Evaluation of inadequate anti-retroviral treatment in patients with HIV/AIDS

INTRODUCTION: Since the emergence of antiretroviral therapy, the survival of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus has increased. Non-adherence to this therapy is directly related to treatment failure, which allows the emergence of resistant viral strains. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study of the antiretroviral dispensing records of 229 patients from the Center for Health Care, University Hospital, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil, was conducted between January and December 2009. RESULTS: The study aimed to evaluate patient compliance and determine if there was an association between non-adherence and the therapy. Among these patients, 63.8% were men with an average age of 44.0 ± 9.9 years. The most used treatment was a combination of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with 1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (55.5%) or with 2 protease inhibitors (28.8%). It was found that patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir with zidovudine and lamivudine had a greater frequency of inadequate treatment than those taking atazanavir with zidovudine and lamivudine (85% and 83.3%, respectively). Moreover, when the combination of zidovudine/ lamivudine was used, the patients were less compliant (χ2 = 4.468, 1 degree of freedom, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients failed to correctly adhere to their treatment; therefore, it is necessary to implement strategies that lead to improved compliance, thus ensuring therapeutic efficacy and increased patient survival.

Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in patients with HIV/AIDS by using a simplified iron hematoxylin technique

INTRODUCTION: Studies strongly indicate Dientamoeba fragilis as one of the causes of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. METHODS: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of D. fragilis associated with the causes of diarrhea in 82 HIV/ AIDS patients hospitalized at the Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas from September 2006 to November 2008. RESULTS: In total, 105 samples were collected from 82 patients. Unprotected sex was the most frequent cause of HIV infection (46.3%), followed by the use of injectable or non-injectable drugs (14.6%). Patients presented with viral loads of 49-750,000 copies/ mL (average: 73,849 ± 124,850 copies/mL) and CD4 counts ranging of 2-1,306 cells/mm³ (average: 159 ± 250 cells/mm³). On an average, the odds of obtaining a positive result by using the other techniques (Hoffman, Pons and Janer or Lutz; Ritchie) were 2.7 times higher than the chance of obtaining a positive result by using the simplified iron hematoxylin method. Significant differences were found between the methods (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The other techniques can detect a significantly greater amount of parasites than the simplified iron hematoxylin method, especially with respect to Isospora belli, Cryptosporidium sp., Schistosoma mansoni, and Strongyloides stercoralis, which were not detected using hematoxylin. Endolimax nana and D. fragilis were detected more frequently on using hematoxylin, and the only parasite not found by the other methods was D. fragilis.

Mediastinitis and pericardial effusion in a patient with AIDS and disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection: a case report

We report the case of a 36-year-old man who had acquired immune deficiency syndrome and developed suppurative mediastinitis extending over the left lung and anterior thoracic wall around the sternum, pericardial effusions, splenomegaly, and mesenteric and periaortic lymphadenomegaly due to Mycobacterium avium (genotype I). The organism was isolated from an axillary lymph node and the bone marrow. Mediastinitis associated with disseminated M. avium complex infection is uncommon and, to the best of our knowledge, this manifestation has not reported before.

Biological, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors associated with death from AIDS in Brasília, Brazil, in 2007

INTRODUCTION: In the jurisdiction of Brasília, Brazil, significant reductions in mortality rates and lethality resulting from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were observed shortly after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. In recent years, however, the decline of these rates has not been as significant. Non-adherence to treatment and delayed diagnosis appear to be the main factors that increase the risk of death from AIDS. Behavioral, socioeconomic, and biological factors could also be associated with increased risk of death due to AIDS. This study aimed to identify which of these factors were associated with deaths from AIDS in Brasília. METHODS: A case-control study was undertaken using the data recorded in the Information System of Notifiable Diseases. Cases consisted of AIDS deaths occurring in 2007, residing in Brasília, and over 12 years of age. Controls consisted of AIDS patients who did not die until December 31 2007, also residing in Brasília, and over 12 years of age. For each group, frequency and proportion tables for the variables were prepared. The statistical association of each factor in isolation with the occurrence of the deaths was verified through a model of multivariate analysis using logistic regression. RESULTS: The factors that were associated with an increased risk of death were intravenous drug use, age 50 years or more, and residing in a region whose residents have low per capita income. CONCLUSIONS: We identified factors associated with death due to AIDS that can guide health planning.

Aprender com as Tecnologias Digitais: um Modelo em eLearning em Contexto de Sala de Aula no Ensino Superior

O estudo de caso tem por objetivo principal analisar e avaliar a utilização de um Ambiente de Aprendizagem Enriquecido pela Tecnologia (TELE) no Ensino Superior, através do que é normalmente designado de eLearning e, perceber, o impacto que estas metodologias estão a ter no ensino presencial, a forma como estão a ser usadas e de que forma alunos e professores têm sido confrontados com esta realidade. Especificamente visa analisar o impacto da implementação de um modelo de eLearning na aprendizagem e perceber a relação entre uma estratégia metodológica suportada pela LMS Moodle na sala de aula, as competências digitais e skills que os alunos têm e de que forma isso resulta em termos de ensino-aprendizagem. O Moodle foi a plataforma de aprendizagem selecionada enquanto suporte ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem na unidade curricular de Edição Multimédia do curso de Licenciatura em Comunicação Social e Cultural da Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP), com uma turma de 42 alunos no total. Por conseguinte, foi o ambiente usado para a interação entre os alunos e entre estes com o professor em espaço e tempo extra aula. Com o objetivo de cumprir os objetivos propostos recorreu-se a três instrumentos de recolha de dados: dois questionários aos alunos, em momentos distintos. Primeiro, procurou-se obter conhecimentos sobre as suas competências digitais e, num segundo momento, aferir sobre a perceção e o nível de satisfação dos alunos face ao modelo de aprendizagem implementado; observação não participante de sala de aula (estruturada e naturalista), delimitando-se as seguintes dimensões: estratégias operacionalizadas pelo professor, materiais/recursos e ferramentas utilizadas e práticas e atitudes do aluno; registos da plataforma pela análise das interações entre os alunos e destes com o professor através dos fóruns de discussão. O estudo permitiu atestar o impacto bastante positivo nos níveis de satisfação dos alunos e estabelecer uma relação eficaz entre a tecnologia e a aquisição de aprendizagens significativas: potenciou uma aprendizagem ativa, interativa e um contexto para o trabalho colaborativo; consequente capacidade autorregulatória da aprendizagem; promoveu o desenvolvimento da Literacia digital; possibilitou a adoção de metodologias de aprendizagem diversificadas; contribuiu para o aumento da participação, motivação e entusiasmo dos alunos.

Malignancies in HIV/AIDS patients attending an outpatient clinic in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The present study investigated cancer prevalence and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals attending an AIDS outpatient clinic in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. METHODS: A sectional study was conducted among HIV infected adults attending an AIDS outpatient clinic in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Demographic, epidemiological and clinical data were abstracted from medical records, including cancer diagnoses; nadir and current CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, time on antiretroviral treatment (ART), type of ART and smoking status. RESULTS: A total of 730 (91.3%) patients were included in the study. Median age was 44.0 [interquartile range (IQR): 35-50.3] years; median time since HIV diagnosis was 5.5 years (IQR: 2-10); 60% were male; and 59% were white. Thirty (4.1%) cases of cancer were identified of which 16 (53%) were AIDS defining cancers and 14 (47%) were non-AIDS defining malignancies. Patients diagnosed with cancer presented higher chance of being tobacco users [OR 2.2 (95% CI: 1.04-6.24)]; having nadir CD4 ≤200 cells/mm³ [OR 3.0 (95% CI: 1.19-7.81)] and higher lethality [OR 13,3 (95% CI: 4,57-38,72)]. CONCLUSIONS: These results corroborate the importance of screening for and prevention of non-AIDS defining cancers focus in HIV-infected population, as these cancers presented with similar frequency as AIDS defining cancers.

Food insecurity of HIV/AIDS patients at a unit of outpatient healthcare system in Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Food security remains to be one of the world's biggest problems and is found to be related to HIV/AIDS. The objective was to examine food insecurity in HIV/AIDS patients from Brasilia, Brazil. METHODS: Short version of the Food Security Scale was applied to patients with HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: A total of 103 patients participated (65 HIV+ and 38 with AIDS). Food insecurity was found in 33.8% of HIV+ patients and 36.8% of patients with AIDS. A relation between food insecurity and low educational and social levels was established. CONCLUSIONS: Food security should be an important component in HIV/AIDS treatment programs.

AIDS tendencies in São Mateus microregion, state of Espírito Santo, and Brazil from 1999 to 2008

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, AIDS has been described as a multi-faceted pandemic. This study aimed to describe the trends of AIDS in São Mateus microregion, in Espírito Santo, and in Brazil, from 1999 to 2008. METHODS: Data were collected from the Notification Offences System, and a trend analysis was made. RESULTS: Microregion-based results are close to the state and national levels but with particular features that indicate the presence of regional sub-epidemics. CONCLUSIONS: Despite progress in nearly thirty years of the epidemic, AIDS remains an incurable disease, and prevention is still the best defense against it together with the implementation of specific public policies.

Fulminant gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection in an AIDS patient

Strongyloides stercoralis is an endemic nematode to tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. The parasite is capable of autoinfection, which is limited by an intact immune response. In immunocompromised hosts, hyperinfection and dissemination can occur and have a high index of mortality. A hyperinfection syndrome with dissemination is frequently associated with corticosteroid administration and other conditions (malignancies and organ transplantation). Interestingly, although strongyloidiasis is common among AIDS patients in endemic areas, the hyperinfection syndrome is rarely noted. We report here on a rare manifestation of fulminant gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to hyperinfection of strongyloidiasis in a female drug-abusing, alcoholic HIV/AIDS patient.

Contributos para um modelo de autoconstrução dirigida de habitação a custos reduzidos

Um dos maiores desafios da Humanidade no século XXI é o fornecimento de habitações adequadas a toda a população Mundial, em especial aos países em desenvolvimento. Estima-se que no ano de 2030, aproximadamente 40% da população Mundial viverá em habitações precárias. As inúmeras iniciativas de fomento habitacional que têm sido desenvolvidas para combater esta problemática são em número e eficácia insuficiente, sendo o custo associado a uma habitação o fator preponderante. Portanto, esta é uma realidade cada vez mais próxima, e que exige a necessidade de se alcançar a otimização de modelos habitacionais que conduzam à respetiva diminuição dos custos, em face do montante financeiro a realizar. Neste sentido, a presente dissertação pretende alcançar um modelo habitacional de custos reduzidos, através do estudo e análise de considerações teóricas relativas à qualidade e adequabilidade habitacional, e às diferentes variáveis que condicionam os custos de uma habitação. Tal propósito tem como resultado a proposta de um conjunto de orientações para as diferentes fases por que passa um processo de construção de uma habitação - projeto, construção e utilização. Estes contributos permitem a obtenção de uma solução que concilia os custos e qualidade da habitação, focando-se na seleção da técnica mais aplicável para o modelo de autoconstrução dirigida. Como forma de permitir uma melhor perceção das orientações propostas é apresentada a sua aplicabilidade ao contexto de Angola. Pela discussão dos resultados considera-se que é viável atingir o objetivo de construir habitações a custos reduzidos com observância de parâmetros de qualidade e sustentabilidade.

Reabilitação urbana sustentável – modelo de intervenção para o espaço público

Com o acentuado ritmo de urbanização nos centros das cidades, surgiram problemas de ordem ambiental, social e económica, que se constituem, nos nossos dias, como um desafio para a descoberta de um futuro sustentável para as urbes. O conceito de “sustentabilidade” tem vindo a ganhar importância nas últimas décadas, nomeadamente no sector da construção. As intervenções de reabilitação urbana sobre o espaço público assumem-se como uma prioridade nacional e uma oportunidade para um Desenvolvimento Urbano Sustentável. Esta área, para além de contribuir para o equilíbrio social e a melhoria da qualidade de vida das populações, é também uma actividade determinante para a dinamização económica, a geração de emprego e a poupança de recursos naturais (Amado, et al., 2012). O planeamento urbano assume um papel determinante na implementação dos objectivos da reabilitação urbana. A preocupação com o desenvolvimento equilibrado das cidades tem motivado o desenvolvimento de diversos estudos com propostas de medidas para uma reabilitação urbana sustentável. A nível político têm sido implementados alguns programas como o JESSICA e o Lx-Europa 2020, bem como o surgimento das Sociedades de Reabilitação Urbanas. Diversos países, a nível mundial, têm vindo a desenvolver e adoptar instrumentos para auxílio e avaliação das medidas definidas nos planos das suas cidades. Esses instrumentos, que se baseiam em indicadores de sustentabilidade, representam uma função importante na aplicação das medidas estratégicas, pois permitem avaliar o desempenho ao longo do tempo de determinado parâmetro e adoptar medidas de recuperação em tempo útil. A utilização de indicadores de sustentabilidade possibilita o tratamento de informações que são avaliadas quantitativamente ou qualitativamente, conduzindo à descrição e evolução de determinado dado das cidades. O presente trabalho surge com o objectivo de, a partir dos problemas considerados determinantes para a reabilitação do espaço público (mobilidade, segurança e diversidade), e com base nos trabalhos que têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos com vista a um futuro sustentável, desenvolver uma ferramenta, de fácil utilização e interpretação, que auxilie as entidades competentes na elaboração dos planos estratégicos, na avaliação e monitorização das acções de reabilitação urbana de forma sustentável.

The effects of a diet formulation with oats, soybeans, and flax on lipid profiles and uricemia in patients with AIDS and dyslipidemia

Introduction Although the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is accompanied by an attenuation of viral load, metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and lipodystrophy are often observed in patients under this treatment. Certain foods, such as oat bran, soy protein, and flaxseed, have been shown to improve a patient's lipid profile despite possible increases in uricemia. Thus, a bioactive compound was formulated using these foods to help patients with HIV/AIDS control metabolic disorders resulting from HAART. Methods An uncontrolled before and after study was performed. The total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid before and after 3 months of consuming the formulation were compared in patients. The compound was formulated such that 40g (the recommended daily intake) contained approximately 10g of flaxseed, 20g of oat bran, and 10g of textured soy protein. Results The study population consisted of 139 patients, 31 of whom were included in the final analysis. There were no significant variations between the laboratory results obtained before and after consumption of the compound. Conclusions The regular consumption of the formulation together with individualized dietary guidance did not reduce lipid levels and did not contribute to an increase in uricemia in the study group. However, new studies with higher doses of the foods that compose the formulation should be encouraged to investigate whether these foods can positively influence the lipid profiles of these patients.

Nutritional status and CD4 cell counts in patients with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapy

Introduction Even with current highly active antiretroviral therapy, individuals with AIDS continue to exhibit important nutritional deficits and reduced levels of albumin and hemoglobin, which may be directly related to their cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cell counts. The aim of this study was to characterize the nutritional status of individuals with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and relate the findings to the albumin level, hemoglobin level and CD4 cell count. Methods Patients over 20 years of age with AIDS who were hospitalized in a university hospital and were receiving antiretroviral therapy were studied with regard to clinical, anthropometric, biochemical and sociodemographic characteristics. Body mass index, percentage of weight loss, arm circumference, triceps skinfold and arm muscle circumference were analyzed. Data on albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit and CD4 cell count were obtained from patient charts. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test for independent variables and the Mann-Whitney U-test. The level of significance was set to 0.05 (α = 5%). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0 software for Windows. Results Of the 50 patients evaluated, 70% were male. The prevalence of malnutrition was higher when the definition was based on arm circumference and triceps skinfold measurement. The concentrations of all biochemical variables were significantly lower among patients with a body mass index of less than 18.5kg/m2. The CD4 cell count, albumin, hemoglobin and hematocrit anthropometric measures were directly related to each other. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of nutritional follow-up for underweight patients with AIDS, as nutritional status proved to be related to important biochemical alterations.