produto, Teste de Mercado e Comercialização formam um conjunto de ações que, se bem elaboradas, fundamentam um processo capaz de orientar melhor as decisões de implementação ou não de um novo produto. Identificou-se, a partir do estudo comparativo entre a análise da literatura e o processo de Desenvolvimento de Novos Produtos das três empresas pesquisadas, como estas organizações estão organizadas nesta atividade. Por fim, são levantadas algumas questões que indicam caminhos para futuras investigações nesta área.

Estudo da variabilidade genética e ecológica de comunidades de Drosophila em regiões de Mata Atlântica de ilhas do continente de Santa Catarina

Foi realizado um estudo da dinâmica de assembléias de Drosofilídeos em oito amostras insulares e continentais de Santa Catarina através de dados coletados em várias visitas ao longo de dois anos. Dentre os resultados obtidos está a estimativa do grau de diversidade destas assembléias. Nossas coletas mostraram que a predição de qual espécie será dominante, num determinado período amostrado, é razoavelmente possível. A análise dos índices de diversidade nos indica que o Morro da Lagoa é o ponto de menor diversidade específica, seguido de Ratones Grande. Contudo, os dois pontos têm um grande número de espécies diferentes, sendo a sua diversidade baixa em função da alta dominância do subgrupo willistoni neles encontrada. Analisando o componente S (número de espécies) da diversidade, nas ilhas pontos de coleta, percebe-se que a ilha maior (Ilha de Santa Catarina) tem realmente um maior número de espécies coletadas – 46 no ponto A além de 10 espécies diferentes coletadas no ponto D (56 espécies no total) – do que as ilhas menores (42, 44, 40 e 50), o que corrobora a teoria da biogeografia de ilhas. No continente, a curva espécie/área se comportou da mesma forma que nas ilhas se considerarmos a diversidade como um todo. Realmente estes pontos foram uns dos que apresentaram maior diversidade, principalmente o ponto F, com um H’ de 2,22, que se manteve com Mata Atlântica Primária até o final do período de coletas, sendo portanto o ponto mais preservado de todos utilizados e, teoricamente, o que apresentava maior diversidade de nichos ecológicos para serem ocupados Outros Drosofilídeos como Zaprionus, Zygotricha, Gitona, Cladochaeta, Diathoneura, Micodrosophila, Leucophenga e Amiota foram coletados. Embora nosso interesse preliminar fosse apenas o gênero Drosophila, a inclusão destes outros gêneros em nosso estudo visou uma maior compreensão das possíveis associações que podem ocorrer entre eles e espécies de Drosophila. Os dois primeiros gêneros foram mais freqüentes nas nossas coletas. Zaprionus indianus foi considerada uma espécie invasora, pois surgiu com freqüências baixíssimas que aumentaram gradualmente nas coletas subsequentes, superando em freqüência as espécies nativas. Isto confirma o caráter generalista e polifágico deste tipo de espécie. Neste trabalho, é relatado o primeiro registro do Gênero Zaprionus (Diptera, Drosophilidae) para o Estado de Santa Catarina, na região litorânea central que inclui as Ilhas de Santa Catarina, Arvoredo, Ratones Grande, Ratones Pequeno e Campeche. Drosophila roerhae, D. unipunctata, D. schineri, D. bifilum, D. fuscolineata, D. meridionalis, D. neosaltans, D. bocainoides e D. platitarsus foram pela primeira vez registradas para a região Sul do Brasil, aumentando, portanto o limite meridional de suas distribuições. Como um ponto de partida para estudar o polimorfismo para inversões cromossômicas em D. neocardini, foi construído um fotomapa de referência dos cromossomos politênicos de glândulas salivares de larvas de terceiro estágio. Pelo menos 258 indivíduos (aproximadamente três núcleos por glândula) de sete diferentes localidades (Sertão do Peri, Ilha do Arvoredo, Serra do Tabuleiro, Ilha de Ratones Grande, Ilha de Ratones Pequeno, Morro da Lagoa da Conceição e Ilha do Campeche, todos no Estado de Santa Catarina) foram analisados e fotomicrografias foram obtidas, até se chegar a um consenso sobre a identidade dos elementos cromossômicos. Uma nova inversão no braço cromossômico IIIL foi registrada e denominada de IIILA. A variabilidade cromossômica encontrada nas espécies de Drosophila do grupo cardini em todas as localidades também foi pesquisada, e foi comparada visando contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da evolução destas comunidades. Analisando o polimorfismo cromossômico de D. polymorpha encontramos nove inversões diferentes pela primeira vez descritas. Uma das inversões novas foi encontrada no cromossomo X, duas outras foram encontradas para o braço IIL; quatro foram catalogadas para o braço cromossômico IIIR e duas inversões novas foram achadas no braço cromossômico IIIL. Com relação ao polimorfismo, em D. neocardini foi encontrada apenas uma nova inversão no braço IIIL e para D. cardinoides uma nova inversão no braço IIIL. O estudo discute as implicações ecológicas e evolutivas deste tipo de polimorfismo, para um maior entendimento da evolução deste grupo de espécies.

Inequality and economic growth in Latin

Latin America is the region that bears the highest rates of inequality in the world. Deininger and Squire (1996) showed that Latin American countries achieved only minor reductions in inequality between 1960 and 1990. On the other hand, East Asian countries, recurrently cited in recent literature on this issue, have significantly narrowed the gap in income inequality, while achieving sustained economic growth. These facts have triggered a renewed discussion on the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. According to the above literature, income inequality could have an adverse effect on countries’ growth rates. The main authors who spouse this line of thinking are Persson and Tebellini (1994), Alesina and Rodrik (1994), Perotti (1996), Bénabou (1996), and Deininger and Squire (1996, 1998). More recently, however, articles were published that questioned the evidence presented previously. Representatives of this new point of view, namely Li and Zou (1998), Barro (1999), Deininger and Olinto (2000) and Forbes (2000), believe that the relation between these variables can be positive, i.e., income inequality can indeed foster economic growth. Using this literature as a starting point, this article seeks to evaluate the relation between income inequality and economic growth in Latin America, based on a 13-country panel, from 1970 to 1995. After briefly reviewing the above articles, this study estimates the per capita GDP and growth rate equations, based on the neoclassical approach for economic growth. It also estimates the Kuznets curve for this sample of countries. Econometric results are in line with recent work conducted in this area – particularly Li and Zou (1998) and Forbes (2000) – and confirm the positive relation between inequality and growth, and also support Kuznets hypothesis.