高温胁迫诱导光系统Ⅱ及其异质性的变化

近年来有证据证明，光系统II(PS II)反应中心在结构与功能上存在着异质性，它与光舍原初过程、激发能的分配和调节、胁迫因子导致的光合单位的损伤与修复等密切相关。本论文主要研究了高温胁迫诱导PS II及其异质性的变化，以及人工电子受体与PS II还原侧异质性电子传递的关系．根据研究需要，建立了精确测定无活性PS II中心相时含量的软件和方法，圆满完成了本研究任务。此外，也参加了新的非调制式动力学荧光计的研制及其软件的编写． 以下是本论文的主要结果： 1．用N80-BASIC语言结合汇编语言重新编写了本室快速（ms级）叶绿素动力学荧光计的测控程序，使快速荧光上升曲线的采样速度提高了一个数量级（达到100μS/点），可对Fo、Fi等关键荧光参数进行精确测定，为无活性PS II中心相对含量的准确测定奠定了基础．新研制的荧光计的软件用C语言编写，可在IBM PC兼容机上运行，采样速度最快可达25μs/点，对Fo和Fi等参数的测定更加可靠和精确．新荧光计从软、硬件两方面进行了彻底地更新，具有高信噪比、高响应、高精度、低功耗等优点，其性能己达到国际同类产品的先进水平． 2．高温胁迫诱导小麦类囊体膜吸收光谱的变化，结果显示40℃-50℃20分钟以内的高温胁迫导致681nm的吸收峰下降，同时引起663nm的吸收峰增加，表明高温胁迫引起部分叶绿素蛋白复合体的破坏和游离的叶绿素分子的增多．在更严重的高温胁迫下（55℃5分钟以上），体内游离的叶绿素分子(△A663)本身也遭到进一步的降解． 3．小麦类囊体膜低温( 77K)荧光光谱的分析。结果证实温和的高温胁迫(40℃20分钟以内)可导致激发能更多地从PS II向光系统IcPsi)分配，而更严重的高温胁迫（45℃- 55℃20分钟以内）对PS II和PS I的叶绿素蛋白复合体（F684和F736）均有破坏作用． 4．高温胁迫诱导小麦叶片荧光诱导动力学、荧光猝灭及其荧光参数的变化的研究．结果表明，高温胁迫首先导致有效量子产量(E．Y．)的下降，胁迫作用进一步加强导致最适量子产量(0．Y．)下降，而对光化学猝灭qP的影响较晚．这说明和PS II电子受体侧的电子传递和与二氧化碳固定有关的酶系统对高温胁迫极为敏感．其次，PS II放氧系统的损伤也早于PS II原初反应中心的失活．同时，在自然界条件下，存在着高温和高光强对植物的加强协同的光抑制和破坏作用． 5．在研究高温胁迫诱导荧光动力学及其参数变化的基础上，提出测定和计算高温胁迫的植物样品中无活性PS II中心相对含量的合理方法．认为在高温胁迫导致可变荧光( Fv)猝灭的情况下，应以Fvi(Fvi=Fi-Fo)对室温对照的可变荧光(FVCK)的比值作为计算无活性PS II中心相对含量的指标(Fvi/FVCK)．我们在弱激发光下测得正常的小麦和菠菜的无活性PS II中心的相对含量分别为0.155±0.011和0.094士0.010． 6．高温胁迫诱导有活性和无活性PS II中心异质性的相互转化的研究。结果发现50℃以下小于10分钟的处理，对PS II有活性和无活性中心的比值无明显影响：而经过50℃和55℃高温处理5-10分钟，有活性PS II中心才明显向无活性中心转化并发现这一转化过程发生在Fo己明显增加和Fv明显猝灭之后，也就是说它迟于高温胁迫对PS II天线色素蛋白复合体( LHCII)与PS II反应中心结合的破坏以及对放氧侧的损伤． 7．高温胁迫后的室温恢复期中有活性和无活性PS II中心相互转化的研究．发现在高温胁迫不太严重时（如50℃1分钟），无活性PS II中心的含量降至对照的70%，在随后室温60分钟恢复过程中继续降为50%。而Psn氧化侧的活性在此过程中可以得到部分恢复。高温胁迫进一步加强（如55℃5分钟和55℃10分钟）后，无活性PS II中心数目在随后的60分钟室温恢复期中，从恢复开始时为对照的130%和150%继续增加到240%和290%，且有加速转化的趋势。这说明高温胁迫诱导PS II还原侧异质性中心的转化除包含一个快速、直接的机制外，还启动了某种间接转化的机制． 8．对DMQ和DCBQ两种人工电子受体对有活性和无活性PS II中心的作用提出了不同见解。Cao和Govindjee(1990)认为DMQ(>20μmoI.L-1)只接受有活性PS II中心的电子，而DCBQ（>15, μmoLL-1）可完全接受有活性和无活性两种PS II中心的电子。但Lavergne等(1993)认为DCBQ不能接受无活性Psn中心的电子．我们用Stern-Volmer猝灭公式对我们的实验结果进行了分析，结果表明DMQ在较高浓度下（如120μmoI.L-1）才可完全接受有活性PS II中心的电子．但DCBQ的浓度在比Cao等几乎高出一个数量级( 120μmoI.L-1)的情况下，也只接受部分无活性PS II中心的电子( 40%)。另外我们发现，DMQ和DCBQ对Fm的猝灭不是随猝灭剂浓度的增加呈线性关系，而是一条近似饱和曲线，说明它至少包括两种以上不同的猝灭机制． 9．Mg2+诱导PS II异质性(Cα/Cβ)的研究。我们小组发现Mg2+诱导的chl a荧光增强动力学曲线包含Cα和Cβ两个指数成分，说明Mg2+在抑制激发能满溢，调节激发能向有利于PS I1分配的过程中存在异质性。其中Cβ比Cα具有更长的迁移寿命、更低的活化能和Mg2+半饱和浓度．这些说明Cβ比Cα更有可能在体内生理条件下发生迁移，从而在两个光系统之间起调节激发能分配的作用． 10.提出了高温胁迫诱导PS II异质性中心相互转换的可能模型．高温胁迫导致PS II异质性的转化包括几个步骤：有活性的α型PS II专荧光猝灭态的PS II专有活性的β型PS II专无活性的β型PS II专破坏了的PSⅡ．前两种转化一般具有可逆性．当高温胁迫进一步加强后，转化失去可逆性，在胁迫去除后，有活性PS II中心可继续向无活性中心转化，后者还有可能进一步受到破坏。

Relation between weight and linear measurement of shell in C. madrasensis (Preston)

Relation of weight to height, length and breadth in the Indian backwater oyster Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston) is reported. The relative importance of the variables on weight was found to be height, length and breadth in their order of preference. The multiple regression V = -0.4017 + 0.46743 X + 0.8278 Y + 0.1130 Z can be used to estimate the meat weight (logarithm) for given dimensions of length, height and breadth (all in logarithms). An exponential relation between weight and height is also observed.

Origin and evolution of new exons in the rodent zinc finger protein 39 gene

The origin of new structures and functions is an important process in evolution. In the past decades, we have obtained some preliminary knowledge of the origin and evolution of new genes. However, as the basic unit of genes, the origin and evolution of exons remain unclear. Because young exons retain the footprints of origination, they can be good materials for studying origin and evolution of new exons. In this paper, we report two young exons in a zinc finger protein gene of rodents. Since they are unique sequences in mouse and rat genome and no homologous sequences were found in the orthologous genes of human and pig, the young exons might originate after the divergence of primates and rodents through exonization of intronic sequences. Strong positive selection was detected in the new exons between mouse and rat, suggesting that these exons have undergone significant functional divergence after the separation of the two species. On the other hand, population genetics data of mouse demonstrate that the new exons have been subject to functional constraint, indicating an important function of the new exons in mouse. Functional analyses suggest that these new exons encode a nuclear localization signal peptide, which may mediate new ways of nuclear protein transport. To our knowledge, this is the first example of the origin and evolution of young exons.

哺乳动物胚胎冷冻技术的研究进展

胚胎冷冻保存已广泛用于胚胎移植、动物克隆以及动物资源保护。此技术的应用需保证胚胎在冷冻—解冻后具有较高的成活率。自从1972年小鼠胚胎冷冻保存获得成功以来,许多学者在简化冷冻程序、缩短冷冻时间等方面进行了深入的研究。文章就胚胎冷冻的原理、保护剂、冷冻方法以及解冻方法等方面进行了综述。

Immersed Boundary Method for generalised finite volume and finite difference Navier-Stokes solvers

In Immersed Boundary Methods (IBM) the effect of complex geometries is introduced through the forces added in the Navier-Stokes solver at the grid points in the vicinity of the immersed boundaries. Most of the methods in the literature have been used with Cartesian grids. Moreover many of the methods developed in the literature do not satisfy some basic conservation properties (the conservation of torque, for instance) on non-uniform meshes. In this paper we will follow the RKPM method originated by Liu et al. [1] to build locally regularized functions that verify a number of integral conditions. These local approximants will be used both for interpolating the velocity field and for spreading the singular force field in the framework of a pressure correction scheme for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. We will also demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of the scheme through various examples. Copyright © 2010 by ASME.

Ion beam, focused ion beam, and plasma discharge machining

Non-conventional methods of machining are used for many engineering applications where the traditional processes fail to be cost-effective. Such processes include Ion Beam Machining (IBM), focused ion beam (FIB) machining and plasma discharge machining. The mechanisms of material removal and associated hardware and software developed for industrial applications of these fascinating electro-physical and chemical machining processes are reviewed together with the latest research findings. © 2009 CIRP.

巢湖微囊藻和浮游甲壳动物昼夜垂直迁移的初步研究

2002年10月进行了巢湖微囊藻和几种优势浮游甲壳动物的昼夜垂直变化的研究,结果表明:微囊藻具有明显的昼夜垂直变化现象。白天上层水中的微囊藻密度显著高于下层水中,夜晚逐渐下沉使得下层水中的密度相对高于上层水。微囊藻与叶绿素a、水温、溶解氧和pH等均呈显著的正相关(p<0.01)。几种优势浮游甲壳动物的昼夜垂直迁移存在较大的差异。短尾秀体溞和角突网纹溞白天在下层水(1.5m和2.5m)中的密度较高,夜晚则倾向于在上层水(0m和0.5m)中活动。相反,卵形盘肠溞白天在上层水中密度较高,象鼻溞则在11:00和1

关于建立污水环境中原生动物数据库的研究

本库在IBM PC/XT微机上实现,以全部汉字方式进行人机对话与输出,共包含污水环境中原生动物702个种,涉及32个目,88个科,284个属。对每个阶元都有主要的形态特征描述。本库具有信息查询,统计计数,分类检索等功能,程序采用模块化结构,系统以“菜单”提问方式运行。本数据库的建立将有助于环保工作者快速、准确地综合分析污水环境中原生动物群落的结构变异,以便对环境污染程度作出可靠的评价,也为原生动物分类学研究者使用分类学资料提供很多方便。

Improved switching uniformity and low-voltage operation in TaO x-based RRAM using Ge reactive layer

Significant improvements in the spatial and temporal uniformities of device switching parameters are successfully demonstrated in Ge/TaOx bilayer-based resistive switching devices, as compared with non-Ge devices. In addition, the reported Ge/TaOx devices also show significant reductions in the operation voltages. Influence of the Ge layer on the resistive switching of TaOx-based resistive random access memory is investigated by X-ray spectroscopy and the theory of Gibbs free energy. Higher uniformity is attributed to the confinement of the filamentary switching process. The presence of a larger number of interface traps, which will create a beneficial electric field to facilitate the drift of oxygen vacancies, is believed to be responsible for the lower operation voltages in the Ge/TaO x devices. © 1980-2012 IEEE.

The molecular characterization of RNA segment S9 of grass carp hemorrhage virus (GCHV), an aquareovirus

Although reovirus infection is one of the major virus diseases of grass carp in China, the available knowledge on the structure and function of genes and proteins of the virus is limited. The complete sequence of the S9 genome segment of grass carp hemorrhage virus (GCHV) was determined. The segment consists of 1130 nucleotides and has a large open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 352 amino acids with predicted molecular mass of 37.7 kDa. Amino acid sequence comparison revealed that the deduced protein encoded by GCHV S9 is closely related to the sigma NS proteins of mammalian reovirus (MRV) and avian reovirus (ARV). Secondary structure analysis displayed that the form of alpha -helices (40.1%) and beta -sheets (49.4%) are the richest two contents in the protein encoded by S9, and this protein is predicted to be a nonstructural protein. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

On a Certain Algebraic Property of Block Ciphers

This is a study on a certain group theoretic property of the set of encryption functions of a block cipher. We have shown how to construct a subset which has this property in a given symmetric group by a computer algebra software GAP4.2 (Groups, Algorithms, and Programming, Version 4.2). These observations on group structures of block ciphers suggest us that we may be able to set a trapdoor based on meet-in-the-middle attack on block ciphers.

并行最优路径算法及并行层次通信模型LogGP(h)研究

随着以数据为中心的超级计算时代的到来，在各种以图为数据结构的应用中数据规模日益增大，数据量的急剧增加使得串行最优路径算法成为应用的性能瓶颈，已不能满足大规模最优路径求解的实时性要求。然而，最优路径求解算法的并行化却对图的类型有高度的敏感性，尤其是对一些稀疏图，如交通网络图，目前并没有很好的算法提供足够的并行性[1]。对此，本文提出、实现和优化了一种新的基于网络划分和迭代更新的并行最优路径算法，并用真实的交通网络数据在IBM JS21集群和曙光5000A两种平台上对算法进行了评测。测试结果表明，该算法具有较好的性能，在IBM JS21集群上，使用16个进程会出现约15倍的加速比；而在曙光5000A上，算法使用同一节点内的16个核获得了约20倍的超线性加速比。 本文的另一部分研究工作集中在新的并行计算模型方面。研究者所提出的并行计算模型有很多，从基于共享存储器结构的第一代并行计算模型，到针对于分布式存储结构的第二代并行模型，再到考虑存储层次性的第三代并行计算模型，却较少有模型考虑到通信的层次性。 大规模集群系统往往由几百到几千、甚至上万个节点构成，网络拓扑结构复杂。在这样的大规模集群系统中，点对点通信的性能并不总是一致的。这种非一致的通信性能随着网络拓扑的复杂化呈现层次性的变化，本文首先提出了层次化非一致性带宽和延迟(Hierarchical Communication Latency and Bandwidth：HCLB)的概念，并以进程映射对MPI Allgather的四种算法性能影响说明了由多核结构引起的通信层次性；之后，本文将大规模集群系统中的HCLB现象模型化，提出LogGP(h)并行通信模型。LogGP(h)在LogGP模型基础上，通过参数h将网络拓扑结构抽象到模型中，很好的表达了通信层次性。本文在具有8个刀片的IBM JS21集群上对点对点通信和集合通信开销进行模型分析和实际测试，实验结果表明，LogGP(h)较未引入参数h的LogGP模型更精确。