Matkakohteesta historian kaupungiksi – Historian ja matkakirjoittamisen suhde historioitsija John Andrewsin grand tour -oppaan Letters to a Young Gentleman, on His Setting out for France (1784) Pariisi-osuuksissa

Työni kohteena on ollut historiankirjoittaja John Andrewsin (n.1736–1809) grand tour -opas Letters to a Young Gentleman, on His Setting out for France (1784). Tutkielmassa olen tarkastellut sitä, millaiseen suhteeseen historia ja matkakirjoittaminen ovat teoksen Pariisi-osuuksissa asettuneet. Ilmiötä olen lähestynyt hyödyntämällä niin kutsuttua reframingin käsitettä, jolla historiantutkimuksessa on jäsennetty ajatusten kehystymistä eri konteksteissa – siis niille annettujen merkitysten muuttumista. Tämä käsite on mahdollistanut sellaisen tarkastelun, jossa huomio on kohdistunut historian oppaassa saamiin käyttöihin sekä sen merkitysten muotoutumiseen. Andrewsin oppaasta voi erottaa kaksi pistettä, joissa historia ja matkakirjoittaminen ovat kietoutuneet toisiinsa. Pisteistä ensimmäinen on kytkeytynyt nähtävyyksien kohtaamiseen, kun taas niistä jälkimmäinen on liittynyt Pariisin kulttuurisen aseman määrittelemiseen. Andrewsille historia onkin näyttäytynyt eräänlaisena välineenä, joka on paitsi ohjannut myös perustellut nähtävyyksien tarkastelemista. Samalla historia on jäsentänyt kaupungin suhdetta Ranskaan, Eurooppaan ja kristikuntaan – sekä muihin kansoihin ja eri kirkkokuntiin. Nämä pisteet eivät kuitenkaan ole jääneet irrallisiksi, sillä molemmissa yhteyksissä uskonnolliset erot ovat saaneet merkittävän sijan. Yhtäältä historia on tukenut näihin eroihin perustuneita vertailuasetelmia; toisaalta erot ovat muokanneet Andrewsin suhdetta nähtävyyksiin sekä niiden historiallisuuteen. Reframingin käsitteeseen perustuva erittely on osoittanut sen, että Andrewsin oppaassa historia ei ole ollut vain matkakirjoittamisen aihepiiri. Tekstissä historia onkin saanut myös toisenlaisia käyttöjä, minkä voi liittää matkakirjallisuuden konventioihin sekä aikakauden grand tour -keskusteluihin. Kyse on siitä, että Andrewsin matkakirjoittamista ovat ohjanneet lajityypin genrepiirteet sekä teoksen oletettu yleisö – siis grand tourille aikovat nuorukaiset. Nämä keskustelut ja konventiot ovat tarjonneet Andrewsille eräänlaisen kehyksen, joka on säädellyt hänen tekemiään valintoja. Samalla se on jäsentänyt historian oppaassa saamia merkityksiä.

Las funciones y las relaciones sociales, económicas y políticas de los miembros del Cabildo Catedralicio de la Diócesis de Nicaragua y Costa Rica (1531-1859).

ResumenEl artículo analiza las funciones del cabildo catedralicio de la Diócesis de Nicaragua y Costa Rica con el fin de explicar las relaciones sociales, políticas y económicas de sus miembros y determinar la importancia del cabildo en el funcionamiento de la diócesis entre los años 1531 y 1859. Las fuentes primarias coloniales sobre el cabildo catedralicio, los testamentos y padrones de diezmos, entre otros; revelan que los miembros del cabildo catedralicio de León tuvieron funciones específicas dentro de la diócesis tanto durante la sede vacante como cuando existía Obispo al frente de la diócesis. Los miembros del cabildo catedralicio no constituyeron un cuerpo capitular aislado de la sociedad, sino que mantuvieron relaciones de confianza, económicas y sociales entre ellos y con la sociedad que los rodeaba, por tanto, fueron un cuerpo capitular crucial para el funcionamiento de la diócesis durante su sede vacante y cuando fueron el consejo asesor del ObispoAbstractThe article analyzes the functions of the cathedral chapter of the Diocese of Nicaragua and Costa Rica with the purpose of explaining the social, political and economic relations of its members and determining the importance of the chapter in the operation of the diocese between the years 1531 and 1859. Colonial primary sources, including testaments and tithe registers, among others, reveal that the members of the cathedral chapter of Leon had specific functions within the diocese, both when the see was vacant and when there was a Bishop in office. The members of the cathedral chapter did not constitute a capitular body isolated from the rest of society. Rather, they maintained economic and social relations of trust among themselves and with the society that surrounded them. Therefore, they were a capitular body crucial to the operation of the diocese, both when they served as the bishops advisory committee and when they governed the diocese in the absence of a Bishop.

Benchmarking Research Report

This benchmarking research report builds on the previous benchmarking review (Report 2005-001-C-1) and presents the benchmarking data collection and framework developments thus far. The objective is to deliver a benchmarking framework and recommendations on implementation of best practice on asset maintenance. The FM Exemplar Project using the Sydney Opera House has conducted a two (2) stage survey of iconic facilities. The benchmarking team has been led by Rider Hunt Terotech with researchers from the CSIRO and The University of Sydney.

ARCS collaboration tools and support workshop

Registration fees for this workshop are being met by ARCS. There is no cost to attend; however space is limited.----- The Australian Research Collaboration Service (ARCS) has been supporting a wide range of Collaboration Services and Tools which have been allowing researchers, groups and research communities to share ideas and collaborate across organisational boundaries.----- This workshop will give an introduction into a number of web based and real-time collaboration tools and services which researchers may find useful for day-to-day collaboration with members of a research team located within an institution or across institutions. Attendees will be shown how a number of these tools work with strong emphasis placed on how these tools can help facilitate communication and collaboration. Attendees will have the opportunity to try out a number of examples themselves, and interact with the workshop staff to discuss how their own use cases could benefit from the tools and services which can be provided.----- Outline: A hands on introduction will be given to a number of services which ARCS is now operating and/or supporting such as:--- * EVO – A video conferencing environment, which is particularly suited to desktop or low bandwidth applications.--- * AccessGrid – An open source video conferencing and collaboration tool kit, which is great for room to room meetings.--- * Sakai – An online collaboration and learning environment, support teaching and learning, ad hoc group collaboration, support for portfolios and research collaboration.--- * Plone and Drupal – A ready-to-run content management system, that provides you with a system for managing web content that is ideal for project groups, communities, web sites, extranets and intranets.--- * Wikis – A way to easily create, edit, and link pages together, to create collaborative websites.

Older patients request more information : a survey of use of written patient education materials in general practice

Objectives: To determine GPs' reported use of written education materials with older patients and older patients' reported receipt of these materials. To determine GPs' and older patients' perceptions of written materials.---------- Method: Using self-report questionnaires, two populations were surveyed; a randomised sample of 50 GPs (29 males and 21 females) practising in Brisbane's southern suburbs and a convenience sample of 188 older community-dwelling people (aged over 64 years).----------- Results: All GPs reported using written materials with patients, although 28% had not given any to the Last 10 patients. This increased to 46% when patients were older. Twenty percent of patients wanted more written information from their GP, while some GPs believed that older patients preferred verbal information and gave out written information only when they perceived patient interest. All GPs reported giving written materials at the time of consultation and over two thirds discussed the content with patients. Just over 50% of patients reported receiving written information from GPs in the Last six months and only hall of these again discussed it directly with their GP. Overall, patients were more positive than GPs about the value of written education materials.---------- Conclusions: Older patients' desire for written information may be better met if they are more assertive in requesting this of GPs and GPs may better serve their patients' needs if they make written information more readily available to them. Better access to materials and more financial incentives to give them out might also increase GPs' use of written materials.