Mapas de actividades comunitarias y activos para la salud: ¿Cómo trabajar con ellos?

Especial XXII Congreso Español de Pediatría Social

Keratotic Nodule on The Heel: A Quiz.

A 51-year-old man, with a medical history of medullary thyroid carcinoma excised under thyroxine treatment presented with a painful enlarging lesion on his right heel since one year. A 3-cm diameter, greyish, infiltrated nodule with spicules was seen on physical examination (Fig. 1a). A 5-mm surgical excision was made and a total skin graft was used for reconstruction. Histopathology of the total resected tumour revealed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasic epidermis and a proliferation located between rete ridges, dermis and superficial hypodermis (Fig. 1b). The proliferation was composed of nets and cordons of cells with granular and abundant PAS-positive cytoplasm. Immunostains showed cytoplasmic positivity for s100 and inhibin (Fig. 1c). Three years later the patient is asymptomatic.

Diagnóstico Radiológico y Resultados del Tratamiento Intraarterial en el Ictus del Despertar

En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión del diagnóstico de la entidad clínica conocida como “ictus del despertar” y de los criterios de selección de los pacientes que pueden beneficiarse del tratamiento endovascular, que constituye una innovación en esta patología. También se valoran sus resultados inmediatos y a medio plazo, siguiendo la evolución clínica de los pacientes. Nos basaremos en una serie de 32 pacientes tratados en nuestro centro, el Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, desde octubre de 2010 y hasta marzo de 2012. A todos se les realizó anamnesis, exploración neurológica, TC craneal simple, angio-TC y TC perfusión. Se seleccionó a los candidatos a tratamiento con trombectomía mecánica intraarterial. A todos los pacientes se les realizó TC de control 24 horas después del inicio de los síntomas o de la realización de tratamiento. Se siguió la evolución clínica, calculando el NIHSS al finalizar el procedimiento y al alta, y a los tres meses se obtuvo la puntuación en la escala de Rankin. En esta presentación del ictus, es especialmente complejo determinar la existencia de parénquima cerebral salvable o "penumbra isquémica"; su presencia, determina la indicación del tratamiento. El TC perfusión se ha revelado como la herramienta más útil en esta criba. El tratamiento, correctamente indicado, es efectivo y mejora la calidad de vida de estos pacientes.

Els Naturals i el rei natural en la Catalunya de la Guerra dels Segadors: a propòsit d´un sermó de Gaspar Sala (1641)

La guerra dels Segadors (1640-1652/59) va ser també una guerra d'idees o arguments polítics. A diferència, però, d'altres conflictes anteriors (com ara l'anomenada guerra civil catalana de mitjan segle xv), aquests arguments antagònics conegueren (al Principat i fins i tot mes enllà) una difusió sense precedents; sobretot pel fet que s'expressaren tot sovint per la via impresa

Association Study of Common Genetic Variants and HIV-1 Acquisition in 6,300 Infected Cases and 7,200 Controls.

Multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed in HIV-1 infected individuals, identifying common genetic influences on viral control and disease course. Similarly, common genetic correlates of acquisition of HIV-1 after exposure have been interrogated using GWAS, although in generally small samples. Under the auspices of the International Collaboration for the Genomics of HIV, we have combined the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data collected by 25 cohorts, studies, or institutions on HIV-1 infected individuals and compared them to carefully matched population-level data sets (a list of all collaborators appears in Note S1 in Text S1). After imputation using the 1,000 Genomes Project reference panel, we tested approximately 8 million common DNA variants (SNPs and indels) for association with HIV-1 acquisition in 6,334 infected patients and 7,247 population samples of European ancestry. Initial association testing identified the SNP rs4418214, the C allele of which is known to tag the HLA-B*57:01 and B*27:05 alleles, as genome-wide significant (p = 3.6×10(-11)). However, restricting analysis to individuals with a known date of seroconversion suggested that this association was due to the frailty bias in studies of lethal diseases. Further analyses including testing recessive genetic models, testing for bulk effects of non-genome-wide significant variants, stratifying by sexual or parenteral transmission risk and testing previously reported associations showed no evidence for genetic influence on HIV-1 acquisition (with the exception of CCR5Δ32 homozygosity). Thus, these data suggest that genetic influences on HIV acquisition are either rare or have smaller effects than can be detected by this sample size.

A comunicação ineficaz e a explosão da garrafa de álcool: observações de enfermagem

Estudo descritivo exploratório com abordagem quantitativa, cujo objetivo principal é apresentar o número de pacientes grandes queimados vítimas de explosão da garrafa plástica de álcool, que foram atendidos pela equipe de enfermagem, em um hospital de referência para este tratamento na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, nos anos de 2000 a 2002. Os dados foram extraídos do livro de atendimento de enfermagem do referido nosocômio. Os autores enfatizam que os meios de comunicação tratam o evento como "queimadura por álcool", não como na realidade se apresenta: "queimadura por explosão", considerando-se que a garrafa plástica de álcool é uma bomba em potencial, e suas vítimas assemelham-se aos queimados de guerra. Concluiu-se que muitos sofrimentos poderiam ser evitados por meio de uma comunicação efetiva, clara, e, acima de tudo, responsável.

Health inequalities among the elderly in western Europe

Background: This paper analyses gender inequalities in health status and in social determinants of health among the elderly in Western Europe. Methods: Data came from the first wave of the “Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe” (SHARE, 2004). For the purposes of this study a subsample of community-residing people aged 65-85 years with no paid work was selected (4218 men and 5007 women). Multiple logistic regression models separated by sex and adjusted for age and country were fitted. Results: Women were more likely to report poor health status, limitations in mobility and poor mental health. Whereas in both sexes educational attainment was associated with the three health indicators, household income was only related to poor self-rated health among women. The relationship between living arrangements and health differed by gender and was primarily associated with poor mental health. In both sexes, not living with the partner but living with other people and being the household head was related to poor mental health status (aOR=2.14; 95% CI=1.11-4.14 for men and aOR=1.75; 95% CI=1.12-2.72 for women). Additionally, women living with their partner and other(s) and those living alone were more likely to report poor mental health status (aOR=1.67; 95% CI=1.17-2.41 and aOR=1.58; 95% CI=1.26-1.97, respectively). Conclusions: Health inequalities persist among the elderly. Women have poorer health status than men and in both sexes the risk of poor health status increases among those with low educational attainment. Living arrangements are primarily associated with poor mental health status with patterns that differ by gender.

Gender inequality in health among elderly people in a combined framework of socioeconomic position, family characteristics and social support

This study analyses gender inequalities in health among elderly people in Catalonia (Spain) by adopting a conceptual framework that globally considers three dimensions of health determinants : socio-economic position, family characteristics and social support. Data came from the 2006 Catalonian Health Survey. For the purposes of this study a sub-sample of people aged 65–85 years with no paid job was selected (1,113 men and 1,484 women). The health outcomes analysed were self-perceived health status, poor mental health status and long-standing limiting illness. Multiple logistic regression models separated by sex were fitted and a hierarchical model was fitted in three steps. Health status among elderly women was poorer than among the men for the three outcomes analysed. Whereas living with disabled people was positively related to the three health outcomes and confidant social support was negatively associated with all of them in both sexes, there were gender differences in other social determinants of health. Our results emphasise the importance of using an integrated approach for the analysis of health inequalities among elderly people, simultaneously considering socio-economic position, family characteristics and social support, as well as different health indicators, in order fully to understand the social determinants of the health status of older men and women.

Evidence for classification of c.1852_1853AA>GC in MLH1 as a neutral variant for Lynch syndrome

Background: Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndrome characterized by early onset cancers of the colorectum, endometrium and other tumours. A significant proportion of DNA variants in LS patients are unclassified. Reports on the pathogenicity of the c.1852_1853AA>GC (p.Lys618Ala) variant of the MLH1 gene are conflicting. In this study, we provide new evidence indicating that this variant has no significant implications for LS.Methods: The following approach was used to assess the clinical significance of the p.Lys618Ala variant: frequency in a control population, case-control comparison, co-occurrence of the p.Lys618Ala variant with a pathogenic mutation, co-segregation with the disease and microsatellite instability in tumours from carriers of the variant. We genotyped p.Lys618Ala in 1034 individuals (373 sporadic colorectal cancer [CRC] patients, 250 index subjects from families suspected of having LS [revised Bethesda guidelines] and 411 controls). Three well-characterized LS families that fulfilled the Amsterdam II Criteria and consisted of members with the p.Lys618Ala variant were included to assess co-occurrence and co-segregation. A subset of colorectal tumour DNA samples from 17 patients carrying the p.Lys618Ala variant was screened for microsatellite instability using five mononucleotide markers.Results: Twenty-seven individuals were heterozygous for the p.Lys618Ala variant; nine had sporadic CRC (2.41%), seven were suspected of having hereditary CRC (2.8%) and 11 were controls (2.68%). There were no significant associations in the case-control and case-case studies. The p.Lys618Ala variant was co-existent with pathogenic mutations in two unrelated LS families. In one family, the allele distribution of the pathogenic and unclassified variant was in trans, in the other family the pathogenic variant was detected in the MSH6 gene and only the deleterious variant co-segregated with the disease in both families. Only two positive cases of microsatellite instability (2/17, 11.8%) were detected in tumours from p.Lys618Ala carriers, indicating that this variant does not play a role in functional inactivation of MLH1 in CRC patients.Conclusions: The p.Lys618Ala variant should be considered a neutral variant for LS. These findings have implications for the clinical management of CRC probands and their relatives.

Association of NTRK3 and its interaction with NGF suggest an altered cross-regulation of the neurotrophin signaling pathway in eating disorders

Eating disorders (EDs) are complex psychiatric diseases that include anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and have higher than 50% heritability. Previous studies have found association of BDNF and NTRK2 to ED, while animal models suggest that other neurotrophin genes might also be involved in eating behavior. We have performed a family-based association study with 151 TagSNPs covering 10 neurotrophin signaling genes: NGFB, BDNF, NTRK1, NGFR/p75, NTF4/5, NTRK2, NTF3, NTRK3, CNTF and CNTFR in 371 ED trios of Spanish, French and German origin. Besides several nominal associations, we found a strong significant association after correcting for multiple testing (P = 1.04 × 10−4) between ED and rs7180942, located in the NTRK3 gene, which followed an overdominant model of inheritance. Interestingly, HapMap unrelated individuals carrying the rs7180942 risk genotypes for ED showed higher levels of expression of NTRK3 in lymphoblastoid cell lines. Furthermore, higher expression of the orthologous murine Ntrk3 gene was also detected in the hypothalamus of the anx/anx mouse model of anorexia. Finally, variants in NGFB gene appear to modify the risk conferred by the NTRK3 rs7180942 risk genotypes (P = 4.0 × 10−5) showing a synergistic epistatic interaction. The reported data, in addition to the previous reported findings for BDNF and NTRK2, point neurotrophin signaling genes as key regulators of eating behavior and their altered cross-regulation as susceptibility factors for EDs.

A abordagem à família na Estratégia Saúde da Família: uma revisão integrativa da literatura

Atualmente, a ideia de que as condições de saúde-doença dos membros da família e a família como unidade influenciam-se mutuamente já é consolidada. Atuar em saúde tendo como objeto do cuidado a família é uma forma de reversão do modelo hegemônico voltado à doença, que fragmenta o indivíduo e separa-o de seu contexto e de seus valores socioculturais. A Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) foi implantada para reorganizar o Sistema Único de Saúde, e nela cada equipe é levada a conhecer a realidade das famílias pelas quais é responsável. Nesse sentido, elaborou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura com o objetivo de identificar o conceito de família e os fatores associados à abordagem familiar na ESF. Foram identificados aspectos que contribuem para a manutenção da abordagem fragmentada na ESF, assim como aspectos que podem contribuir para a superação em direção a um modelo de abordagem com foco na família.

Mobilização terapêutica como cuidado de enfermagem: evidência surgida da prática

Estudo observacional e descritivo que teve como objetivo identificar como os parâmetros relativos à mecânica pulmonar do paciente crítico, sob ventilação mecânica, se comportam, após o procedimento técnico de mudança de decúbito realizado pela equipe de enfermagem. A população acessível, inserida por amostragem não-probabilística, foram 9 pacientes críticos, sob ventilação mecânica, e seus respectivos parâmetros referentes à mecânica pulmonar. Foram observadas alterações positivas e negativas na mecânica pulmonar em todos os pacientes, em diferentes posições, possivelmente associada à mudança de decúbito. Conclui-se que a avaliação clínica é fundamental para a prescrição de enfermagem relativa à mudança de decúbito, pois a mecânica pulmonar pode se modificar de acordo com a posição do paciente no leito, trazendo, inclusive, resultados negativos.

Invertir en una casa sostenible: surt a compte?

Nosaltres mateixes som una prova de l’interès creixent que desperta l’ecologia en la societat d’avui en dia. Però també és important destacar que en aquesta ciència relativament jove hi ha molts tòpics i desconeixement. Per això vam pensar que a través d’aquest treball aconseguiríem combatre, al menys a nivell personal i d’entorn proper, aquesta desinformació.A més, pel nostre propi futur ens serà útil tot el que puguem aprendre en aquest anàlisi, ja que, com estem veient els darrers anys, la conscienciació ecològica és necessària per començar a frenar l’impacte mediambiental que té la nostra forma de vida i de treball actual.Un cop escollit el tema general, ens calia especificar. Vam pensar que construir-se una casa sostenible és el que marca la frontera entre viure d’acord amb el pensament ecològic i no contaminar o fer només petites aportacions a la preservació del medi ambient sense implicarse completament. Llavors ens vam adonar que un altre dels tòpics en el tema de l’ecologia ésrelacionar-la amb una gran despesa de diners. Vam lligar aquestes dues idees i vam arribar a la conclusió que l’estudi de la rendibilitat d’una casa sostenible seria molt interessant.L’objectiu del nostre treball és calcular la rendibilitat de la remodelació d’una casa convencional per convertir-la en sostenible. Sabem que la rendibilitat d’una casa sostenible no només depèn del factor econòmic, sinó també del moral. Però un anàlisi des d’aquesta perspectiva és molt difícil de comptabilitzar i, en tots els casos que hem vist, les persones que actualment es fan una casa sostenible és per conviccions morals. Tal com ens va dir l’Antoni Mestres, propietari d’una casa ecològica i sostenible: “Saber que et dutxes, rentes les mans i rentes la roba amb aigua calenta escalfada pel sol amb un cost gairebé zero, és tot un plaer”.A més, ens hem plantejat dues hipòtesis inicials: per una banda ser sostenible suposa un estalvi mensual en despeses i, per una altra, a llarg termini surt a compte la inversió inicial.

Morte digna da criança: percepção de enfermeiros de uma unidade de oncologia

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o significado e as intervenções de enfermeiros que atuam em oncologia pediátrica na promoção de morte digna da criança. Utilizaram-se como referencial teórico e metodológico o interacionismo simbólico e a pesquisa de narrativa. Os dados foram coletados junto a oito enfermeiros de uma unidade de oncologia pediátrica de um hospital público de São Paulo, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise dos dados permitiu a identificação de cinco categorias: sentir-se sem autonomia para a tomada de decisão; cuidar da família; oferecer conforto físico; valorizar o cuidado humanizado e aprender a lidar com a morte e o morrer. Este estudo contribui para ampliar a compreensão do processo de cuidar e permite avançar na postulação de um quadro teórico que contemple a integração de saberes e ações que constituem uma assistência integral, transcendendo o atendimento de necessidades apenas clínicas e biológicas.