Immunregulatorische Mechanismen bei einer experimentellen akuten Graft-versus-Host-Disease

Die allogene hämatopoetische Stammzelltransplantation ist bereits seit mehreren Jahrzehnten zur Therapie von Leukämien und anderen malignen Erkrankungen etabliert, aber ihre Effektivität wird durch Graft-versus-Host Reaktionen weiterhin deutlich eingeschränkt. Um die zu Grunde liegenden Mechanismen besser zu verstehen und Möglichkeiten zur Modulation zu untersuchen, wurden in dieser Arbeit verschiedene Ansätze verfolgt.rnRegulatorische T-Zellen sind in der Lage allogene T-Zell-Antworten, wie sie auch bei einer GvH-Erkrankung auftreten zu supprimieren. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass dies unabhängig von Interleukin-10 geschieht, dafür jedoch ein kontaktabhängiger Mechanismus eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Dabei wird cAMP von Treg über Gap-Junctions in allogene Dendritische Zellen übertragen und deren Aktivierung dadurch verhindert. Versuche zur Modulation dieses Mechanismus mithilfe von Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitoren haben gezeigt, dass diese nicht nur die suppressiven Fähigkeiten von Treg verbessern, sondern ebenfalls direkt auf die T-Zellen einwirken, die schließlich die GvH-Erkrankung auslösen. Diese Ergebnisse konnten in vivo bestätigt werden und zeigen somit einen möglichen Ansatz hin zu einer kombinierten zellulären und pharmakologischen Therapie von GvH-Erkrankungen. Ein großer Vorteil dabei wäre, dass bereits eine Palette an PDE-Inhibitoren in der Klinik zur Verfügung steht.rnInterleukin-10 ist ein immunsuppressives und anti-inflammatorisches Zytokin, dem bei der Regulation des Immunsystems eine wichtige Rolle zukommt. Wie in dieser und anderen Arbeiten gezeigt, ist diese Funktion von IL-10 auch bei GvH-Erkrankungen essentiell. Ein Ziel war es daher, die Zellpopulationen, die für die Produktion des Zytokins verantwortlich sind, zu identifizieren. Mittels einer IL-10 Reporter-Maus konnten B-Zellen vom Spender, wie auch vom Empfänger als IL-10 Produzenten ausgemacht werden. Darüberhinaus zeigen die so gefundenen Zellen auch einen typischen Phänotyp für sog. immunregulatorische B-Zellen. Transplantationsexperimente mit Mäusen, die einen B-Zell-spezifischen Knock-out für IL-10 tragen, konnten die Relevanz der B Zellen als IL-10 Produzenten in vivo belegen.rnDendritische Zellen sind sehr potente Antigenpräsentierende Zellen und somit in der Lage GvH-Reaktionen zu induzieren. Überraschenderweise ist das Überleben von Versuchsmäusen, denen alle DC oder auch nur die BATF3-abhängige Subpopulation der CD8α+ DC fehlt, nicht besser als das des WT, sondern sogar deutlich schlechter. Dies geht einher mit entsprechenden Veränderungen im Zytokinmilieu der peripheren lymphatischen Organe. Bei Abwesenheit der CD8α+ DC sind die Zellen der mesenterialen Lymphknoten nach dem Konditionierungsprotokoll stärkere Stimulatoren für allogene T-Zell-Proliferation, was eine Erklärung für die stärkere GvH-Erkrankung ist. Eine Erklärung für diese Befunde liefert die verringerte Anzahl an Treg, die nach einer Transplantation in Abwesenheit der CD8α+ DC zu beobachten ist.rnDie aufgezeigten immunsupressiven Mechanismen stellen gute Ansatzpunkte dar, um GvH-Erkrankungen besser zu verstehen und damit die Effektivität der allogenen hämatopoetischen Stammzelltransplantation zu verbessern.rn

Chlamydiae host cell interaction and immune evasion strategies

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria with a strong global prevalence. They cause infections of the eye, lung and the genital tract and can either replicate in inclusion compartments or persist inside their host cell. In this thesis we focused on two aspects of chlamydiae infection. We hypothesize that transcription factor AP-1 is crucial for a replicative chlamydiae infection in epithelial cells. In addition we suggest that chlamydiae hide inside apoptotic blebs for a silent uptake by macrophages as immune evasion strategy.rnFocusing on AP-1, we could demonstrate that during Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, protein expression and phosphorylation of the AP-1 family member c-Jun significantly increased in a time and dose dependent manner. A siRNA knockdown of c-Jun in HEp-2 cells reduced chlamydial load, resulting in smaller inclusions and a significant lower chlamydial recovery. Furthermore, inhibition of the c-Jun containing AP-1 complexes, using Tanshinone IIA, changed the replicative infection into a persistent phenotype, characterized by (i) smaller, aberrant inclusions, (ii) a strong decrease in chlamydial load, as well as by (iii) its reversibility after removal of Tanshinone IIA. As chlamydiae are energy parasites, we investigated whether Tanshinone IIA interferes with energy/metabolism related processes. rnA role for autophagy or gene expression of glut-1 and c-jun in persistence could not be determined. However we could demonstrate Tanshinone IIA treatment to be accompanied by a significant decrease of ATP levels, probably causing a chlamydiae persistent phenotype.rnRegarding the chlamydial interaction with human primary cells we characterized infection of different chlamydiae species in either pro-inflammatory (type I) or anti-inflammatory (type II) human monocyte derived macrophages (hMDM). We found both phenotypes to be susceptible to chlamydiae infection. Furthermore, we observed that upon Chlamydia trachomatis and GFP-expressing Chlamydia trachomatis infection more hMDM type II were infected. However the chlamydial load was higher in hMDM type I and correspondingly, more replicative-like inclusions were found in this phenotype. Next, we focused on the chlamydial transfer using a combination of high speed live cell imaging and GFP-expressing Chlamydia trachomatis for optimal visualization. Thereby, we could successfully visualize the formation of apoptotic, chlamydiae-containing blebs and the interaction of hMDM with these blebs. Moreover, we observed the development of a replicative infection in hMDM. rnIn conclusion, we demonstrated a crucial role of AP-1 for C. pneumoniae development and preliminary time lapse data suggest that chlamydiae can be transferred to hMDMs via apoptotic blebs. In all, these data may contribute to a better understanding of chlamydial infection processes in humans.rn

Design, realization and characterization of automated millifluidic bioreactors for investigating the molecular evolution of lytic or lysogenic vector phages infecting engineered host e. Coli

In questa tesi viene presentato un bioreattore in grado di mantenere nel tempo condizioni biologiche tali che consentano di massimizzare i cicli di evoluzione molecolare di vettori di clonazione fagici: litico (T7) o lisogeno (M13). Verranno quindi introdtti concetti legati alla Teoria della Quasispecie e alla relazione tra errori di autoreplicazione e pressioni selettive naturali o artificiali su popolazioni di virus: il modello naturale del sistema evolutivo. Tuttavia, mantenere delle popolazioni di virus significa formire loro un substrato dove replicare. Per fare ciò, altri gruppi di ricerca hanno giá sviluppato complessi e costosi prototipi di macchinari per la crescita continua di popolazioni batteriche: i compartimenti dei sistemi evolutivi. Il bioreattore, oggetto di questo lavoro, fa parte del progetto europeo Evoprog: general purpose programmable machine evolution on a chip (Jaramillo’s Lab, University of Warwick) che, utilizzando tecnologie fagiche e regolazioni sintetiche esistenti, sará in grado di produrre funzionalità biocomputazionali di due ordini di grandezza più veloci rispetto alle tecniche convenzionali, riducendo allo stesso tempo i costi complessivi. Il primo prototipo consiste in uno o piú fermentatori, dove viene fatta crescere la cultura batterica in condizioni ottimizzate di coltivazione continua, e in un cellstat, un volume separato, dove avviene solo la replicazione dei virus. Entrambi i volumi sono di pochi millilitri e appropriatamente interconnessi per consentire una sorta di screening continuo delle biomolecole prodotte all’uscita. Nella parte finale verranno presentati i risultati degli esperimenti preliminari, a dimostrazione dell’affidabilità del prototipo costruito e dei protocolli seguiti per la sterilizzazione e l’assemblaggio del bioreattore. Gli esperimenti effettuati dimostrano il successo di due coltivazioni virali continue e una ricombinazione in vivo di batteriofagi litici o lisogeni ingegnerizzati. La tesi si conclude valutando i futuri sviluppi e i limiti del sistema, tenendo in considerazione, in particolare, alcune applicazioni rivolte agli studi di una terapia batteriofagica.

Myocardial injection of skeletal myoblasts impairs contractility of host cardiomyocytes

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms underlying improvement of myocardial contractile function after cell therapy as well as arrhythmic side effect remain poorly understood. We hypothesised that cell therapy might affect the mechanical properties of isolated host cardiomyocytes. METHODS: Two weeks after myocardial infarction (MI), rats were treated by intramyocardial myoblast injection (SkM, n=8), intramyocardial vehicle injection (Medium, n=6), or sham operation (Sham, n=7). Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. Cardiomyocytes were isolated in a modified Langendorff perfusion system, their contraction was measured by video-based inter-sarcomeric analysis. Data were compared with a control-group without myocardial infarction (Control, n=5). RESULTS: Three weeks post-treatment, ejection fraction (EF) further deteriorated in vehicle-injected and non-injected rats (respectively 40.7+/-11.4% to 33+/-5.5% and 41.8+/-8% to 33.5+/-8.3%), but was stabilised in SkM group (35.9+/-6% to 36.4+/-9.7%). Significant cell hypertrophy induced by MI was maintained after cell therapy. Single cell contraction (dL/dt(max)) decreased in SkM and vehicle groups compared to non-injected group as well as cell shortening and relaxation (dL/dt(min)) in vehicle group. A significantly increased predisposition for alternation of strong and weak contractions was observed in isolated cardiomyocytes of the SkM group. CONCLUSION: Our study provides the first evidence that injection of materials into the myocardium alters host cardiomyocytes contractile function independently of the global beneficial effect of the heart function. These findings may be important in understanding possible adverse effects.

Tracking the transcriptional host response from the acute to the regenerative phase of experimental pneumococcal meningitis

Despite the availability of effective antibiotic therapies, pneumococcal meningitis (PM) has a case fatality rate of up to 30% and causes neurological sequelae in up to half of the surviving patients. The underlying brain damage includes apoptosis of neurons in the hippocampus and necrosis in the cortex. Therapeutic options to reduce acute injury and to improve outcome from PM are severely limited.With the aim to develop new therapies a number of pharmacologic interventions have been evaluated. However, the often unpredictable outcome of interventional studies suggests that the current concept of the pathophysiologic events during bacterial meningitis is fragmentary. The aim of this work is to describe the transcriptomic changes underlying the complex mechanisms of the host response to pneumococcal meningitis in a temporal and spatial context using a well characterized infant rat model.

The recent breakthroughs in the understanding of host genomics in hepatitis C

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is spontaneously resolved in about 30% of acutely infected individuals. In those who progress to chronic hepatitis C, HCV therapy permanently eradicates infection in about 40% of cases. It has long been suspected that host genetic factors are key determinants for the control of HCV infection.

Host and viral genetic correlates of clinical definitions of HIV-1 disease progression

Various patterns of HIV-1 disease progression are described in clinical practice and in research. There is a need to assess the specificity of commonly used definitions of long term non-progressor (LTNP) elite controllers (LTNP-EC), viremic controllers (LTNP-VC), and viremic non controllers (LTNP-NC), as well as of chronic progressors (P) and rapid progressors (RP).

Specialisation within vascular surgery

Despite its short existence, vascular surgery has already grown out of the scope of a mono-specialty. Meanwhile emerging interests of other competing specialties push into the field of vascular care. Continuous technological innovation drives the need for sub-specialisation to provide disease-centred expertise; however, treatment success equally depends on balanced patient-centred care. Vascular surgeons are amidst this controversy and are currently challenged by their own demand to offer all aspects of vascular care - as "the vascular specialist". This article discusses the natural driving forces towards sub-specialisation and appraises advantages and limitations with respect to the future of integrated vascular care.

Cleavage of IgG1 and IgG3 by gingipain K from Porphyromonas gingivalis may compromise host defense in progressive periodontitis

Degradation of immunoglobulins is an effective strategy of bacteria to evade the immune system. We have tested whether human IgG is a substrate for gingipain K of Porphyromonas gingivalis and found that the enzyme can hydrolyze subclass 1 and 3 of human IgG. The heavy chain of IgG(1) was cleaved at a single site within the hinge region, generating Fab and Fc fragments. IgG(3) was also cleaved within the heavy chain, but at several sites around the CH2 region. Investigation of the enzyme kinetics of IgG proteolysis by gingipain K, using FPLC- and isothermal titration calorimetry-based assays followed by Hill plots, revealed non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics involving a mechanism of positive cooperativity. In ex vivo studies, it was shown that gingipain K retained its IgG hydrolyzing activity in human plasma despite the high content of natural protease inhibitors; that IgG(1) cleavage products were detected in gingival crevicular fluid samples from patients with severe periodontitis; and that gingipain K treatment of serum samples from patients with high antibody titers against P. gingivalis significantly hindered opsonin-dependent phagocytosis of clinical isolates of P. gingivalis by neutrophils. Altogether, these findings underline a biological function of gingipain K as an IgG protease of pathophysiological importance.