The re-urbanization of the city center of Manaus , Brazil - Facing the challenges of informal settlements

Illegal occupation of urban land in Brazil is a widespread phenomenon. Slum dwellers are excluded from the attributes of urban citizenship although they provide the labor force required by low productivity urban services needed by cities. Illegal settlements generate multiple problems for the rest of the city . Its solution is of key relevance to the city in general but also provide an opportunity for the social and economic advancement of slum dwellers. The programs required to attain these results are complex and difficult to implement underscoring the challenges countries will face to attain the Millennium Development Goals of reducing the population living in slums.

Las rutas del tráfico ilegal de migrantes hacia Estados Unidos de América. Labor de la marina ecuatoriana: Análisis de la normativa aplicable en los países de tránsito [México y Guatemala] (Artículos Varios)

Se presenta una visión global del tráfico ilegal de migrantes ecuatorianos que tienen como destino los Estados Unidos de América. Se incluyen los puntos de salida y las rutas que utilizan los coyotes para transportar a los migrantes desde las costas ecuatorianas hacia diferentes puertos en Centroamérica, principalmente a Guatemala, para continuar por tierra hacia México, por lo que se expone la normativa guatemalteca en la materia y se analiza la legislación mexicana aplicable a migrantes irregulares, considerando que el Ecuador es el primer país, luego de los centroamericanos, con mayor número de deportados desde México. En este contexto se estudia las funciones de control, así como las labores de prevención de la marina ecuatoriana en aguas jurisdiccionales. Finalmente se proporcionan estadísticas relativas a embarcaciones capturadas por la marina, y migrantes ecuatorianos deportados desde México y Guatemala.

Productivity, labour cost and export adjustment: Detailed results for 24 EU countries. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/11, 12 July 2012

As a background document for Bruegel Policy Contribution 2012/11 ‘Compositional effects on productivity, labour cost and export adjustment’, this working paper presents detailed results for 24 EU countries on: • The sectoral changes in the economy; • The unit labour costs (ULC) based real effective exchange rate (REER) and its main components; • Export performance. • The ULC-REERs are calculated: • For the total economy, the business sector (excluding agriculture, construction and real estate activities), and some main sectors; • Using both actual aggregates and fixed-weight aggregates, as the latter are free from the impacts of compositional changes; • Against 30 trading partners and against three subsets of trading partners: euro-area, non-euro area EU, non-EU.