木樨科丁香属的系统学研究

丁香属Syringa是木樨科Oleaceae中一个中等大小的属，大多数种类花形美丽，具有很高的园林观赏价值。本文以标本检查为主，结合形态学、孢粉学、细胞学和植物地理学几个方面对丁香属进行了分类研究。 一．形态学：丁香属分类的主要性状为：单叶或复叶、圆锥花序的着生位置、花冠管的长短。这些性状的演化趋势为：单叶--羽状深裂--羽状复叶，圆锥花序由顶芽抽生--圆锥花序由侧芽抽生，长花冠管，雄蕊不伸出花冠管--短花冠管，雄蕊伸出花冠管。 二．孢粉学：本文首次对丁香属的花粉形态作了较为全面而系统的研究。所取材料为各组、系、亚系的代表种。孢粉学的研究表明，本属花粉形态一致。均为近球形，极面观3裂圆形，三（拟）孔沟，沟边缘不加厚，外壁分层明显，外层厚于内层，半覆盖层，粗网状纹饰。扫描电镜观察结果表明，本属花粉的表面纹饰可区分为6种类型：1）．网眼小，网脊细、较直而使网眼呈多边形，网脊下小柱不明显，2).网眼稍大，网脊细、直，网脊下小柱不明显，3),网眼较大，网脊细、稍弯曲，网脊下小柱可见，4）．网眼大，网脊细而弯曲， 网脊下小明显，5).网眼小，网脊细、弯曲而使网眼呈不规则扁长形，6）．网眼较大，网脊粗、直，网脊下小柱不明显。顶生花序系Ser. Villosae (Schneid.) Rehd. 以1型为主，侧生花序系Ser. Syringa从2-4型，羽叶丁香系Ser, Pinnatifolia Rehd,为5型，短花冠管组Sect.Ligustrina Rupr.为6型。其变化规律与形态学上的系统演化关系相—致。 三，细胞学：本文对丁香属部分种进行了染色体数目的观察，初步的结果显示，本属的染色体基数为n=23或24，这两种情况在不同的组、系都存在。本属为异源多倍体起源，由陵花目中染色体基数为n=ll和n=12的祖先类群通过杂交形成，并由于染色体组在减数分裂过程中非整倍性变异，而产生n 2或n=24的变化。 四，分类修订及系统位置和演化趋势： 本文在查看了本所标本馆全部丁香属的标本、考证了约22个种的原始描述以及部分模式标本和模式照片的基础上，对该属分类作下列修订：1．将华丁香Syringa protolaciniata、花叶丁香S．x persica、 裂叶丁香S．x laciniata、阿富汗丁香S．afghanica 四个种从欧丁香亚系中移出，置于羽叶丁香系Ser. Pinnatifolia，2．改欧丁香系Set. Vulgares和巧铃花系Ser. Pubescentes为亚系等级，均置于侧生花序系Ser. Syringa中，3．恢复山丁香Syringa potaninii Schneid.、小叶丁香S．micropylla Diels、关东丁香s．patula (Palibin) Nakai、光萼丁香S．juliana Schneid.、朝鲜丁香S．dilatata Nakai，并作为种的等级，毛萼云南丁香S．yunanensis Franch.f．pubicalyx (Jien ex P.Y. Bai) M.C. Chang仍作变种处理。在此基础上，本文将丁香属分为2组3系2亚系： 组1．长花冠管组Sect.l. Syringa:系1．顶生花序系Ser.1．Villosae(Sch- neid.)Rehd.;系2．侧生花序系Ser.2. Syringa，亚系1．欧丁香亚系Subser.1．Syring，亚系2．巧铃花亚系Pubescentes(Schneid.)Rehd.;系3．羽叶丁香系Ser.3. Pinnatifoliae Rehd. 组2．短花冠管组Sect.2. Ligustrina Rupr. 各分类单元的命名，仍沿用已有的名称。 结合各方面的研究成果，表明丁香属是一个十分自然的类群。在木樨科中，本属与女贞属的关系密切，由女贞属裂果女贞组Sect. Sarcocarpion (Franch.)Mansf.衍生而来。属内演化趋势始为长花冠管组的顶生花序系，而后是侧生花序系、羽叶丁香系，短花冠管组为本属中进化程度较高的类群。 五．植物地理学：丁香属为旧世界温带分布型属，分布区连续。约28种5变种9变型。除2种产于欧洲，1种产于阿富汗、巴基斯坦，1种产于朝鲜，1种产于日本外，其余种类均分布于中国。其中，中国西南地区丁香属的种类、原始类型及其在该地区所占比例均显示是丁香属现代分布中心和起源演化中心，并由此沿三条主线向周围扩散。

An examination of spatial and temporal genetic variation in walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) using allozyme, mitochondrial DNA, and microsatellite data

We used allozyme, microsatellite, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data to test for spatial and interannual genetic diversity in wall-eye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from six spawning aggregations representing three geographic regions: Gulf of Alaska, eastern Bering Sea, and eastern Kamchatka. Interpopulation genetic diversity was evident primarily from the mtDNA and two allozyme loci (SOD-2*, MPI*). Permutation tests ˆindicated that FST values for most allozyme and microsatellite loci were not significantly greater than zero. The microsatellite results suggested that high locus polymorphism may not be a reliable indicator of power for detecting population differentiation in walleye pollock. The fact that mtDNA revealed population structure and most nuclear loci did not suggests that the effective size of most walleye pollock populations is large (genetic drift is weak) and migration is a relatively strong homogenizing force. The allozymes and mtDNA provided mostly concordant estimates of patterns of spatial genetic variation. These data showed significant genetic variation between North American and Asian populations. In addition, two spawning aggregations in the Gulf of Alaska, in Prince William Sound, and off Middleton Island, appeared genetically distinct from walleye pollock spawning in the Shelikof Strait and may merit management as a distinct stock. Finally, we found evidence of interannual genetic variation in two of three North American spawning aggregations, similar in magnitude to the spatial variation among North American walleye pol-lock. We suggest that interannual genetic variation in walleye pollock may be indicative of one or more of the following factors: highly variable reproductive success, adult philopatry, source-sink metapopulation structure, and intraannual variation (days) in spawning timing among genetically distinct but spatially identical spawning aggregates.