Oxygen isotope ratios of PO4: An inorganic indicator of enzymatic activity and P metabolism and a new biomarker in the search for life

The distinctive relations between biological activity and isotopic effect recorded in biomarkers (e.g., carbon and sulfur isotope ratios) have allowed scientists to suggest that life originated on this planet nearly 3.8 billion years ago. The existence of life on other planets may be similarly identified by geochemical biomarkers, including the oxygen isotope ratio of phosphate (δ18Op) presented here. At low near-surface temperatures, the exchange of oxygen isotopes between phosphate and water requires enzymatic catalysis. Because enzymes are indicative of cellular activity, the demonstration of enzyme-catalyzed PO4–H2O exchange is indicative of the presence of life. Results of laboratory experiments are presented that clearly show that δ18OP values of inorganic phosphate can be used to detect enzymatic activity and microbial metabolism of phosphate. Applications of δ18Op as a biomarker are presented for two Earth environments relevant to the search for extraterrestrial life: a shallow groundwater reservoir and a marine hydrothermal vent system. With the development of in situ analytical techniques and future planned sample return strategies, δ18Op may provide an important biosignature of the presence of life in extraterrestrial systems such as that on Mars.

Paper-like electronic displays: Large-area rubber-stamped plastic sheets of electronics and microencapsulated electrophoretic inks

Electronic systems that use rugged lightweight plastics potentially offer attractive characteristics (low-cost processing, mechanical flexibility, large area coverage, etc.) that are not easily achieved with established silicon technologies. This paper summarizes work that demonstrates many of these characteristics in a realistic system: organic active matrix backplane circuits (256 transistors) for large (≈5 × 5-inch) mechanically flexible sheets of electronic paper, an emerging type of display. The success of this effort relies on new or improved processing techniques and materials for plastic electronics, including methods for (i) rubber stamping (microcontact printing) high-resolution (≈1 μm) circuits with low levels of defects and good registration over large areas, (ii) achieving low leakage with thin dielectrics deposited onto surfaces with relief, (iii) constructing high-performance organic transistors with bottom contact geometries, (iv) encapsulating these transistors, (v) depositing, in a repeatable way, organic semiconductors with uniform electrical characteristics over large areas, and (vi) low-temperature (≈100°C) annealing to increase the on/off ratios of the transistors and to improve the uniformity of their characteristics. The sophistication and flexibility of the patterning procedures, high level of integration on plastic substrates, large area coverage, and good performance of the transistors are all important features of this work. We successfully integrate these circuits with microencapsulated electrophoretic “inks” to form sheets of electronic paper.

Padronização e validação de marcadores moleculares para o diagnóstico da Leishmaniose Tegumentar

O diagnóstico da leishmaniose tegumentar (LT) baseia-se em critérios clínicos e epidemiológicos podendo ser confirmado por exames laboratoriais de rotina como a pesquisa direta do parasito por microscopia e a intradermorreação de Montenegro. Atualmente, os métodos moleculares, principalmente a reação da cadeia da polimerase (PCR), têm sido considerados para aplicação em amostras clínicas, devido a sua alta sensibilidade e especificidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a padronização e validação das técnicas de PCR-RFLP com diferentes iniciadores (kDNA, its1, hsp70 e prp1), visando o diagnóstico e a identificação das espécies de Leishmania presentes em amostras de DNA provenientes de lesões de pele ou mucosa de 140 pacientes com suspeita de leishmaniose tegumentar. Para tal, realizamos ensaios de: 1) sensibilidade das PCRs com os diferentes iniciadores, 2) especificidade dos ensaios utilizando DNAs de diferentes espécies de referência de Leishmania, de tripanossomatídeos inferiores e de fungos, 3) validação das técnicas de PCR-RFLP com os iniciadores estudados em amostras de DNA de lesões de pele ou mucosas de pacientes com LT. Os resultados dos ensaios de limiar de detecção das PCR (sensibilidade) mostraram que os quatro iniciadores do estudo foram capazes de detectar o DNA do parasito, porém em quantidades distintas: até 500 fg com os iniciadores para kDNA e its1, até 400 fg com hsp70 e até 5 ng com prp1. Quanto à especificidade dos iniciadores, não houve amplificação dos DNAs fúngicos. Por outro lado, nos ensaios com os iniciadores para kDNA e hsp70, verificamos amplificação do fragmento esperado em amostras de DNA de tripanossomatídeos. Nos ensaios com its1 e prp1, o padrão de amplificação com os DNAs de tripanossomatídeos foi diferente do apresentado pelas espécies de Leishmania. Verificou-se nos ensaios de validação que o PCR-kDNA detectou o parasito em todas as 140 amostras de DNA de pacientes e, assim, foi utilizado como critério de inclusão das amostras. A PCR-its1 apresentou menor sensibilidade, mesmo após a reamplificação com o mesmo iniciador (85,7% ou 120/140 amostras). Para os ensaios da PCR-hsp70, as amostras de DNA foram amplificadas com Repli G, para obter uma sensibilidade de 68,4% (89/140 amostras). A PCR-prp1 não detectou o parasito em amostras de DNA dos pacientes. Quanto aos ensaios para a identificação da espécie presente na lesão, a PCR-kDNA-RFLP-HaeIII e a PCR-its1- RFLP-HaeIII permitem a distinção de L. (L.) amazonensis das outras espécies pertencentes ao subgênero Viannia. A PCR-hsp70-RFLP-HaeIII-BstUI, apesar de potencialmente ser capaz de identificar as seis espécies de Leishmania analisadas, quando utilizada na avaliação das amostras humanas permitiu apenas a identificação de L. (V.) braziliensis. No entanto, é uma técnica com várias etapas e de difícil execução, o que pode inviabilizar o seu uso rotineiro em centros de referência em diagnósticos. Assim, recomendamos o uso dessa metodologia apenas em locais onde várias espécies de Leishmania sejam endêmicas. Finalmente, os resultados indicam que o kDNA-PCR devido à alta sensibilidade apresentada e facilidade de execução pode ser empregada como exame de rotina nos centros de referência, permitindo a confirmação ou exclusão da LT.

Advanced techniques for the human eye study: ocular aberrometry

Lectures about the course module "Advanced techniques for the human eye study: ocular aberrometry".

Evidence of Intracrystalline Mesostructured Porosity in Zeolites by Advanced Gas Sorption, Electron Tomography and Rotation Electron Diffraction

The small size of micropores (typically <1 nm) in zeolites causes slow diffusion of reactant and product molecules in and out of the pores and negatively impacts the product selectivity of zeolite based catalysts, for example, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts. Size-tailored mesoporosity was introduced into commercial zeolite Y crystals by a simple surfactant-templating post-synthetic mesostructuring process. The resulting mesoporous zeolite Y showed significantly improved product selectivity in both laboratory testing and refinery trials. Advanced characterization techniques such as electron tomography, three-dimensional rotation electron diffraction, and high resolution gas adsorption coupled with hysteresis scanning and density functional theory, unambiguously revealed the intracystalline nature and connectivity of the introduced mesopores. They can be considered as molecular highways that help reactant and product molecules diffuse quickly to and away from the catalytically active sites within the zeolite crystals and, thus, shift the selectivity to favor the production of more of the valuable liquid fuels at reduced yields of coke and unconverted feed.

A study of matrix analysis methods for inelastic structures. Project no. 1467, Task no. 146701, prepared under Contract no. AF 33 (657)-8717 by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Aeroelastic and Structures Research Laboratory.

Cover title.

Final report on development and fabrication of high strength simulated rocket motor cases by cryogenic stretch forming process. Technical documentary report nr. AFML-TR-64-410.

"MM Project nr. 8-101."

Feasibility study of large diameter antifriction bearings for radar antenna applications. Prepared for Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Mass.,

"Contract #AF 19 (604)-5200 Sub-contract no. 207."

Dispersion simulation techniques for assessing the air pollution impacts of ground transportation systems /

"ANL/ES-29."

Single-subject research designs and data analyses for assessing elite athletes' conditioning

Research in conditioning (all the processes of preparation for competition) has used group research designs, where multiple athletes are observed at one or more points in time. However, empirical reports of large inter-individual differences in response to conditioning regimens suggest that applied conditioning research would greatly benefit from single-subject research designs. Single-subject research designs allow us to find out the extent to which a specific conditioning regimen works for a specific athlete, as opposed to the average athlete, who is the focal point of group research designs. The aim of the following review is to outline the strategies and procedures of single-subject research as they pertain to.. the assessment of conditioning for individual athletes. The four main experimental designs in single-subject research are: the AB design, reversal (withdrawal) designs and their extensions, multiple baseline designs and alternating treatment designs. Visual and statistical analyses commonly used to analyse single-subject data, and advantages and limitations are discussed. Modelling of multivariate single-subject data using techniques such as dynamic factor analysis and structural equation modelling may identify individualised models of conditioning leading to better prediction of performance. Despite problems associated with data analyses in single-subject research (e.g. serial dependency), sports scientists should use single-subject research designs in applied conditioning research to understand how well an intervention (e.g. a training method) works and to predict performance for a particular athlete.

A prospective multicentre study of pharmacist initiated changes to drug therapy and patient management in acute care government funded hospitals

Aims To determine the cost savings of pharmacist initiated changes to hospitalized patients' drug therapy or management in eight major acute care government funded teaching hospitals in Australia. Methods This was a prospective study performed in eight hospitals examining resource implications of pharmacists' interventions assessed by an independent clinical panel. Pharmacists providing clinical services to inpatients recorded details of interventions, defined as any action that directly resulted in a change to patient management or therapy. An independent clinical review panel, convened at each participating centre, confirmed or rejected the clinical pharmacist's assessment of the impact on length of stay (LOS), readmission probability, medical procedures and laboratory monitoring and quantified the resultant changes, which were then costed. Results A total of 1399 interventions were documented. Eight hundred and thirty-five interventions impacted on drug costs alone. Five hundred and eleven interventions were evaluated by the independent panels with three quarters of these confirmed as having an impact on one or more of: length of stay, readmission probability, medical procedures or laboratory monitoring. There were 96 interventions deemed by the independent panels to have reduced LOS and 156 reduced the potential for readmission. The calculated savings was $263 221 for the eight hospitals during the period of the study. This included $150 307 for length of stay reduction, $111 848 for readmission reduction. Conclusions The annualized cost savings relating to length of stay, readmission, drugs, medical procedures and laboratory monitoring as a result of clinical pharmacist initiated changes to hospitalized patient management or therapy was $4 444 794 for eight major acute care government funded teaching hospitals in Australia.

Identifying and discriminating among lucerne cultivars using plant morphological characters

The use of morphological data obtained from field (plot test) and glasshouse trials to identify and discriminate among four Iranian and two New Zealand lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars was investigated, following guidelines established by the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) for cultivar registration and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for seed certification. Data were collected for terminal leaflet length, width and ratio, angle of stem growth, date of first flowering, stem height at first flowering, flower colour, cutting recovery height, and disease scores. None of these characters were sufficient to identify or discriminate among the six cultivars. The results indicate a need to find cost-effective and efficient laboratory techniques to enhance the assessment of distinctness of lucerne cultivars (UPOV) and for determining cultivar purity for lucerne seed certification (OECD).

Evaluation of the indirect measures of rock brittleness and fracture toughness in rock cutting

Performance prediction models for partial face mechanical excavators, when developed in laboratory conditions, depend on relating the results of a set of rock property tests and indices to specific cutting energy (SE) for various rock types. There exist some studies in the literature aiming to correlate the geotechnical properties of intact rocks with the SE, especially for massive and widely jointed rock environments. However, those including direct and/or indirect measures of rock fracture parameters such as rock brittleness and fracture toughness, along with the other rock parameters expressing different aspects of rock behavior under drag tools (picks), are rather limited. With this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationships between the indirect measures of rock brittleness and fracture toughness and the SE depending on the results of a new and two previous linear rock cutting programmes. Relationships between the SE, rock strength parameters, and the rock index tests have also been investigated in this study. Sandstone samples taken from the different fields around Ankara, Turkey were used in the new testing programme. Detailed mineralogical analyses, petrographic studies, and rock mechanics and rock cutting tests were performed on these selected sandstone specimens. The assessment of rock cuttability was based on the SE. Three different brittleness indices (B1, B2, and B4) were calculated for sandstones samples, whereas a toughness index (T-i), being developed by Atkinson et al.(1), was employed to represent the indirect rock fracture toughness. The relationships between the SE and the large amounts of new data obtained from the mineralogical analyses, petrographic studies, rock mechanics, and linear rock cutting tests were evaluated by using bivariate correlation and curve fitting techniques, variance analysis, and Student's t-test. Rock cutting and rock property testing data that came from well-known studies of McFeat-Smith and Fowell(2) and Roxborough and Philips(3) have also been employed in statistical analyses together with the new data. Laboratory tests and subsequent analyses revealed that there were close correlations between the SE and B4 whereas no statistically significant correlation has been found between the SE and T-i. Uniaxial compressive and Brazilian tensile strengths and Shore scleroscope hardness of sandstones also exhibited strong relationships with the SE. NCB cone indenter test had the greatest influence on the SE among the other engineering properties of rocks, confirming the previous studies in rock cutting and mechanical excavation. Therefore, it was recommended to employ easy-to-use index tests of NCB cone indenter and Shore scleroscope in the estimation of laboratory SE of sandstones ranging from very low to high strengths in the absence of a rock cutting rig to measure it until the easy-to-use universal measures of the rock brittleness and especially the rock fracture toughness, being an intrinsic rock property, are developed.