Altas frequências de arraçoamento nas fases iniciais da criação de Tilápia em hapas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Sistema automatizado de alimentação de juvenis de tilápia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Reversão sexual de tilápias gift criadas em hapas e submetidas a diferentes taxas de alimentação em alta frequência

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FMVZ

Inter- and intraindividual associations between volitional processes and daily smoking during a quit attempt

Background: The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) assumes that volitional processes are important for effective behavioral change. This study examined the associations of volitional predictors and daily smoking in quitters at the inter- and intraindividual level. Method: Overall, 105 smokers completed daily electronic questionnaires 10 days before and 21 days after a self-set quit date, assessing intentions, self-efficacy, planning, action control and numbers of cigarettes smoked. Findings: Multilevel analyses showed that mean levels of volitional predictors across the 32 days were negatively associated with numbers of cigarettes smoked. Moreover, on days with higher intentions, self-efficacy, planning and action control than usual, less cigarettes were smoked. These effects were stronger after the quit date than before the quit date. Intentions and action control emerged as most powerful predictors at the intraindividual level. Discussion: Findings emphasize the importance of volitional processes at the intraindividual level in the context of quitting smoking.

Predicting daily smoking around a quit date : Volitional processes at the inter- and intraindividual level

Background: The health action process approach (hapa) is a well-established model in predicting health behavior and assumes that volitional processes are important for effective behavioral change. however, only few studies have so far tested associations on the intraindividual level. thus, this study examined the inter- and intraindividual associations between volitional predictors and daily smoking around a quit attempt. method: overall, 105 smokers completed daily electronic questionnaires 10 days before and 21 days after a self-set quit date, including measures of intentions, self-efficacy, planning, action control and numbers of cigarettes smoked. multilevel analysis was applied. findings: at the interindividual level, higher mean levels of volitional predictors across the 32 days were associated with less numbers of cigarettes smoked. negative associations emerged also at the intraindividual level, indicating that on days with higher intentions, self-efficacy, planning and action control than usual, less cigarettes were smoked. moreover, these effects were stronger after the quit date than before the quit date. intentions and action control emerged as most powerful predictors at the intraindividual level. discussion: findings confirm assumptions of the hapa and emphasize the importance of volitional processes at the inter- and intraindividual level in the context of quitting smoking.

Does Social Support Really Help to Eat a Low-Fat Diet? Main Effects and Gender Differences of Received Social Support within the Health Action Process Approach

BACKGROUND: Most theories of health-behavior change focus exclusively on individual self-regulation without taking social factors, such as social support, into account. This study's first aim was to systematically test the added value of received instrumental and emotional social support within the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) in the context of dietary change. In the social support literature, gender effects emerge with regard to the effectiveness of social support. Thus, a second aim was the examination of gender differences in the association of social support with dietary behavior. METHODS: Participants were 252 overweight and obese individuals. At baseline and 12 months later, participants completed questionnaires on HAPA variables; diet-specific received social support and low-fat diet. RESULTS: For the prediction of intentions 12 months later, instrumental support was more beneficial for men than for women over and above individual self-regulation. In terms of dietary behavior at T2, a moderate main effect of instrumental support emerged. Moreover, received emotional social support was beneficial for men, but not for women in terms of a low-fat diet 12 months later. CONCLUSIONS: Effects of received instrumental social support found in this study provide new evidence for the added value of integrating social support into the HAPA.

Dyadic action control in overweight and obese couples: Effectiveness of a randomized controlled trial to promote physical activity.

BACKGROUND: Enhancing physical activity in overweight and obese individuals is an important means to promote health in this target population. The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA), which was the theoretical framework of this study, focuses on individual self-regulation variables for successful health behavior change. One key self-regulation variable of this model is action control with its three subfacets awareness of intentions, self-monitoring and regulatory effort. The social context of individuals, however, is usually neglected in common health behavior change theories. In order to integrate social influences into the HAPA, this randomized controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of a dyadic conceptualization of action control for promoting physical activity. METHODS/DESIGN: This protocol describes the design of a single-blind randomized controlled trial, which comprises four experimental groups: a dyadic action control group, an individual action control group and two control groups. Participants of this study are overweight or obese, heterosexual adult couples who intend to increase their physical activity. Blocking as means of a gender-balanced randomization is used to allocate couples to conditions and partners to either being the target person of the intervention or to the partner condition. The ecological momentary intervention takes place in the first 14 days after baseline assessment and is followed by another 14 days diary phase without intervention. Follow-ups are one month and six months later. Subsequent to the six-months follow-up another 14 days diary phase takes place.The main outcome measures are self-reported and accelerometer-assessed physical activity. Secondary outcome measures are Body Mass Index (BMI), aerobic fitness and habitual physical activity. DISCUSSION: This is the first study examining a dyadic action control intervention in comparison to an individual action control condition and two control groups applying a single-blind randomized control trial. Challenges with running couples studies as well as advantages and disadvantages of certain design-related decisions are discussed. This RCT was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P1_133632/1) and was registered on 27/04/2012 at http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN15705531.

Volitional processes and daily smoking: Examining inter- and intraindividual associations around a quit attempt

The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) assumes that volitional processes are important for effective behavioral change. However, intraindividual associations have not yet been tested in the context of smoking cessation. This study examined the inter- and intraindividual associations between volitional HAPA variables and daily smoking before and after a quit attempt. Overall, 100 smokers completed daily surveys on mobile phones from 10 days before until 21 days after a self-set quit date, including self-efficacy, action planning, action control, and numbers of cigarettes smoked. Negative associations between volitional variables and daily numbers of cigarettes smoked emerged at the inter- and intraindividual level. Except for interindividual action planning, associations were stronger after the quit date than before the quit date. Self-efficacy, planning and action control were identified as critical inter- and intraindividual processes in smoking cessation, particularly after a self-set quit attempt when actual behavior change is performed.

Predicting Physical Activity in Adolescents: The Role of Compensatory Health Beliefs within the Health Action Process Approach

Objective: Compensatory health beliefs (CHBs), defined as beliefs that healthy behaviours can compensate for unhealthy behaviours, may be one possible factor hindering people in adopting a healthier lifestyle. This study examined the contribution of CHBs to the prediction of adolescents’ physical activity within the theoretical framework of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). Design: The study followed a prospective survey design with assessments at baseline (T1) and two weeks later (T2). Method: Questionnaire data on physical activity, HAPA variables and CHBs were obtained twice from 430 adolescents of four different Swiss schools. Multilevel modelling was applied. Results: CHBs added significantly to the prediction of intentions and change in intentions, in that higher CHBs were associated with lower intentions to be physically active at T2 and a reduction in intentions from T1 to T2. No effect of CHBs emerged for the prediction of self-reported levels of physical activity at T2 and change in physical activity from T1 to T2. Conclusion: Findings emphasise the relevance of examining CHBs in the context of an established health behaviour change model and suggest that CHBs are of particular importance in the process of intention formation.

A Dyadic Action Control Trial in Overweight and Obese Couples (DYACTIC)

BACKGROUND: Enhancing physical activity in overweight and obese individuals is an important means to promote health in this target population. The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA), which was the theoretical framework of this study, focuses on individual self-regulation variables for successful health behavior change. One key self-regulation variable of this model is action control with its three subfacets awareness of intentions, self-monitoring and regulatory effort. The social context of individuals, however, is usually neglected in common health behavior change theories. In order to integrate social influences into the HAPA, this randomized controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of a dyadic conceptualization of action control for promoting physical activity. METHODS/DESIGN: This protocol describes the design of a single-blind randomized controlled trial, which comprises four experimental groups: a dyadic action control group, an individual action control group and two control groups. Participants of this study are overweight or obese, heterosexual adult couples who intend to increase their physical activity. Blocking as means of a gender-balanced randomization is used to allocate couples to conditions and partners to either being the target person of the intervention or to the partner condition. The ecological momentary intervention takes place in the first 14 days after baseline assessment and is followed by another 14 days diary phase without intervention. Follow-ups are one month and six months later. Subsequent to the six-months follow-up another 14 days diary phase takes place.The main outcome measures are self-reported and accelerometer-assessed physical activity. Secondary outcome measures are Body Mass Index (BMI), aerobic fitness and habitual physical activity. DISCUSSION: This is the first study examining a dyadic action control intervention in comparison to an individual action control condition and two control groups applying a single-blind randomized control trial. Challenges with running couples studies as well as advantages and disadvantages of certain design-related decisions are discussed. This RCT was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (PP00P1_133632/1) and was registered on 27/04/2012 at http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN15705531.

Acuerdos del extinguido Cabildo de Buenos Aires, publicados bajo la dirección del director del Archivo general de la nación ... Serie I-IV; 1589-1821.

Editors: ser. I, t. 1-16, José Juan Biedma.--ser. I, t. 17-18, ser. II, t. 1-7, ser. III, t. 1-6, ser. IV, t. 1-6, Augusto S. Mallié.--ser. II, t. 8-9, ser. III, t. 7-11, ser. IV, t. 7-8, Eugenio Corbet France.--ser. IV, t. 9, Héctor C. Quesada.

Ilusiones de la vida : drama en tres actos /

"Representado por primera vez en el Teatro del Liceo de Barcelona, en diciembre de 1859" - port.-

‘Théorie’, ‘hypothèse’, ‘modèle’ et ‘méthode’ dans le domaine de la linguistique: perspectives sémasiologique et onomasiologique

'Theory', 'hypothesis', 'model' and 'method' in linguistics: Semasiological and onomasiological perspectives The subject of this thesis is the use of generic scientific terms, in particular the four terms 'theory', 'hypothesis', 'model' and 'method', in linguistic research articles written in French and in Finnish. The thesis examines the types of scientific constructs to which these terms are applied, and seeks to explain the variation in the use of each term. A second objective of the thesis is to analyze the relationships among these terms, and the factors determining the choices made by writers. With its focus on the authentic use of generic scientific terms, the thesis complements the normative and theoretical descriptions of these terms in Science Studies and offers new information on actual writing practices. This thesis adheres to functional and usage-based linguistics, drawing its theoretical background from cognitive linguistics and from functional approaches to terminology. The research material consisted of 120 research articles (856 569 words), representing different domains of linguistics and written in French or Finnish (60 articles in each language). The articles were extracted from peer-reviewed scientific journals and were published between 2000 and 2010. The use of generic scientific terms in the material has been examined from semasiological and onomasiological perspectives. In the first stage, different usages related to each of the four central terms were analyzed. In the second stage, the analysis was extended to other terms and expressions, such as 'theoretical framework', 'approach' and ‘claim’, which were used to name scientific constructs similar to the four terms analyzed in the first stage. Finally, in order to account for the writer’s choice among the terms, a mixed methods approach was adopted, based on the results of a previously conducted questionnaire concerning the differences between these terms as experienced by linguists themselves. Despite the general ideal that scientific terms should be carefully defined, the study shows that the use of these central terms is not without ambiguity. What is understood by these terms may vary according to different conceptual and stylistic factors as well as epistemic and disciplinary traditions. In addition to their polysemy, the semantic potentials of these terms are in part overlapping. In most cases, the variation in the use of these terms is not likely to cause serious misunderstanding. Rather, it allows the researcher to express a specific conceptualization of the scientific constructs mentioned in the article. The discipline of linguistics, however, would benefit from a more elaborate metatheoretical discussion.

YHTEISTYÖTÄ VAI YLIMÄÄRÄISTÄ TYÖTÄ? Opettajien kokemuksia kolmiportaisen tuen asiakirjojen käytöstä esi- ja alkuopetuksen nivelvaiheessa

Suomessa esi- ja perusopetuksessa otettiin 1.1.2011 käyttöön uusi oppimisen kolmiportainen tukimalli, joka korostaa kaikkien lasten oikeutta oppimiseen ja koulunkäyntiin aivan tavallisilla luokilla. Tuen malli muotoutui vuoden 2010 perusopetuslakimuutoksessa. Tukimallin jokaiseen eri vaiheeseen kuuluu kiinteästi tuen toteuttamiseen liittyviä asiakirjoja. Niihin kirjataan lapsen tukeen liittyvät asiat. Asiakirjoja ovat: pedagoginen arvio, oppimissuunnitelma, pedagoginen selvitys sekä henkilökohtainen oppimisen järjestämistä koskeva suunnitelma (HOJKS). Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli tutkia asiakirjojen käytettävyyttä esi- ja alkuopetuksen nivelvaiheessa. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin, millaisia kokemuksia esi- ja alkuopettajilla on kolmiportaisen tuen asiakirjoista sekä niiden vaikutuksista heidän yhteistyöhönsä. Tutkimukseen osallistui viisi esiopettajaa ja viisi alkuopettajaa. Tutkimus suoritettiin teemahaastatteluna fenomenologista lähestymistapaa noudattaen. Analyysimenetelmänä käytettiin aineistolähtöistä sisällönanalyysiä. Tutkimustulosten mukaan esi- ja alkuopettajat kokivat, että kolmiportaisen tuen asiakirjoihin kirjattu tieto vaikuttaa positiivisesti lapsen saamaan tukeen. Asiakirjat ohjaavat tukea tarvitsevan lapsen oppimisen polkua inkluusioperiaatteen mukaisesti kohti omaa lähikoulua. Opettajat näkivät kuitenkin asiakirjoihin liittyviä epäkohtia. Asiakirjat olivat epäselviä ja eri kunnissa hyvin erilaisia. Esiopettajat kokivat niiden kirjaamisen työläänä ja osittain turhana, sillä heillä ei ollut tietoa, lukevatko alkuopettajat heidän esiopetuksesta lähettämiään asiakirjoja. Tuen eri asteiden ”rajapinnat” olivat opettajille epäselviä. Ei ollut selvää, milloin esimerkiksi oppimissuunnitelma oli aiheellista kirjoittaa. Alkuopettajien mielestä lasten pulmia oli vaikea ennakoida, koska eri esiopettajat kirjasivat samoja asioita eri tavalla. Asiakirjoihin liittyvät yhteistyö- ja siirtokäytänteet eivät myöskään olleet selviä. Tutkimus osoitti, että kolmiportaisen tuen asiakirjoja pitäisi esiopetuksessa selkeyttää ja yhdenmukaistaa. Esimiesten tulisi antaa yhtenevät ohjeet asiakirjojen kirjaamis- ja siirtokäytänteisiin: kuka tekee mitä ja millä ajalla. Erityisopettajien työpanosta asiakirjojen suhteen tulisi myös tarkentaa. Opettajien lisäkoulutukseen oli selkeästi tarvetta.

Uusi Saksa, uusi Eurooppa – uusi ulkopolitiikka? Suomi ja Saksan kysymys 1989−1990.

Tämä tutkielma käsittelee Suomen ulkoasianhallinnon suhtautumista Saksojen yhdistymisprosessiin 1989−1990. Jaetusta Saksasta oli vuosien saatossa tullut niin olennainen osa kylmän sodan voimatasapainoa Euroopassa, että vastaus Saksan kysymyksen vaati myös ratkaisua siitä, miten koko Euroopan turvallisuus tulevaisuudessa järjestettäisiin ja kenen tai minkä toimesta tämä tapahtuisi. Siksi yhdistyminen olikin monipolvinen prosessi, jossa erilaiset visiot Euroopan tulevaisuudesta kamppailivat. Voittajaksi selviytyi lopulta Länsi-Saksan liittokanslerin Helmut Kohlin ja Yhdysvaltain ajama malli, jossa DDR liitettiin osaksi Länsi-Saksaa ja yhdistynyt Saksa jäi sekä EY:n että Naton jäseneksi. Suomalaisdiplomaatit suhtautuivat Saksojen kysymyksen kehitykseen alusta asti varsin varovaisesti. Toisen maailmansodan jälkeisen perinnön selvittäminen ja Saksan kysymyksen ratkaiseminen vastasi Suomen tavoitteita poistamalla jännitystä ylläpitäneen tekijän Euroopassa. Lisäksi Saksojen yhdistymiskehitys näytti suomalaisarvioiden mukaan vahvistavan Suomelle tärkeän Euroopan turvallisuus- ja yhteistyökokouksen, Etykin, roolia. Suomen suhtautumista Saksan kysymyksen ratkaisuun voidaankin kuvata Etyk-optimismiksi. Suomalaisten Etyk-optimismi koostui kahdesta osasta, joista ensimmäinen koski turvallisuuspoliittisessa ympäristössä tapahtuneen muutoksen laajuutta: Berliinin muurin murruttua koko toisen maailmansodan jälkeinen Euroopan kahtiajakoon perustunut Jaltan järjestys oli kaatumassa ja edessä oli koko eurooppalaisen turvallisuusjärjestelmän muutos. Ajattelun toinen osa koski ”Jaltan” korvaajaa, joka suomalaisten arvioiden ja toiveiden mukaan rakentuisi Etykin pohjalle. Suomalaisilla olikin koko Saksan yhdistymisprosessin ajan vahva usko siihen, että juuri Etyk on se järjestys, jonka perusteella uusi Eurooppa rakennettaisiin. Saksan kysymyksen ratkaisun synnyttämä uusi turvallisuuspoliittinen ympäristö loi Suomelle myös mahdollisuuden muuttaa asemaansa. Syntyi Operaatio PAX, salainen suunnitelma, jonka avulla Suomi tulkitsi syksyllä 1990 uudelleen Pariisin rauhansopimusta sekä YYA-sopimusta. Operaatio oli irtiotto vanhoista ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikan linjoista ja siten myös Suomessa 1990-luvulla tapahtuneen ulkopoliittisen suunnanmuutoksen ensimmäinen askel. Sen avulla Suomi asemoi itseään uuteen kylmän sodan jälkeiseen tilanteeseen.