Validation study of an overall radiation balance estimation method under Ponta Grossa (PR) Brazil weather conditions

Radiation balance is the fraction of incident solar radiation upon earth surface which is available to be used in several natural processes, such as biological metabolism, water loss by vegetated surfaces, variation of temperature in farming systems and organic decomposition. The present study aimed to assess and validate the performance of two estimation models for Rn in Ponta Grossa city, Paraná State, Brazil. To this end, during the period of 04/01/2008 to 04/30/2011, from radiometric data collected by an automatic weather station set at the Experimental Station, of the State University of Ponta Grossa. We performed a linear regression study by confrontation between measurements made through radiometric balance and Rn estimates obtained from Brunt classical method, and the proposed method. Both models showed excellent performance and were confirmed by the statistical parameters applied. However, the alternative method has the advantage of requiring only global solar radiation values, temperature, and relative humidity.

Weather variables, water balance, growth, and agro industrial yield of sugarcane

The objective of this study was to evaluate the meteorological variables, water deficiency, growth, and agro-industrial yield of sugarcane varieties: RB72454, RB863129, RB867515, RB92579, RB93509, RB931003, RB951541, and RB971755, in rainfed crop in two harvests in the Rio Largo-AL region. The meteorological variables were obtained in an automatic station and water balance was done by Thornthwaite & Mather method. During the study period, the air temperature ranged from 16.6 to 35.9 ºC. In the first production cycle rained 1,806 mm and the crop evapotranspiration was 1,775 mm. In the second cycle, the rainfall totaled 1,632 mm and the crop evapotranspiration was 1,290 mm. The average water excess of two production cycles was 689 mm and the water deficit totaled 665 mm. The average agricultural productivity in the plant was 86.8 t ha-1, in the first ratoon was 75.2 t ha-1 and the agro-industrial yield average was 12.9 and 10.9 tons of sugar per hectare in the plant and first ratoon, respectively. The air temperature was not limiting to the growth of sugarcane and the rainfall was higher than the crop evapotranspiration, but due to poor distribution of the rains there was water deficit. The most productive varieties were RB93509, RB92579, and RB863129.

Application of artificial neural networks as an alternative to volumetric water balance in drip irrigation management in watermelon crop

Precision irrigation seeks to establish strategies which achieve an efficient ratio between the volume of water used (reduction in input) and the productivity obtained (increase in production). There are several studies in the literature on strategies for achieving this efficiency, such as those dealing with the method of volumetric water balance (VWB). However, it is also of great practical and economic interest to set up versatile implementations of irrigation strategies that: (i) maintain the performance obtained with other implementations, (ii) rely on few computational resources, (iii) adapt well to field conditions, and (iv) allow easy modification of the irrigation strategy. In this study, such characteristics are achieved when using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to determine the period of irrigation for a watermelon crop in the Irrigation Perimeter of the Lower Acaraú, in the state of Ceará, Brazil. The Volumetric Water Balance was taken as the standard for comparing the management carried out with the proposed implementation of ANN. The statistical analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed management, which is able to replace VWB as a strategy in automation.

Hydrogen production from cassava processing wastewater in an anaerobic fixed bed reactor with bamboo as a support material

Attempting to associate waste treatment to the production of clean and renewable energy, this research sought to evaluate the biological production of hydrogen using wastewater from the cassava starch treatment industry, generated during the processes of extraction and purification of starch. This experiment was carried out in a continuous anaerobic reactor with a working volume of 3L, with bamboo stems as the support medium. The system was operated at a temperature of 36°C, an initial pH of 6.0 and under variations of organic load. The highest rate of hydrogen production, of 1.1 L.d-1.L-1, was obtained with application of an organic loading rate of 35 g.L-1.d-1, in terms of total sugar content and hydraulic retention time of 3h, with a prevalence of butyric and acetic acids as final products of the fermentation process. Low C/N ratios contributed to the excessive growth of the biomass, causing a reduction of up to 35% in hydrogen production, low percentages of H2 and high concentrations of CO2in the biogas.

Energy balance in the poultry-shed system and its influence on broiler performance

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to determine the energy balance of the poultry-shed system and its effect on broiler performance during the production cycle. The experimental design was completely random with sub-divided blocks. The blocks were composed of five different types of sheds and the sub-blocks of the evaluation times (00:00 h to 23:00 h), allowing an analysis of variance and a comparison between means with the Tukey test. There were no significant differences between the mean values of the exchanges of sensible, latent and total heat between the poultry sheds but the differences for the evaluation times were significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between sheds 1 and 4 for broiler productive performance regarding weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion. Bird performance was significant (P<0.05) for the remaining poultry sheds. The productive indexes remained below the ranges considered ideal for broilers and values in the final weeks were characterized by the poor installation efficiency in controlling temperature variations and, consequently, the energy balance in the system, which adversely affected bird productive performance.

Estudo prospectivo utilizando material coletado por bioptycut para realização de exame de congelação em pacientes com tumores de mama

Estudo conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a confiabilidade, acurácia e dificuldades do exame de congelação, utilizando-se pequenos fragmentos de tumores mamários obtidos com a biópsia histológica por agulha grossa (bioptycut). Durante 13 meses, 37 pacientes foram submetidas ao Bioptycut (pistola BIP 2.2 ou Promag 1.2, agulhas l4G), sendo que, de cada uma delas, foram retirados no mínimo dois fragmentos, um a fresco para congelação e outro submerso em formol para inclusão posterior em parafina. O estudo de congelação constituiu-se de exame citológico do "imprimir" da peça e de exame histológico usando cortes através de congelação. Os cortes foram feitos usando criostato e micrótomo, com cortes de 8µ. O tamanho do tumor puncionado variou de 1cm a 12cm (média 4,8cm). A congelação foi conclusiva em 33 casos (89%), sendo trinta carcinomas e três benignos, e inconclusiva em quatro casos (11%). A obtenção deste dia:nóstico se deu pelo "imprint" e corte em 29 casos (78%), só pelo "imprint" em quatro casos (11 %), em dois casos tanto o corte quanto o "imprint" foram inadequados e dois não foram descritos. Posteriormente foram obtidas peças por exérese da lesão (até a análise) em 28 casos, dos quais 25 carcinomas e três tumores benignos (11 %). Houve um caso de congelação conclusiva de benignidade, em que a exérese posterior revelou se tratar de carcinoma (falso-negativo). Não houve falsos-positivos. A sensibilidade foi de 96% e a especificidade de 100%. Assim, conclui-se que o exame por congelação, usando-se peças obtidas com bioptycut se mostrou confiável, evitando biópsias abertas em 81 % dos casos, garantindo rapidez e melhor preparo das pacientes para terapêutica definitiva.

Väkivalta ja aggressio parisuhteessa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Kierrätyspolttoainemarkkinat Euroopassa

Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää Saksan, Ruotsin ja Suomen kierrätyspolttoaineen valmistusta ja käyttöä sekä kierrätyspolttoainemarkkinoita. Kierrätyspolttoaineiden käyttöä ja valmistusta sekä kierrätyspolttoainemarkkinoita säädellään tarkastelumaissa EU-lainsäädännöllä ja kansallisilla lainsäädännöillä jätteistä, jätteenpoltosta ja materiaalikierrätyksestä sekä CEN/TC 343-toimikunnan standardeilla kiinteille kierrätyspolttoaineille. Työn johtopäätöksenä on, että kierrätyspolttoainemarkkinat ovat tarkastelumaissa hyvin ulkoapäin ohjautuvat ja markkinaehtoista tasapainoa ei ehdi syntyä. Tarkastelumaiden markkinat ovat erilaiset, Saksassa kierrätyspolttoaineiden käyttö ja valmistus on pitkälle kehittynyttä, tiheää ja monipuolista, Ruotsissa yhteisen termistön puuttuminen kertoo alan hajanaisuudesta. Saksassa ja Ruotsissa kierrätyspolttoainemarkkinoiden kasvamiseen ovat vaikuttaneet kaatopaikkakiellot. Suomessa tähän asti pelkkään rinnakkaispolttoon perustuneet kierrätyspolttoainemarkkinat ovat vasta vakiintumassa. Kierrätyspolttoainemarkkinat tulevat kansainvälistymään ja kilpailu materiaalista tulee kovenemaan. Standardien käyttöönotto tulee olemaan helpointa Suomessa, jossa kierrätyspolttoaineen standardisoinnista on kokemusta. Suomen olisi syytä ottaa jäte- ja energiahuollon ratkaisuissa huomioon eri toimintojen aiheuttamat talous- ja ympäristövaikutukset.

Generation and Characterization of Knockout Mice and Analysis of Patient Material Demonstrates a Role for Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 4 (Timp4) in the Cardiovascular System and Tumor Metastasis

This thesis focuses on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 4 (TIMP4) which is the newest member of a small gene and protein family of four closely related endogenous inhibitors of extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading enzymes. Existing data on TIMP4 suggested that it exhibits a more restricted expression pattern than the other TIMPs with high expression levels in heart, brain, ovary and skeletal muscle. These observations and the fact that the ECM is of special importance to provide the cardiovascular system with structural strength combined with elasticity and distensibility, prompted the present molecular biologic investigation on TIMP4. In the first part of the study the murine Timp4 gene was cloned and characterized in detail. The structure of murine Timp4 genomic locus resembles that in other species and of the other Timps. The highest Timp4 expression was detected in heart, ovary and brain. As the expression pattern of Timp4 gives only limited information about its role in physiology and pathology, Timp4 knockout mice were generated next. The analysis of Timp4 knockout mice revealed that Timp4 deficiency has no obvious effect on the development, growth or fertility of mice. Therefore, Timp4 deficient mice were challenged using available cardiovascular models, i.e. experimental cardiac pressure overload and myocardial infarction. In the former model, Timp4 deficiency was found to be compensated by Timp2 overexpression, whereas in the myocardial infarct model, Timp4 deficiency resulted in increased mortality due to increased susceptibility for cardiac rupture. In the wound healing model, Timp4 deficiency was shown to result in transient retardation of re-epithelialization of cutaneous wounds. Melanoma tumor growth was similar in Timp4 deficient and control mice. Despite of this, lung metastasis of melanoma cells was significantly increased in Timp4 null mice. In an attempt to translate the current findings to patient material, TIMP4 expression was studied in human specimens representing different inflammatory cardiovascular pathologies, i.e. giant cell arteritis, atherosclerotic coronary arteries and heart allografts exhibiting signs of chronic rejection. The results showed that cardiovascular expression of TIMP4 is elevated particularly in areas exhibiting inflammation. The results of the present studies suggest that TIMP4 has a special role in the regulation of tissue repair processes in the heart, and also in healing wounds and metastases. Furthermore, evidence is provided suggesting the usefulness of TIMP4 as a novel systemic marker for vascular inflammation.

Perfil epidemiológico de acidentes com material biológico entre estudantes de medicina em um pronto-socorro cirúrgico

OBJETIVO: avaliar os acidentes com material biológico entre estudantes de medicina estagiando em um pronto-socorro de trauma e identificar as principais situações relacionadas, causas atribuídas e prevenção. MÉTODOS: estudo com abordagem quantitativa. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário, aplicado via internet, contendo perguntas fechadas de escolha múltipla, referentes a acidentes com material biológico. A amostra obtida foi 100 estudantes. RESULTADOS: trinta e dois se acidentaram com materiais biológicos. As atividades de maior risco foram anestesia local (39,47%), sutura (18,42%) e recapeamento de agulha (15,79%). As principais vias de exposição ao material biológico foram contato com olho ou mucosa, com 34%, através de seringa com agulha com 45%. Após a contaminação, apenas 52% notificaram o acidente ao setor responsável. CONCLUSÃO: as principais causas de acidente encontradas e vias de exposição podem ser atribuídas a diversos fatores, como falta de treinamento e ao não uso de equipamentos de proteção individual. Ações preventivas e educativas são de extrema importância para diminuir a incidência dos acidentes com materiais biológicos e melhorar a conduta pós-exposição. É preciso entender as principais causas atribuídas e situações relacionadas a fim de implantar medidas gerais e eficazes.

Electroactive ion exchange membranes based on conducting polymers

Ion exchange membranes are indispensable for the separation of ionic species. They can discriminate between anions and cations depending on the type of fixed ionic group present in the membrane. These conventional ion exchange membranes (CIX) have exceptional ionic conductivity, which is advantageous in various electromembrane separation processes such as electrodialysis, electrodeionisation and electrochemical ion exchange. The main disadvantage of CIX membranes is their high electrical resistance owing to the fact that the membranes are electronically non conductive. An alternative can be electroactive ion exchange membranes, which are ionically and electronically conducting. Polypyrrole (PPy) is a type of electroactive ion exchange material as well as a commonly known conducting polymer. When PPy membranes are repeatedly reduced and oxidised, ions are pumped through the membrane. The main aim of this thesis was to develop electroactive cation transport membranes based on PPy for the selective transport of divalent cations. Membranes developed composed of PPy films deposited on commercially available support materials. To carry out this study, cation exchange membranes based on PPy doped with immobile anions were prepared. Two types of dopant anions known to interact with divalent metal ions were considered, namely 4-sulphonic calix[6]arene (C6S) and carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT). The transport of ions across membranes containing PPy doped with polystyrene sulphonate (PSS) and PPy doped with para-toluene sulphonate (pTS) was also studied in order to understand the nature of ion transport and permeability across PPy(CNT) and PPy(C6S) membranes. In the course of these studies, membrane characterisation was performed using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Permeability of the membranes towards divalent cations was explored using a two compartment transport cell. EQCM results demonstrated that the ion exchange behaviour of polypyrrole is dependent on a number of factors including the type of dopant anion present, the type of ions present in the surrounding medium, the scan rate used during the experiment and the previous history of the polymer film. The morphology of PPy films was found to change when the dopant anion was varied and even when the thickness of the film was altered in some cases. In nearly all cases the permeability of the membranes towards metal ions followed the order K+ > Ca2+ > Mn2+. The one exception was PPy(C6S), for which the permeability followed the order Ca2+ ≥ K+ > Mn2+ > Co2+ > Cr3+. The above permeability sequences show a strong dependence on the size of the metal ions with metal ions having the smallest hydrated radii exhibiting the highest flux. Another factor that affected the permeability towards metal ions was the thickness of the PPy films. Films with the least thickness showed higher metal ion fluxes. Electrochemical control over ion transport across PPy(CNT) membrane was obtained when films composed of the latter were deposited on track-etched Nucleopore® membranes as support material. In contrast, the flux of ions across the same film was concentration gradient dependent when the polymer was deposited on polyvinylidene difluoride membranes as support material. However, electrochemical control over metal ion transport was achieved with a bilayer type of PPy film consisting of PPy(pTS)/PPy(CNT), irrespective of the type of support material. In the course of studying macroscopic charge balance during transport experiments performed using a two compartment transport cell, it was observed that PPy films were non-permselective. A clear correlation between the change in pH in the receiving solution and the ions transported across the membrane was observed. A decrease in solution pH was detected when the polymer membrane acted primarily as an anion exchanger, while an increase in pH occurred when it functioned as a cation exchanger. When there was an approximately equal flux of anions and cations across the polymer membrane, the pH in the receiving solution was in the range 6 - 8. These observations suggest that macroscopic charge balance during the transport of cations and anions across polypyrrole membranes was maintained by introduction of anions (OH-) and cations (H+) produced via electrolysis of water.

Repair of segmental bone defects with fiber-reinforced composite: a study of material development and an animal model on rabbits

The Repair of segmental defects in load-bearing long bones is a challenging task because of the diversity of the load affecting the area; axial, bending, shearing and torsional forces all come together to test the stability/integrity of the bone. The natural biomechanical requirements for bone restorative materials include strength to withstand heavy loads, and adaptivity to conform into a biological environment without disturbing or damaging it. Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) materials have shown promise, as metals and ceramics have been too rigid, and polymers alone are lacking in strength which is needed for restoration. The versatility of the fiber-reinforced composites also allows tailoring of the composite to meet the multitude of bone properties in the skeleton. The attachment and incorporation of a bone substitute to bone has been advanced by different surface modification methods. Most often this is achieved by the creation of surface texture, which allows bone growth, onto the substitute, creating a mechanical interlocking. Another method is to alter the chemical properties of the surface to create bonding with the bone – for example with a hydroxyapatite (HA) or a bioactive glass (BG) coating. A novel fiber-reinforced composite implant material with a porous surface was developed for bone substitution purposes in load-bearing applications. The material’s biomechanical properties were tailored with unidirectional fiber reinforcement to match the strength of cortical bone. To advance bone growth onto the material, an optimal surface porosity was created by a dissolution process, and an addition of bioactive glass to the material was explored. The effects of dissolution and orientation of the fiber reinforcement were also evaluated for bone-bonding purposes. The Biological response to the implant material was evaluated in a cell culture study to assure the safety of the materials combined. To test the material’s properties in a clinical setting, an animal model was used. A critical-size bone defect in a rabbit’s tibia was used to test the material in a load-bearing application, with short- and long-term follow-up, and a histological evaluation of the incorporation to the host bone. The biomechanical results of the study showed that the material is durable and the tailoring of the properties can be reproduced reliably. The Biological response - ex vivo - to the created surface structure favours the attachment and growth of bone cells, with the additional benefit of bioactive glass appearing on the surface. No toxic reactions to possible agents leaching from the material could be detected in the cell culture study when compared to a nontoxic control material. The mechanical interlocking was enhanced - as expected - with the porosity, whereas the reinforcing fibers protruding from the surface of the implant gave additional strength when tested in a bone-bonding model. Animal experiments verified that the material is capable of withstanding load-bearing conditions in prolonged use without breaking of the material or creating stress shielding effects to the host bone. A Histological examination verified the enhanced incorporation to host bone with an abundance of bone growth onto and over the material. This was achieved with minimal tissue reactions to a foreign body. An FRC implant with surface porosity displays potential in the field of reconstructive surgery, especially regarding large bone defects with high demands on strength and shape retention in load-bearing areas or flat bones such as facial / cranial bones. The benefits of modifying the strength of the material and adjusting the surface properties with fiber reinforcement and bone-bonding additives to meet the requirements of different bone qualities are still to be fully discovered.

Fatores Associados ao Material Insuficiente em Punção Aspirativa por Agulha Fina nos Nódulos Sólidos da Mama

Objetivo: analisar alguns fatores que possam estar associados à ocorrência de material insuficiente nos aspirados da punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF). Pacientes e Métodos: foram estudadas 351 citologias de pacientes com nódulos sólidos da mama, submetidas a PAAF, como parte de sua investigação diagnóstica. As lâminas foram analisadas por um único citologista, que classificou os esfregaços como malignos, suspeitos, benignos ou material insuficiente para diagnóstico. Foram avaliados a idade da paciente, o tamanho do tumor, o estádio clínico, o Serviço, o dispositivo utilizado na punção e o tipo de lesão puncionada, de acordo com a histologia. A significância de cada variável em relação ao material insuficiente foi testada pelo c². Resultados: houve 67 esfregaços classificados como material insuficiente (19%). O tipo de dispositivo utilizado, o tamanho do tumor, o Serviço e o estádio clínico das lesões não se relacionaram à quantidade de material suficiente ou insuficiente. A idade da paciente e o tipo histológico influenciaram a taxa de material insuficiente, sendo que as pacientes abaixo de 50 anos tiveram uma taxa de 12%, comparada a 30% daquelas acima de 50 anos (p<0,03). Quanto à histologia, nas pacientes com alterações funcionais benignas da mama, a taxa de material insuficiente foi de 30%, seguida daquelas com carcinoma ductal infiltrante, 20%, e, no fibroadenoma, 12% (p<0,02). Conclusão: esse estudo mostrou uma taxa de material insuficiente relativamente alta (19%), a qual foi influenciada pela idade da paciente e pelo tipo histológico da lesão.

Abordagem citogenética e molecular em material de abortos espontâneos

OBJETIVOS: avaliar o desempenho da citogenética e das técnicas de hibridização in situ fluorescente (FISH) e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) no estudo das aneuploidias cromossômicas numéricas e na determinação do sexo fetal em amostras de abortos espontâneos. MÉTODOS: duzentos e dezenove amostras de produtos de abortos espontâneos foram submetidas a estudo citogenético. Deste total, 40 amostras foram também submetidas à técnica de PCR-nested para a determinação do sexo fetal: 32 foram selecionadas devido à falha de crescimento no estudo citogenético e oito foram escolhidas ao acaso. Vinte amostras foram selecionadas para detecção de aneuploidias cromossômicas pela técnica de FISH, utilizando-se sondas para os cromossomos 13, 18, 21, X e Y: 13 casos foram submetidos a FISH devido à falha de crescimento no estudo citogenético e sete foram escolhidos ao acaso. Foi calculada a taxa de sucesso (obtenção de cariótipo) de cada técnica. Para comparação das taxas de sucesso foi utilizado o teste de chi2, sendo considerados significantes resultados com p<0,05. Foi avaliado o índice de acerto entre os resultados das amostras submetidas a mais de um exame, tomando-se como padrão-ouro o resultado do estudo citogenético. RESULTADOS: houve crescimento celular em 84,9% das amostras submetidas a análise citogenética. Em 51,1% dos casos foram encontradas alterações cromossômicas: 65,2% trissomias, 17,9% triploidias, 9,4% tetraploidias, 4,2% monossomia do cromossomo X e 1,1% trissomia dupla, tetrassomia e alteração estrutural. A trissomia mais freqüente foi a do cromossomo 16 (39%). FISH e PCR tiveram taxa de sucesso de 90%, não diferindo significativamente do exame citogenético. Em todos os casos submetidos a mais de um exame os resultados foram concordantes. Nas amostras com falha de crescimento celular no exame citogenético e submetidas a outra técnica, a PCR obteve sucesso em 87,5% e a FISH em 84,6%. CONCLUSÃO: o estudo citogenético de restos ovulares de abortamentos espontâneos teve elevada taxa de sucesso e evidenciou anomalias cromossômicas em mais da metade dos casos. As técnicas de biologia molecular (PCR-nested e FISH) complementaram o estudo citogenético e permitiram a obtenção de resultados seguros na detecção de alterações cromossômicas numéricas e na determinação do sexo fetal.

Infeccoes de transmissao vertical em material abortivo e sangue com enfase em Toxoplasmose gondii

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados sorológicos, anatomopatológicos e parasitológicos de material abortivo para infecções com risco de transmissão vertical, com ênfase na toxoplasmose. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo coorte-transversal tratando da prevalência das doenças infectoparasitárias. Participaram da pesquisa 105 mulheres que sofreram aborto espontâneo completo e/ou incompleto; elas foram entrevistadas por meio de um questionário, e foram coletadas amostras de sangue e material abortivo. Foram realizados testes imunológicos para toxoplasmose, doença de Chagas, rubéola, citomegalovírus e sífilis e análise anatomopatológica nos restos ovulares. RESULTADOS: 55% das mulheres tinham entre 20 e 30 anos de idade. A maioria (68%) apresentou idade gestacional entre a 7ª e a 14ª semanas. 54,3% das mulheres tinham o ensino médio completo ou incompleto. Pela análise da sorologia, a infecção com risco de transmissão vertical mais frequente foi o citomegalovírus (CMV) com 97,1% de positividade, e em seguida a rubéola, com 95,2%. A toxoplasmose teve um percentual de 54,3%, a doença de Chagas, de 1,9% e a sífilis, de 0,95%. A análise dos laudos de biópsia demonstrou que 63,1% apresentaram inflamação e 34%, ausência de inflamação. Das análises sorológica, anatomopatológica e parasitológica das 105 mulheres, 57 foram soropositivas para T. gondii, e nenhuma teve resultado positivo para a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e para inoculação em camundongos. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de doenças com risco de transmissão congênita nas mulheres com abortamento espontâneo é importante, sendo necessárias pesquisas visando esclarecer a etiologia do aborto.