Tetrasomy 8 in a patient with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a metaphase and interphase study with fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Tetrasomy 8 constitutes a relatively rare recurring chromosome defect in myeloid disorders. The patient reported here, a 71-year-old man, presented with tetrasomy 8 as the sole chromosome abnormality associated with an acute nonlymphocytic leukemia of the M2 type. He failed to respond to chemotherapy and died one year after diagnosis. Following conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a centromeric probe specific for chromosome 8, tetrasomy 8 was detected in 61% of the metaphases analyzed and trisomy 8 in 39%. FISH analysis of interphase nuclei confirmed the existence of tetrasomic (35%) and trisomic cells (56%) and revealed a number of cells with two chromosomes 8 (8%). This normal population may represent lymphocytes or myeloid cells that escaped conventional analysis due to their inability to divide or to the small number of metaphases available. The relatively higher proportion of tetrasomic cells in metaphase compared with interphase may be attributed to a proliferative advantage of tetrasomic cells in vitro or to the longer duration of their cell cycle. The simultaneous presence of trisomic and tetrasomic cells confirms the hypothesis of a clonal relationship between trisomy 8 and tetrasomy 8. Our case brings further evidence to the specificity of tetrasomy 8 to myeloid disorders and to the association of this chromosome abnormality with a relatively poor prognosis. However, new patients must be studied to further delineate this cytogenetic entity.

Le Hood [HMS Hood de la Royal Navy] le plus gros navire du monde, 41200 tonnes, 144000 cv, 8 canons de 15 pouces : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57767

8-12-19, retour de Carpentier à Paris : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57184

8-2-20, rugby, Parc des Princes, [équipe du] Boucau [stade] contre [équipe du] Stade français : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57925

8-2-20, rugby, Parc des Princes, [équipe du] Boucau [stade] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57922

S.C.U.F. contre [C.A. Société] Générale, 8-2-20, Parc des Princes, rugby : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57921

S.C.U.F., [C.A. Société] Générale, 8-2-20, rugby, Parc des Princes : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57920

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

[8-2-20, stade Elysabeth], Bracquemont [footballeuse de l'équipe d'] (En avant), Guéry [de l'équipe d'] (Académia) : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57903

8-2-20, rugby, Parc des Princes, [équipe du] Stade français : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57923

8-2-20, rugby Parc des Princes, [équipe] C.A. Société Générale : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57915

8-12-19 Dodat, député de l'Allier [présent à la première séance de la nouvelle chambre] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57181

Neurochemical profile of the mouse hypothalamus using in vivo 1H MRS at 14.1T.

The hypothalamus plays an essential role in the central nervous system of mammals by among others regulating glucose homeostasis, food intake, temperature, and to some extent blood pressure. Assessments of hypothalamic metabolism using, e.g. (1)H MRS in mouse models can provide important insights into its function. To date, direct in vivo (1)H MRS measurements of hypothalamus have not been reported. Here, we report that in vivo single voxel measurements of mouse hypothalamus are feasible using (1)H MRS at 14.1T. Localized (1)H MR spectra from hypothalamus were obtained unilaterally (2-2.2 microL, VOI) and bilaterally (4-4.4 microL) with a quality comparable to that of hippocampus (3-3.5 microL). Using LCModel, a neurochemical profile consisting of 21 metabolites was quantified for both hypothalamus and hippocampus with most of the Cramér-Rao lower bounds within 20%. Relative to the hippocampus, the hypothalamus was characterized by high gamma-aminobutryric acid and myo-inositol, and low taurine concentrations. When studying transgenic mice with no glucose transporter isoform 8 expressed, small metabolic changes were observed, yet glucose homeostasis was well maintained. We conclude that a specific neurochemical profile of mouse hypothalamus can be measured by (1)H MRS which will allow identifying and following metabolic alterations longitudinally in the hypothalamus of genetic modified models.

Lottery Action, March 8-21, 2004, Vol. 11, no. 5

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