Avaliação dos serviços de saúde do Município de Cáceres, MT (Brasil): contribuições à programação local

São analisadas informações sobre a oferta dos serviços de saúde do Município de Cáceres, MT (Brasil), que permitirá fomentar discussões com os órgãos gerenciadores do setor, tendo em vista a reformulação dos planos e programas de saúde. Com a utilização do instrumento da técnica CENDES/OPS, foram coletados dados referentes à estrutura nosológica da demanda atendida, distribuição e utilização dos recursos humanos e capacidade física dos serviços de saúde do Município, no período de 1981 a 1984. Verificou-se que o perfil da morbidade registrado manteve-se constante, com predomínio das Demais Doenas Infecciosas e Parasitárias e Doenças Agudas do Aparelho Respiratório. Constatou-se melhora quantitativa quanto à capacidade física e recursos humanos para o setor saúde, especialmente na rede pública. Acredita-se que estas não foram acompanhadas por alterações significativas na qualidade dos serviços oferecidos.

As organizações sem fins lucrativos e a estratégia de uma organização patronal sem fins lucrativos na economia local. Um estudo de caso: ACISCP (Associação Comercial, Industrial e de Serviços do Concelho de Peniche)

Mestrado em Contabilidade

Nutritional status of children of urban low-income communities, Brazil (1986)

During the second half of 1986 the health and nutritional status of 254 children aged up to six years was studied, as well as the socio-economic situation of their parents in two favelas (shantytowns) in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The nutritional status of the children was characterized by stunting (Z-score: 20.1% < -2) but not by wasting (Z-score: 3.7% < -2). Consideration was also given to how far stunting was caused by high morbidity such as acute respiratory infections (point prevalence: 38.5%), diarrheal diseases (point prevalence: 11.5%) and parasitosis (point prevalence: 70.3%). Furthermore, anemia (point prevalence: 29.7%) appeared as another health problem. The most important determinant of anthropometric indices turned out to be the mother's schooling. From the present data it can be hypothesized that the nutritional status of the children was limited less by the lack of food than by their poor health status.

The impact of improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities on diarrhea and intestinal parasites: a Brazilian experience with children in two low-income urban communities

During the second half of 1986 the impact of the improvement of water supply and excreta disposal facilities on diarrheal diseases and intestinal parasitosis was studied in 254 children up to six years of age from two favelas (shanty towns) of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The estimated incidence of diarrhea was 6.2 episodes/child year and the estimated period prevalence reached 31.0 episode days/ child/ year. The point prevalence of parasitosis was 70.7% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 55.4%, Trichuris trichiura: 19.6%, Giardia lamblia: 17.9%). The estimated prevalence of diarrhea decreased with improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities to 45% and 44% respectively, but no statistically significant impact was observed in the case of parasitosis. School education and weaning practice were found to be other important determinants of diarrhea.

Influência da migração na prevalência de marcadores sorológicos de hepatite B em comunidade rural: 1- Análise da prevalência segundo local de nascimento

Como parte de uma investigação epidemiológica de campo sobre hepatite B num município de características rurais do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foi estudada a distribuição de marcadores sorológicos dessa doença segundo à área de residência e o local de nascimento dos indivíduos. Para o município estudado como um todo, a prevalência encontrada para um ou mais dos marcadores sorológicos de hepatite B foi de 7,7%, com os habitantes rurais apresentando risco mais elevado que os urbanos (9,8% e 4,9%, respectivamente). A análise da positividade, de acordo com o local de nascimento, mostrou valores mais altos entre os migrantes provenientes de outros Estados do País (15,8%), seguidos dos oriundos de outros municípios de São Paulo (9,2%): entre os nascidos no município estudado e, particularmente em Ribeirão Preto, centro urbano de localização próxima ao mesmo, observaram-se as menores prevalências (5,2% e 2,5%, respectivamente). Discute-se a importância de se analisar em estudos epidemiológicos, a procedência dos indivíduos, variável capaz de influir na história natural da hepatite B numa comunidade, e, eventualmente, explicar diferenças nas distribuições de marcadores dessa infecção em populações aparentemente semelhantes.

Evaluation of exposure parameters in plain radiography: a comparative study with european guidelines

Typical distribution of exposure parameters in plain radiography is unknown in Portugal. This study aims to identify exposure parameters that are being used in plain radiography in the Lisbon area and to compare the collected data with European references [Commission of European Communities (CEC) guidelines]. The results show that in four examinations (skull, chest, lumbar spine and pelvis), there is a strong tendency of using exposure times above the European recommendation. The X-ray tube potential values (in kV) are below the recommended values from CEC guidelines. This study shows that at a local level (Lisbon region), radiographic practice does not comply with CEC guidelines concerning exposure techniques. Further national/local studies are recommended with the objective to improve exposure optimisation and technical procedures in plain radiography. This study also suggests the need to establish national/local diagnostic reference levels and to proceed to effective measurements for exposure optimisation.

Mortalidade infantil "evitável" em duas cidades do Nordeste do Brasil: indicador de qualidade do sistema local de saúde

Objetiva-se conhecer a magnitude e a estrutura de causalidade da mortalidade infantil considerando-a um "evento sentinela" da qualidade da assistência à saúde em dois municípios do Nordeste, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo de base populacional, do tipo "experimentação invocada", que compara a mortalidade infantil observada com aquela esperada, dado um programa de atenção à saúde materno-infantil operando a contento, permitindo calcular um "índice de mortes evitáveis" (PDI). Realizaram-se uma busca ativa e uma investigação epidemiológica dos óbitos, visando a eliminar o sub-registro desses eventos. As taxas de mortalidade infantil, embora relativamente baixas 39 e 44 por 1.000 nascidos vivos, respectivamente correspondem a um PDI de 40%, o que significa uma estrutura de causalidade compatível com taxas de mortalidade de 100 por 1.000 nascidos vivos. Esses achados sugerem uma distribuição desigual dos óbitos, confirmada por uma análise comparativa entre a população de baixa renda e outras categorias de renda (com razões de risco de 8 e 17,6 para a mortalidade infantil total e para a mortalidade infantil por doenças infecciosas, respectivamente). O PDI mostrou-se válido enquanto um índice de evitabilidade dos óbitos infantis, com a vantagem de poder ser utilizado de forma simples e fácil por gerentes de sistemas de saúde preocupados com a qualidade dos programas voltados para mães e filhos.

A qualidade de vida do indivíduo com perda auditiva segundo o tipo de local de residência

A necessidade de promoção e manutenção da Qualidade de Vida enfatiza a importância de: Programas de Prevenção de Perda Auditiva e de Sensibilização e Manutenção da Saúde Auditiva; Programas de Terapêutica por Adaptação Protética. Objectivos gerais: avaliar o estado de saúde da população com perda auditiva e averiguar as principais repercussões da perda auditiva na Qualidade de Vida. Finalidades do estudo: demonstrar a necessidade e utilidade de programas de sensibilização para a protecção e conservação do sentido auditivo.

Demographic profile and health conditions of the elderly in a community in an urban area of Southeastern Brazil

Some specific characteristics of the aging of the Brazilian population in different areas, states and communities all over the country, have shown significant variations. Historical series of demographic and health indicators for the population in their sixties and over in Brazil, state of S. Paulo and in the municipal district of Araraquara are listed as follows: level of education and urban population growth rate, income distribution, mortality rates and main causes of death. In 1991 the aged constituled were 7,8% of the Brazilian population and 9,7% in Araraquara community. The elderly population (of 70 years of aged and above) as a proportion of the whole, has increased and already stands for 40%. The same trend holds good for both the proportion of aged within the urban population and their level of education wich increased to 90% in 1991. The main causes of death are chronic degenerative diseases which have replaced the infectious illness: firts, the diseases of the circulatory sistem (which account for more than 40% of all deaths) and the neoplasms (which let to 15% of the deaths). On the basis of these health and demographic data relating to people of 60 years of age and over, this study suggests some procedures for the improvement of the quality of the assistance given to the target population: a) the assistance give to the aged should be improved by providing gerontological training for general physicians and nurses, both of public and private clinics; b) the already exixting educational activities for the aged, for health workers and for teachers of secundary education should be further developed; c) the number of day-hospitals should be increased for the purpose of avoiding unnecessary confinement so as maintain the low rate of institutionalization in homes for the elderly (0,7% in Araraquara). It is reported that at least 35% of the aged population in this area is entitled to private health assistance, wich brings out the importance of including such services in the local health programs for this group.

Evaluating Tsunami Impact on the Gulf of Cadiz Coast (Northeast Atlantic).

The Gulf of Cadiz coasts are exposed to tsunamis. Emergency planning tools are now taking into account this fact, especially because a series of historical occurrences were strikingly significant, having left strong evidence behind, in the mareographic records, the geological evidence or simply the memory of the populations. The study area is a strip along the Algarve coast, south Portugal, an area known to have been heavily impacted by the 1 November 1755 event. In this study we use two different tsunami scenarios generated by the rupture of two thrust faults identified in the area, corresponding to 8.1-8.3 magnitude earthquakes. Tsunami propagation and inundation computation is performed using a non-linear shallow water code with bottom friction. Numerical modeling results are presented in terms of flow depth and current velocity with maximum values of 7 m and 8 m/s for inundation depth and flow speed, respectively. These results constitute a valuable tool for local authorities, emergency and decision planners to define the priority zones where tsunami mitigation measures must be implemented and to develop tsunami-resilient communities.

Assessing the effects of global warming and local social and economic conditions on the malaria transmission

OBJECTIVE: To show how a mathematical model can be used to describe and to understand the malaria transmission. METHODS: The effects on malaria transmission due to the impact of the global temperature changes and prevailing social and economic conditions in a community were assessed based on a previously presented compartmental model, which describes the overall transmission of malaria. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: The assessments were made from the scenarios produced by the model both in steady state and dynamic analyses. Depending on the risk level of malaria, the effects on malaria transmission can be predicted by the temperature ambient or local social and-economic conditions.

Prevalência de lesões músculo-esqueléticas ligadas ao trabalho (LMELT) em higienistas orais: contributo para a saúde e segurança no local de trabalho

Mestrado em Intervenção Sócio-Organizacional na Saúde - Área de especialização: Qualidade e Tecnologias da Saúde.

Innovation through virtual communities of Practice: motivation and constraints in the knowledge-creation process

Communities of Practice are places which provide a sound basis for organizational learning, enabling knowledge creation and acquisition thus improving organizational performance, leveraging innovation and consequently increasing competitively. Virtual Communities of Practice (VCoP‟s) can perform a central role in promoting communication and collaboration between members who are dispersed in both time and space. The ongoing case study, described here, aims to identify both the motivations and the constraints that members of an organization experience when taking part in the knowledge creating processes of the VCoP‟s to which they belong. Based on a literature review, we have identified several factors that influence such processes; they will be used to analyse the results of interviews carried out with the leaders of VCoP‟s in four multinationals. As future work, a questionnaire will be developed and administered to the other members of these VCoP‟s

Virtual communities of practice: investigating motivations and constraints in the processes of knowledge creation and transfer

With accelerated market volatility, faster response times and increased globalization, business environments are going through a major transformation and firms have intensified their search for strategies which can give them competitive advantage. This requires that companies continuously innovate, to think of new ideas that can be transformed or implemented as products, processes or services, generating value for the firm. Innovative solutions and processes are usually developed by a group of people, working together. A grouping of people that share and create new knowledge can be considered as a Community of Practice (CoP). CoP’s are places which provide a sound basis for organizational learning and encourage knowledge creation and acquisition. Virtual Communities of Practice (VCoP's) can perform a central role in promoting communication and collaboration between members who are dispersed in both time and space. Nevertheless, it is known that not all CoP's and VCoP's share the same levels of performance or produce the same results. This means that there are factors that enable or constrain the process of knowledge creation. With this in mind, we developed a case study in order to identify both the motivations and the constraints that members of an organization experience when taking part in the knowledge creating processes of VCoP's. Results show that organizational culture and professional and personal development play an important role in these processes. No interviewee referred to direct financial rewards as a motivation factor for participation in VCoPs. Most identified the difficulty in aligning objectives established by the management with justification for the time spent in the VCoP. The interviewees also said that technology is not a constraint.

Virtual communities of practice: examining the motivations and constraints in their knowledge creation and knowledge transfer preocesses

Paper accepted for the OKLC 2009 - International Conference on Organizational Learning, Knowledge and Capabilities (26-28th, April 2009, Amsterdam, the Netherlands).