Influência do manejo do solo e da rotação de culturas na qualidade industrial do trigo

A qualidade industrial do trigo é afetada por fatores genéticos e ambientais, como solo, clima, tratos culturais, e outros. O presente trabalho teve como finalidade avaliar o efeito de sistemas de manejo de solo e de rotação de culturas sobre características que definem a qualidade industrial de trigo (peso do hectolitro, peso de mil grãos, extração experimental de farinha, alveografia, teste de microssedimentação com lauril sulfato de sódio e número de queda). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. A parcela principal foi constituída pelos sistemas de manejo de solo (plantio direto, preparos convencionais de solo com arado de discos e de aivecas, e cultivo mínimo), e a subparcela, pelos sistemas de rotação de culturas (monocultura, um inverno e dois invernos sem trigo). O preparo convencional de solo com arado de discos e o cultivo mínimo reduziu o número de queda; o sistema de rotação com dois invernos sem trigo elevou o peso do hectolitro; a monocultura desse cereal reduziu o peso do hectolitro, elevou a força geral de glúten e a microssedimentação com lauril sulfato de sódio; a interação sistemas de manejo de solo, rotação de culturas e ano de cultivo afetou o peso de mil grãos e, o ano de cultivo teve grande influência em todas as características de qualidade industrial de trigo estudadas.

Audit report on America’s Agricultural Industrial Heritage Landscape, Inc., d/b/a Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area and Silos and Smokestacks Natural Heritage Area Foundation in Waterloo, Iowa for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012

Audit report on America’s Agricultural Industrial Heritage Landscape, Inc., d/b/a Silos and Smokestacks National Heritage Area and Silos and Smokestacks Natural Heritage Area Foundation in Waterloo, Iowa for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012

Evaluation of Changes in Productivity Resulting from Removal of Soil for Highway Construction, HR-186, 1981

Borrow areas are created where soil is removed to provide needed fill material for highway and other construction projects. Where these areas are located beyond the highway right-of-way, they must be restored and returned to useful purposes. In Iowa, borrow areas are often developed on agricultural lands and therefore, it is necessary to return them to agricultural uses whenever possible. This research project was established to evaluate the changes in row crop productivity where borrow is removed for highway construction. Secondly, several reclamation techniques were selected to be applied to borrow area research sites and the response of crops to each treatment will be evaluated. All borrow area research sites were selected in 1977 from Iowa Department of Transportation construction plans. The Audubon and Buchanan County sites were completed in the fall of 1977 and May 1978, respectively. Both were used for research in 1978, 1979, and 1980. The two remaining sites in Hamilton and Lee Counties were completed in the fall of 1978 and research was conducted at these sites in 1979, 1980, and 1981. In this report, the 1981 results from the Hamilton and Lee County borrow sites will be presented. Secondly, a summary of the three years of research from each borrow area will be presented along with specific and general conclusions from the research project.

The Impact of Cooperation on R&D, Innovation andProductivity: an Analysis of Spanish Manufacturing and Services Firms

This paper investigates relationships between cooperation, R&D, innovation and productivity in Spanish firms. It uses a large sample of firm-level micro-data and applies an extended structural model that aims to explain the effects of cooperation on R&D investment, of R&D investment on output innovation, and of innovation on firms’ productivity levels. It also analyses the determinants of R&D cooperation. Firms’ technology level is taken into account in order to analyse the differences between high-tech and low-tech firms, both in the industrial and service sectors. The database used was the Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) for the period 2004-2010. Empirical results show that firms which cooperate in innovative activities are more likely to invest in R&D in subsequent years. As expected, R&D investment has a positive impact on the probability of generating an innovation, in terms of both product and process, for manufacturing firms. Finally, innovation output has a positive impact on firms’ productivity, being greater in process innovations.

Effects of three harvesting work methods on Harwarder productivity in final felling

Abstract

Financial reforms and capital flows: Insights from general equilibrium

As a result of debt enforcement problems, many high-productivity firms in emergingeconomies are unable to pledge enough future profits to their creditors and this constrains thefinancing they can raise. Many have argued that, by relaxing these credit constraints, reformsthat strengthen enforcement institutions would increase capital flows to emerging economies. Thisargument is based on a partial equilibrium intuition though, which does not take into account theorigin of any additional resources that flow to high-productivity firms after the reforms. We showthat some of these resources do not come from abroad, but instead from domestic low-productivityfirms that are driven out of business as a result of the reforms. Indeed, the resources released bythese low-productivity firms could exceed those absorbed by high-productivity ones so that capitalflows to emerging economies might actually decrease following successful reforms. This resultprovides a new perspective on some recent patterns of capital flows in industrial and emergingeconomies.

Cultivar response to fungicide application in relation to rice blast control, productivity and sustainability

Four field trials were conducted, from 1995 to 1997, with the objective of studying the response of four upland cultivars to foliar fungicide application in relation to panicle blast control, grain yield and sustainability. Differential disease control and yield response of cultivars to fungicide treatment were obtained. Losses in grain yield of cultivars IAC 202, Caiapó, Rio Paranaíba and Araguaia due to panicle blast were 44.8%, 27.4%, 24.4% and 18.2%, respectively. Two applications of tricyclazole or benomyl controlled panicle blast, as indicated by lower values of disease progress curve and relative panicle blast severity, and increased grain yield of the cultivar IAC 202. The losses in 100 panicle grain weight and grain yield were significantly reduced by 22.3% and 25.1% in IAC 202 and 23.6% and 20.5% in Caiapó, respectively, with two sprays of tricyclazole. Sustainable value index for yield was maximum with two applications of tricyclazole (0.59), followed by one application at booting (0.46) and at heading (0.40) in cultivar IAC 202. Results showed no yield response of the cultivars Rio Paranaíba and Araguaia to fungicide applications for panicle blast control.

Anàlisi d’un incendi en una nau industrial a Gavà. Conclusions per a l’aplicació del (RSCIEI) en naus de tipus A en horitzontal

1. SINISTRE D’UNA NAU INDÚSTRIAL A GAVÀ 2. ANÀLISI DE SINISTRES DE PÒRTICS ENTRE MITGERES 3. CONTROL DE LA FALLADA DE LES ESTRUCTURES AMB MESURES PASSIVES 3.1 Definició del model simulats 3.2 Paràmetres de càlcul amb OZONE 3.3 Corbes d’incendi resultants del model de zones 1D 3.4 Control tèrmic de l’estructura amb sistemes de ventilació 3.5 Control tèrmic de l’estructura amb aïllament 3.6 Taula de resultats 3.7 Conclusions 1D 4. SIMULACIÓ DELS INCENDIS AMB FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULATOR

Three essays on major trends in a slow clockspeed industry : the case of industrial automation

The motivation for this research initiated from the abrupt rise and fall of minicomputers which were initially used both for industrial automation and business applications due to their significantly lower cost than their predecessors, the mainframes. Later industrial automation developed its own vertically integrated hardware and software to address the application needs of uninterrupted operations, real-time control and resilience to harsh environmental conditions. This has led to the creation of an independent industry, namely industrial automation used in PLC, DCS, SCADA and robot control systems. This industry employs today over 200'000 people in a profitable slow clockspeed context in contrast to the two mainstream computing industries of information technology (IT) focused on business applications and telecommunications focused on communications networks and hand-held devices. Already in 1990s it was foreseen that IT and communication would merge into one Information and communication industry (ICT). The fundamental question of the thesis is: Could industrial automation leverage a common technology platform with the newly formed ICT industry? Computer systems dominated by complex instruction set computers (CISC) were challenged during 1990s with higher performance reduced instruction set computers (RISC). RISC started to evolve parallel to the constant advancement of Moore's law. These developments created the high performance and low energy consumption System-on-Chip architecture (SoC). Unlike to the CISC processors RISC processor architecture is a separate industry from the RISC chip manufacturing industry. It also has several hardware independent software platforms consisting of integrated operating system, development environment, user interface and application market which enables customers to have more choices due to hardware independent real time capable software applications. An architecture disruption merged and the smartphone and tablet market were formed with new rules and new key players in the ICT industry. Today there are more RISC computer systems running Linux (or other Unix variants) than any other computer system. The astonishing rise of SoC based technologies and related software platforms in smartphones created in unit terms the largest installed base ever seen in the history of computers and is now being further extended by tablets. An underlying additional element of this transition is the increasing role of open source technologies both in software and hardware. This has driven the microprocessor based personal computer industry with few dominating closed operating system platforms into a steep decline. A significant factor in this process has been the separation of processor architecture and processor chip production and operating systems and application development platforms merger into integrated software platforms with proprietary application markets. Furthermore the pay-by-click marketing has changed the way applications development is compensated: Three essays on major trends in a slow clockspeed industry: The case of industrial automation 2014 freeware, ad based or licensed - all at a lower price and used by a wider customer base than ever before. Moreover, the concept of software maintenance contract is very remote in the app world. However, as a slow clockspeed industry, industrial automation has remained intact during the disruptions based on SoC and related software platforms in the ICT industries. Industrial automation incumbents continue to supply systems based on vertically integrated systems consisting of proprietary software and proprietary mainly microprocessor based hardware. They enjoy admirable profitability levels on a very narrow customer base due to strong technology-enabled customer lock-in and customers' high risk leverage as their production is dependent on fault-free operation of the industrial automation systems. When will this balance of power be disrupted? The thesis suggests how industrial automation could join the mainstream ICT industry and create an information, communication and automation (ICAT) industry. Lately the Internet of Things (loT) and weightless networks, a new standard leveraging frequency channels earlier occupied by TV broadcasting, have gradually started to change the rigid world of Machine to Machine (M2M) interaction. It is foreseeable that enough momentum will be created that the industrial automation market will in due course face an architecture disruption empowered by these new trends. This thesis examines the current state of industrial automation subject to the competition between the incumbents firstly through a research on cost competitiveness efforts in captive outsourcing of engineering, research and development and secondly researching process re- engineering in the case of complex system global software support. Thirdly we investigate the industry actors', namely customers, incumbents and newcomers, views on the future direction of industrial automation and conclude with our assessments of the possible routes industrial automation could advance taking into account the looming rise of the Internet of Things (loT) and weightless networks. Industrial automation is an industry dominated by a handful of global players each of them focusing on maintaining their own proprietary solutions. The rise of de facto standards like IBM PC, Unix and Linux and SoC leveraged by IBM, Compaq, Dell, HP, ARM, Apple, Google, Samsung and others have created new markets of personal computers, smartphone and tablets and will eventually also impact industrial automation through game changing commoditization and related control point and business model changes. This trend will inevitably continue, but the transition to a commoditized industrial automation will not happen in the near future.

Avaliação agronômica de um biossólido industrial para a cultura do milho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade agronômica de um biossólido industrial para a cultura do milho. O experimento foi realizado no campo, em um Cambissolo distrófico, nos anos agrícolas 1999/2000 e 2000/2001. A aplicação de 0, 6, 12, 18 e 24 Mg ha-1 de biossólido base seca, suplementado com K2O nos dois anos e 30% do P2O5 recomendado no segundo ano, foi comparada à adubação mineral completa. O biossólido melhorou a fertilidade do solo, o estado nutricional e a produtividade do milho, que apresentou resposta quadrática às doses aplicadas, atingindo a máxima de 9.992 kg ha-1 de grãos com 22,5 Mg ha-1 de biossólido, superando em 21% a adubação mineral e em 74% o controle. Mesmo na maior dose aplicada, os teores de nutrientes, Na e metais pesados no biossólido não causaram fitotoxicidade. A equivalência em produtividade à adubação mineral (7.895 kg ha-1) foi obtida com 10 Mg ha-1 de biossólido. Com base na equivalência ao NPK, o valor do biossólido foi estimado em R$ 43,70 Mg-1 base seca e R$ 8,74 Mg-1 base úmida. Considerando-se o custo de transporte, a aplicação deste biossólido é economicamente viável numa distância de até 66 km da fonte geradora.

Freqüência de irrigação por gotejamento durante o estádio vegetativo do tomateiro para processamento industrial

Objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estabelecer critério para o manejo de água, durante o estádio vegetativo do tomateiro para processamento industrial, nas condições de cerrado do Brasil Central. Foram avaliados seis turnos de rega entre 0,5 e 16 dias. O estande final e a produtividade de frutos, maximizados em regas a cada 2 dias, apresentaram resposta quadrática com a freqüência de irrigação, enquanto a produção de biomassa foi maximizada em regas diárias. A massa média de fruto e o número de frutos por planta não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos; isto indica que as diferenças de produção foram causadas, principalmente, pela variação do estande final. A profundidade efetiva de raízes apresentou resposta linear positiva com o turno de rega. As plantas irrigadas a cada 8 e 16 dias apresentaram um sistema radicular cerca de 10 cm mais profundo do que aquelas irrigadas duas vezes por dia. O teor de sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez titulável e a taxa de fruto podre não foram influenciados pelos turnos de rega. Observou-se que para melhor desempenho do tomateiro, durante o estádio vegetativo as irrigações devem ser realizadas a cada 2 dias, ou seja, quando a tensão de água no solo atingir cerca de 17 kPa.

Practical considerations for improving the productivity of mass spectrometry-based proteomics.

Mass spectrometry (MS) is currently the most sensitive and selective analytical technique for routine peptide and protein structure analysis. Top-down proteomics is based on tandem mass spectrometry (MS/ MS) of intact proteins, where multiply charged precursor ions are fragmented in the gas phase, typically by electron transfer or electron capture dissociation, to yield sequence-specific fragment ions. This approach is primarily used for the study of protein isoforms, including localization of post-translational modifications and identification of splice variants. Bottom-up proteomics is utilized for routine high-throughput protein identification and quantitation from complex biological samples. The proteins are first enzymatically digested into small (usually less than ca. 3 kDa) peptides, these are identified by MS or MS/MS, usually employing collisional activation techniques. To overcome the limitations of these approaches while combining their benefits, middle-down proteomics has recently emerged. Here, the proteins are digested into long (3-15 kDa) peptides via restricted proteolysis followed by the MS/MS analysis of the obtained digest. With advancements of high-resolution MS and allied techniques, routine implementation of the middle-down approach has been made possible. Herein, we present the liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS-based experimental design of our middle-down proteomic workflow coupled with post-LC supercharging.

Sistema electrónico de calibración de fruta por diámetro

En la actualidad, las cooperativas recolectan, seleccionan, tratan y separan la fruta según su calibre (peso, diámetro máximo, medio y/o mínimo) para que esta llegue al consumidor final según la categoría (calibre). Para poder competir en un mercado cada vez más exigente en calidad y precios, se requieren sistemas de clasificación automáticos que nos permitan obtener óptimos resultados con altos niveles de producción y productividad. Para realizar estas tareas existen calibradoras industriales que pesan la fruta mediante células de carga y con el peso obtenido las clasifican asignando las piezas a su salida correspondiente (mesa de confección) a través de un sistema de electroimanes. Desafortunadamente el proceso de calibración de la fruta por peso no es en absoluto fiable ya que en este proceso no se considera el grosor de la piel, contenido de agua, de azúcar u otros factores altamente relevantes que influyen considerablemente en los resultados finales. El objeto de este proyecto es el de evolucionar las existentes calibradoras de fruta instalando un sistema industrial de visión artificial (rápido y robusto) que trabaje en un rango de espectro Infrarrojo (mayor fiabilidad) proporcionando óptimos resultados finales en la clasificación de las frutas, verduras y hortalizas. De este modo, el presente proyecto ofrece la oportunidad de mejorar el rendimiento de la línea de clasificación de frutas, aumentando la velocidad, disminuyendo pérdidas en tiempo y error humano y mejorando indiscutiblemente la calidad del producto final deseada por los consumidores.