Complexity of N-Myc transcriptional function in childhood neuroblastoma

Myc is a transcription factor that can activate transcription of several hundreds genes by direct binding to their promoters at specific DNA sequences (E-box). However, recent studies have also shown that it can exert its biological role by repressing transcription. Such studies collectively support a model in which c-Myc-mediated repression occurs through interactions with transcription factors bound to promoter DNA regions but not through direct recognition of typical E-box sequences. Here, we investigated whether N-Myc can also repress gene transcription, and how this is mechanistically achieved. We used human neuroblastoma cells as a model system in that N-MYC amplification/over-expression represents a key prognostic marker of this tumour. By means of transcription profile analyses we could identify at least 5 genes (TRKA, p75NTR, ABCC3, TG2, p21) that are specifically repressed by N-Myc. Through a dual-step-ChIP assay and genetic dissection of gene promoters, we found that N-Myc is physically associated with gene promoters in vivo, in proximity of the transcription start site. N-Myc association with promoters requires interaction with other proteins, such as Sp1 and Miz1 transcription factors. Furthermore, we found that N-Myc may repress gene expression by interfering directly with Sp1 and/or with Miz1 activity (i.e. TRKA, p75NTR, ABCC3, p21) or by recruiting Histone Deacetylase 1 (Hdac1) (i.e. TG2). In vitro analyses show that distinct N-Myc domains can interact with Sp1, Miz1 and Hdac1, supporting the idea that Myc may participate in distinct repression complexes by interacting specifically with diverse proteins. Finally, results show that N-Myc, through repressed genes, affects important cellular functions, such as apoptosis, growth, differentiation and motility. Overall, our results support a model in which N-Myc, like c-Myc, can repress gene transcription by direct interaction with Sp1 and/or Miz1, and provide further lines of evidence on the importance of transcriptional repression by Myc factors in tumour biology.

European phylogeography of the coastal plants Cakile maritima Scop. (Brassicaceae) and Eryngium maritimum L. (Apiaceae)

Linear dispersal systems, such as coastal habitats, are well suited for phylogeographic studies because of their low spatial complexity compared to three dimensional habitats. Widely distributed coastal plant species additionally show azonal and often essentially continuous distributions. These properties, firstly, make it easier to reconstruct historical distributions of coastal plants and, secondly, make it more likely that present distributions contain both Quaternary refugia and recently colonized areas. Taken together this makes it easier to formulate phylogeographic hypotheses. This work investigated the phylogeography of Cakile maritima and Eryngium maritimum, two species growing in sandy habitats along the north Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea coasts on two different spatial scales using AFLP data. The genetic structure of these species was investigated by sampling single individuals along most of their distributions from Turkey to south Sweden. On a regional scale the population genetic structure of both species was also studied in detail in the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, the Strait of Gibraltar and along a continuous stretch of dunes in western France. Additionally, populations of C. maritima were investigated in the Baltic Sea/Kattegat/North Sea area. Over the complete sampling range the species show both differences and similarities in their genetic structure. In the Mediterranean Sea, both species contain Aegean Sea/Black Sea and west Mediterranean clusters. Cakile maritima additionally shows a clustering of Ionian Sea/Adriatic Sea collections. Further, both species show a subdivision of Atlantic Ocean/North Sea/Baltic Sea material from Mediterranean. Within the Atlantic Ocean group, C. maritima from the Baltic Sea and the most northern Atlantic localities form an additional cluster while no such substructure was found in E. maritimum. In all three instances where population genetic investigations of both species were performed in the same area, the results showed almost complete congruency of spatial genetic patterns. In the Aegean/Black Sea/Marmara region a subdivision of populations into a Black Sea, a Sea of Marmara and an Aegean Sea group is shared by both species. In addition the Sea of Marmara populations are more close to the Aegean Sea populations than they are to the Black Sea populations in both cases. Populations from the Atlantic side of the Strait of Gibraltar are differentiated from those on the Mediterranean side in both species, a pattern that confirms the results of the wide scale study. Along the dunes of West France no clear genetic structure could be detected in any of the species. Additionally, the results from the Baltic Sea/North Sea populations of C. maritima did not reveal any geographical genetic pattern. It is postulated that the many congruencies between the species are mainly due to a predominantly sea water mediated seed dispersal in both species and their shared sandy habitat. The results are compared to hypothetical distributions for the last glacial maximum based on species specific temperature requirements. It is argued that in both species the geographical borders of the clusters in the Mediterranean area were not affected by quaternary temperature changes and that the Aegean/Black Sea/Marmara cluster, and possibly the Ionian Sea/Adriatic Sea cluster in C. maritima, is the result of sea currents that isolate these basins from the rest of the sampled areas. The genetic gap in the Strait of Gibraltar between Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea populations in both species is also explained in terms of sea currents. The existence of three subgroups corresponding to the Aegean Sea, Black Sea and Sea of Marmara basins is suggested to have arisen due to geographical isolation during periods of global sea regressions in the glacials. The population genetic evidence was inconclusive regarding the Baltic Sea cluster of C. Maritima from the wide scale study. The results of this study are very similar to those of an investigation of three other coastal plant species over a similar range. This suggests that the phylo-geographic patterns of widespread coastal plants may be more predictable than those of other terrestrial plants.

Influence of habitat and climate change on European bird communities

Die Fragmentierung von Waldgebieten, der Verlust geeigneter Habitate, die Invasion exotischer Arten und globale Klimaveränderung haben auf Artengemeinschaften erhebliche Auswirkungen. Vögel dienen in vielen Fällen als Indikatorarten für Umweltveränderungen und, besonders, für Veränderungen im Zusammenhang mit globaler Erwärmung. In meiner Arbeit habe ich zuerst einen Literaturüberblick über die Auswirkungen globaler Klimaveränderung auf die Verbreitungsgebiete, den Artenreichtum und die Zusammensetzung von Vogelgemeinschaften dargestellt. Zahlreiche Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Grenzen der Verbreitungsgebiete der meisten Vogelarten mit klimatischen Faktoren korrelieren. Verschiebungen der Verbreitungsgebiete in nördliche Richtung oder in höhere Regionen im Gebirge konnten bereits für viele temperate Vogelarten beobachtet werden. Weiterhin wurde ein zunehmender Artenreichtum besonders in nördlichen Breiten und in höheren Lagen für viele temperate Vogelgemeinschaften vorhergesagt. In trockenen Gebieten ist dagegen mit einer Abnahme des Artenreichtums zu rechnen. Im zweiten Teil meiner Arbeit habe ich untersucht, ob beobachtete Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung europäischer Vogelgemeinschaften tatsächlich durch aktuelle Klimaveränderungen beeinflußt werden. Das Zugverhalten der Arten war dabei ein Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung, weil zu erwarten war, daß Vogelarten mit verschiedenem Zugverhalten unterschiedlich auf Klimaveränderungen reagieren. Ich habe ein Regressionsmodell genutzt, welches die räumliche Beziehung zwischen dem Anteil von Langstreckenziehern, Kurzstreckenziehern und Standvögeln in europäischen Vogelgemeinschaften und verschiedenen Klimavariablen beschreibt. Für 21 Gebiete in Europa habe ich Daten über beobachtete Veränderungen in der Struktur der Vogelgemeinschaften und isochrone Klimaveränderungen zusammengetragen. Mit Hilfe dieser Klimaveränderungen und dem räumlichen Regressionsmodell konnte ich berechnen, welche Veränderungen in den Vogelgemeinschaften aufgrund der veränderten Klimabedingungen zu erwarten wären und sie mit beobachteten Veränderungen vergleichen. Beobachtete und berechnete Veränderungen korrelierten signifikant miteinander. Die beobachteten Veränderungen konnten nicht durch räumliche Autokorrelationseffekte oder durch alternative Faktoren, wie z.B. Veränderungen in der Landnutzung, erklärt werden. Im dritten Teil der Arbeit untersuchte ich für eine mitteleuropäische Vogelgemeinschaft welchen Einfluß Habitatveränderungen, die Invasion exotischer Arten und die Klimaveränderung auf Veränderungen der Häufigkeit und Verbreitungsgröße der 159 Vogelarten am Bodensee zwischen 1980-1981 und 2000-2002 hatten. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, daß Veränderungen in der regionalen Abundanz sowohl durch Habitatveränderungen als auch durch Klimavänderungen hervorgerufen wurden. Exotische Arten schienen in dieser Zeit keinen bedeutenden Einfluß zu haben. Besonders bei Agrarlandarten, Arten mit nördlicheren Verbreitungsgebieten und bei Langstreckenziehern konnten signifikante Abnahmen in der Abundanz beobachtet werden. Vor allem die anhaltenden negativen Bestandsveränderungen bei Langstreckenziehern und die in den letzten zehn Jahren aufgetretenen Abnahmen nördlicher verbreiteter Vogelarten deuten darauf hin, daß die Klimaveränderung aktuell als der größte Einfluß für Vögel in Europa angesehen werden muß. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, daß sich der anhaltende Druck auf die Umwelt in erster Linie durch Habitat- und Klimaveränderungen manifestiert.

Macroecology of avian frugivore diversity

Die Verbreitung von Vögeln kann von sehr unterschiedlichen Faktoren (z.B. Habitatstruktur, Klima, Nahrungsverfügbarkeit, Evolutionsgeschichte) beeinflusst werden, die zudem auf verschiedenen räumlichen Skalen (lokal bis global) unterschiedlich wirken. In dieser Dissertation wurde die Artenvielfalt früchtefressender Vogelarten auf regionalem, kontinentalem und globalem Maßstab untersucht und getestet ob sie von Habitatstruktur (Landnutzung, Topographie, Vegetationsstruktur), Klima (Temperatur, Niederschlag, Evapotranspiration), Nahrungsressourcen (früchtetragende Baumarten), oder historischen Faktoren (biogeographische Region) bestimmt wird. Dazu wurden umfangreiche geographische Datenbanken auf verschiedenen räumlichen Skalen, d.h. auf regionalem (Kenia), kontinentalem (Afrika), und globalem (Welt) Maßstab, ausgewertet, die die Verbreitung aller Vogelarten und wichtiger Umweltfaktoren enthalten. Statistische Analysen auf globalem Maßstab zeigten, dass die Verbreitung von Früchtefressern sehr gut mit klimatischen Variablen, insbesondere aktueller Evapotranspiration und Produktivität, beschrieben werden kann. Unterschiede zwischen biogeographischen Regionen bleiben jedoch bestehen auch wenn für klimatische Unterschiede zwischen den Regionen korrigiert wird. Weiter zeigen unterschiedliche Ordnungen mit früchtefressenden Vogelarten unterschiedliche Diversifizierungsmuster. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass auch historische Faktoren, wie die Klima- und Evolutionsgeschichte, eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Analysen auf regionalem und kontinentalem Maßstab legen nahe, dass klimatische Faktoren im Wesentlichen indirekt auf die Artenvielfalt von Früchtefressern wirken, und zwar durch funktionelle Beziehungen zwischen Früchtefressern und Bäumen (z.B. trophische Interaktionen mit wichtigen Nahrungspflanzen, Vegetationsstruktur). Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass biotische Interaktionen, direkte und indirekte klimatische Effekte, und das Zusammenwirken von Evolutionsgeschichte und heutigen Umweltbedingungen untersucht werden müssen um den Artenreichtum von Vögeln auf großem räumlichem Maßstab zu verstehen.

Analisi del popolamento e delle dinamiche culturali del Neolitico nella Puglia Centrale : un approccio territoriale per la Bassa Murgia

L’obiettivo della ricerca condotta dal candidato è stato sin dal principio la proposta di un’analisi del popolamento e delle dinamiche culturali dell’età neolitica nella Puglia Centrale. Tale aspirazione derivava dal fatto che il territorio oggetto di tale ricerca è stato, negli ultimi decenni, assai meno investigato rispetto alle limitrofe aree, come la piana del Tavoliere ed il Salento in particolare. Questa mancanza di informazioni rendeva necessaria una rivisitazione delle ricerche e degli studi, attraverso la costruzione di un atlante del popolamento, al fine di colmare questo vuoto. Infatti, una valutazione del popolamento dell’età neolitica nell’Italia sud-orientale non può essere considerata per aree culturali distinte e geograficamente limitate. Nonostante vi siano importanti differenziazioni di facies archeologiche, è solo attraverso una visione complessiva e con un controllo articolato delle informazioni che è possibile descrivere i processi e le dinamiche che hanno portato ad un popolamento così imponente, dalla sua espansione al repentino collasso, causando la trasformazione del paesaggio pugliese. La scelta di guardare alla complessità neolitica di questo versante della Puglia si lega culturalmente, oltre che geograficamente, alla ricerca già effettuata sulla grande diffusione del neolitico nella piana del Tavoliere di Puglia, unico esempio europeo in quanto a colonizzazione capillare del territorio..Ciò ha permesso di disegnare un quadro globale, che al momento esclude solo la penisola salentina, del popolamento neolitico della Puglia settentrionale e centrale. Le caratteristiche che differenziano i due complessi, sono strettamente legate sia all’habitat insediativo, inteso come scelte insediamentali, che nella regione indagata appare organizzato su diversi livelli (area costiera adriatica, area prospiciente antichi alvei torrentizi, propaggini dell’altopiano delle Murge), che alle forme culturali, intese come produzione artigianale e soprattutto aspetti rituali connessi alla frequentazione delle grotte naturali.

Sviluppo di un approccio congiunto fuzzy-Bayesiano per l'analisi e la modellizzazione degli ecosistemi: applicazione ad ecosistemi marini costieri.

Nell’attuale contesto di aumento degli impatti antropici e di “Global Climate Change” emerge la necessità di comprenderne i possibili effetti di questi sugli ecosistemi inquadrati come fruitori di servizi e funzioni imprescindibili sui quali si basano intere tessiture economiche e sociali. Lo studio previsionale degli ecosistemi si scontra con l’elevata complessità di questi ultimi in luogo di una altrettanto elevata scarsità di osservazioni integrate. L’approccio modellistico appare il più adatto all’analisi delle dinamiche complesse degli ecosistemi ed alla contestualizzazione complessa di risultati sperimentali ed osservazioni empiriche. L’approccio riduzionista-deterministico solitamente utilizzato nell’implementazione di modelli non si è però sin qui dimostrato in grado di raggiungere i livelli di complessità più elevati all’interno della struttura eco sistemica. La componente che meglio descrive la complessità ecosistemica è quella biotica in virtù dell’elevata dipendenza dalle altre componenti e dalle loro interazioni. In questo lavoro di tesi viene proposto un approccio modellistico stocastico basato sull’utilizzo di un compilatore naive Bayes operante in ambiente fuzzy. L’utilizzo congiunto di logica fuzzy e approccio naive Bayes è utile al processa mento del livello di complessità e conseguentemente incertezza insito negli ecosistemi. I modelli generativi ottenuti, chiamati Fuzzy Bayesian Ecological Model(FBEM) appaiono in grado di modellizare gli stati eco sistemici in funzione dell’ elevato numero di interazioni che entrano in gioco nella determinazione degli stati degli ecosistemi. Modelli FBEM sono stati utilizzati per comprendere il rischio ambientale per habitat intertidale di spiagge sabbiose in caso di eventi di flooding costiero previsti nell’arco di tempo 2010-2100. L’applicazione è stata effettuata all’interno del progetto EU “Theseus” per il quale i modelli FBEM sono stati utilizzati anche per una simulazione a lungo termine e per il calcolo dei tipping point specifici dell’habitat secondo eventi di flooding di diversa intensità.

Implicit computational complexity and probabilistic classes

The thesis applies the ICC tecniques to the probabilistic polinomial complexity classes in order to get an implicit characterization of them. The main contribution lays on the implicit characterization of PP (which stands for Probabilistic Polynomial Time) class, showing a syntactical characterisation of PP and a static complexity analyser able to recognise if an imperative program computes in Probabilistic Polynomial Time. The thesis is divided in two parts. The first part focuses on solving the problem by creating a prototype of functional language (a probabilistic variation of lambda calculus with bounded recursion) that is sound and complete respect to Probabilistic Prolynomial Time. The second part, instead, reverses the problem and develops a feasible way to verify if a program, written with a prototype of imperative programming language, is running in Probabilistic polynomial time or not. This thesis would characterise itself as one of the first step for Implicit Computational Complexity over probabilistic classes. There are still open hard problem to investigate and try to solve. There are a lot of theoretical aspects strongly connected with these topics and I expect that in the future there will be wide attention to ICC and probabilistic classes.

Institutional Complexity and Technology Transfer: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis

This Doctoral Thesis unfolds into a collection of three distinct papers that share an interest in institutional theory and technology transfer. Taking into account that organizations are increasingly exposed to a multiplicity of demands and pressures, we aim to analyze what renders this situation of institutional complexity more or less difficult to manage for organizations, and what makes organizations more or less successful in responding to it. The three studies offer a novel contribution both theoretically and empirically. In particular, the first paper “The dimensions of organizational fields for understanding institutional complexity: A theoretical framework” is a theoretical contribution that tries to better understand the relationship between institutional complexity and fields by providing a framework. The second article “Beyond institutional complexity: The case of different organizational successes in confronting multiple institutional logics” is an empirical study which aims to explore the strategies that allow organizations facing multiple logics to respond more successfully to them. The third work “ How external support may mitigate the barriers to university-industry collaboration” is oriented towards practitioners and presents a case study about technology transfer in Italy.

Effect of Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826) "forest" on the benthic populations of Tremiti Islands Effetto "foresta" di Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826) sui popolamenti bentonici delle Isole Tremiti

Mediterranean coralligenous habitats are biogenic reefs characterised by high species diversity and built mainly by encrusting calcareous red algae, growing in dim light conditions. The global climate change and several human activities may threaten species living in these habitats, especially some of those that are considered particularly relevant in structuring and in maintaining the complexity and diversity of the benthic assemblages. Among them, the red gorgonian, Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826), which can form dense populations, in the last decades showed worrying mass mortality events. Understand the role of this “animal forests” in the coralligenous assemblages is of fundamental importance in order to design appropriate monitoring programs and conservation policies, especially in the marine protected areas. For this purpose, benthic assemblages were studied in presence and absence of red gorgonians at two sites at the Tremiti islands. Overall, the benthic assemblages significantly differed among sites, nevertheless in both places, clear differences between assemblages associated and not associated to the gorgonian forests were found. In particular, encrusting corallinered algae were significantly more abundant in the gorgonian understories at both sites. This result indicates that the gorgonians may promote the development of calcareous algae, which are the main builders of the coralligenous habitats. Moreover species diversity resulted higher in the assemblages associated to the gorgonians. The present study highlights the role of Paramuricea clavata as a relevant ecosystem engineer in the coralligenous habitats.

Relationships between plant diversity and environmental heterogeneity in rupicolous grasslands on gypsum. The case study of Alysso-Sedion albi (Habitat 6110).

Plant communities on weathered rock and outcrops are characterized by high values in species richness (Dengler 2006) and often persist on small and fragmented surfaces. Yet very few studies have examined the relationships between heterogeneity and plant diversity at small scales, in particular in poor-nutrient and low productive environment (Shmida and Wilson 1985, Lundholm 2003). In order to assess these relationships both in space and time in relationship, two different approaches were employed in the present study, in two gypsum outcrops of Northern Apennine. Diachronic and synchronic samplings from April 2012 to March 2013 were performed. A 50x50 cm plot was used in both samplings such as the sampling unit base. The diachronic survey aims to investigate seasonal patterning of plant diversity by the use of images analysis techniques integrated with field data and considering also seasonal climatic trend, the substrate quality and its variation in time. The purpose of the further, synchronic sampling was to describe plant diversity pattern as a function of the environmental heterogeneity meaning in substrate typologies, soil depth and topographic features. Results showed that responses of diversity pattern depend both on the resources availability, environmental heterogeneity and the manner in which the different taxonomic group access to them during the year. Species richness and Shannon diversity were positively affected by increasing in substrate heterogeneity. Furthermore a good turnover in seasonal species occurrence was detected. This vegetation may be described by the coexistence of three groups of species which created a gradient from early colonization stages, characterized by greater slope and predominance of bare rock, gradually to situation of more developed soil.

Extending Implicit Computational Complexity and Abstract Machines to Languages with Control

The Curry-Howard isomorphism is the idea that proofs in natural deduction can be put in correspondence with lambda terms in such a way that this correspondence is preserved by normalization. The concept can be extended from Intuitionistic Logic to other systems, such as Linear Logic. One of the nice conseguences of this isomorphism is that we can reason about functional programs with formal tools which are typical of proof systems: such analysis can also include quantitative qualities of programs, such as the number of steps it takes to terminate. Another is the possiblity to describe the execution of these programs in terms of abstract machines. In 1990 Griffin proved that the correspondence can be extended to Classical Logic and control operators. That is, Classical Logic adds the possiblity to manipulate continuations. In this thesis we see how the things we described above work in this larger context.

La vegetazione e gli habitat del SIC "IT4080008 Balze di Verghereto, Monte Fumaiolo, Ripa della Moia" (provincia di Forlì-Cesena)

Scopo della tesi è la realizzazione di rilievi fitosociologici nel SIC “IT4080008 Balze di Verghereto, Monte Fumaiolo, Ripa della Moia” (provincia di Forlì-Cesena). Il gruppo montuoso del Monte Fumaiolo, posto al confine tra le Vallate del Savio e del Tevere, è stato proposto nel 1995 come Sito di Importanza Comunitaria. E' un'area colonizzata già nell'antichità dall'uomo e comprende una grande estensione di pascoli montani, con rupi calcaree e rilievi comprendenti faggete, abetine artificiali, rimboschimenti e prati pascoli. Nell'ambito di una ricerca sulla distribuzione degli habitat di maggior pregio in questo sito sono stati realizzati campionamenti, basati sul metodo Braun Blanquet, nel periodo tra Lunglio e Settembre 2013. I dati raccolti sono stati successivamente elaborati tramite software Matlab versione 7.10.0.282 creando due dendrogrammi allo scopo di descrivere sia la qualità naturale del SIC, sia dal punto di vista degli habitat. Dalle informazioni raccolte è stata possibile la definizione di due tipologie di vegetazione: le formazioni forestali e gli ambienti aperti. I risultati mostrano 57 rilievi inerenti ai boschi divisi in ulteriori sottogruppi rappresentanti boschi a faggio, situazioni miste con Fagus sylvatica e Abies alba, querceti misti e rimboschimenti a Pinus nigra. I 27 rilievi degli ambienti aperti mostrano invece una predominanza di prati-pascolo e pascoli con situazioni di evoluzione ad arbusteti a Cytisus scoparius e Juniperus communis. Sono state campionate anche le vegetazioni a succulente presenti su affioramenti rocciosi. Le informazioni ottenute ed elaborate possono essere utili per studi futuri e per la creazione di una carta fitosociologica sulla base dei rilievi effettuati e della pregressa carta della vegetazione su base fisionomica (Barlotti 2013).

Probabilistic Recursion Theory and Implicit Computational Complexity

In this thesis we provide a characterization of probabilistic computation in itself, from a recursion-theoretical perspective, without reducing it to deterministic computation. More specifically, we show that probabilistic computable functions, i.e., those functions which are computed by Probabilistic Turing Machines (PTM), can be characterized by a natural generalization of Kleene's partial recursive functions which includes, among initial functions, one that returns identity or successor with probability 1/2. We then prove the equi-expressivity of the obtained algebra and the class of functions computed by PTMs. In the the second part of the thesis we investigate the relations existing between our recursion-theoretical framework and sub-recursive classes, in the spirit of Implicit Computational Complexity. More precisely, endowing predicative recurrence with a random base function is proved to lead to a characterization of polynomial-time computable probabilistic functions.

Risposta dei popolamenti meiobentonici al calpestio umano in habitat roccioso nel SIC Berchida-Bidderosa (Sardegna Nord-Orientale)

Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di confrontare la risposta delle comunità bentoniche associate a una macroalga “habitat-former”, Cystoseira crinita (Duby), sottoposte a diverse intensità e frequenze di calpestio, tramite un esperimento di manipolazione in campo. Tale simulazione si è svolta in un tratto di costa rocciosa nel SIC (Sito di Importanza Comunitaria) di “Berchida-Bidderosa”, Sardegna Nord-Orientale. I risultati di questo esperimento mostrano come, in conseguenza del calpestio, si possa osservare una significativa perdita di biomassa di Cystoseira crinita. La perdita di biomassa si registra principalmente nei campioni sottoposti a calpestio con frequenze/intensità maggiori di 50 passi per unità di area. Le aree sottoposte a medio-alta frequenza/intensità di calpestio non mostrano nel breve periodo un significativo recupero della biomassa algale. Nel presente studio il confronto tra intensità e frequenze di calpestio rivela che il calpestio ripetuto in più giornate non mostra differenze significative rispetto a quello effettuato in un unica giornata. Il fattore che sembra incidere maggiormente sulla perdita di biomassa di Cystoseira crinita è dunque l’intensità di calpestio. L’analisi dei campioni meiobentonici ha rivelato una ricca comunità animale associata a Cystoseira crinita, con 29 taxa identificati. Analizzando gli effetti del calpestio si osserva come la meiofauna risenta negativamente dell’effetto del calpestio in termini di perdita di densità totale e di riduzione del numero di taxa, anche a basse intensità. I campioni meiofaunali sottoposti a medio alte intensità di calpestio non mostrano un recupero nel breve periodo. I risultati ottenuti sull’insieme dei popolamenti, in termini multivariati mostrano un evoluzione della struttura di comunità nel tempo, indicando una variazione delle relazioni di dominanza fra i taxa, che si modificano fra i diversi trattamenti e tempi. Anche nel caso delle analisi condotte sulla meiofauna non si riscontrano differenze tra intensità di calpestio e frequenze. Per valutare quanto la risposta dei popolamenti meiobentonici sia correlata alle variazioni di biomassa di Cystoseira crinita rispetto che ad un effetto diretto del calpestio, tutte le analisi sono state condotte pesando le densità dei diversi taxa in funzione della biomassa algale. Le analisi multivariate mostrano una chiara correlazione tra la biomassa algale e struttura della comunità meiobentoniche. L’effetto del calpestio riduce le abbondanze di organismi meiobentonici in maniera diretta, mentre il successivo ripopolamento dei differenti taxa è legato al recupero o meno di biomassa di Cystoseira crinita. In conclusione, i risultati di questo studio confermano che il calpestio umano sulle coste rocciose possa danneggiare una specie considerata ad alto valore ecologico, come Cystoseira crinita, producendo inoltre effetti negativi diretti ed indiretti sui popolamenti meiobentonici ad essa associati.

Beyond socialism: Tanzanian theatre, neoliberalism and foreign aid complexity

Theatralität ist ein gängiges Konzept, um Theater in Afrika zu definieren. Wird dieses Konzept angewendet, so treten die historischen Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Theaterformen in den Hintergrund. Deshalb ist es wichtig, Theater in einen kulturellen Kontext zu stellen, aus dem das Theater entsteht. Dadurch können nationale und internationale Suprastrukturen, die die sozialpolitische und wirtschaftliche Atmosphäre bestimmen, analysiert werden,. Da sich die aktuelle „globale“ Entwicklung auf neoliberale Grundsätze stützt, ist es offensichtlich, dass man Theater nicht diskutieren kann, ohne näher auf Neoliberalismus, Imperialismus, Kapitalismus, Entwicklungshilfe und Geberpolitik einzugehen.rnDerzeit werden die meisten Theaterprojekte in Tansania durch die Entwicklungshilfe oder ausländische Geberorganisationen unterstützt. Diese Organisationen stellen finanzielle Mittel zur Verfügung, um Theaterproduktionen auf unterschiedlichem Niveau zu ermöglichen. Diese Spendenpraxis hat zu der Fehlannahme geführt, dass Theater nur dann ein Theater ist, wenn es durch ausländische Organisationen finanziert wird. Jedoch ist es offensichtlich, dass diese finanziellen Mittel eine große Rolle in der Machtpolitik spielen. Diese Studie untersucht deshalb die Frage: Welchen Einfluss hat die neoliberale Politik, insbesondere durch die Entwicklungshilfe, auf das Theater in Tansania? Die Arbeit deckt einmal die Verbindung zwischen dem produzieren Theater und den verschiedenen dominierenden politischen Richtungen – von Nationalismus bis Neoliberalismus – auf. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass diese Verbindungen es dem Theater erschweren, diese Suprastrukturen zu vermeiden, durch die es finanziert wird. Das bedeutet, dass die neoliberale Politik mit seinen Merkmalen von Einengung, Unterdrückung und Ausbeutung auch ein eingeengtes, unterdrücktes und ausbeuterisches Theater hervorbringt. Dieser Studie bezeichnet ein solches Theater als Theater (Neo-)Liberalismus. Es ist ein Theater, das apolitisch auftritt, aber tatsächlich unter der neoliberal Politik des freien Markts und der Subventionsstreichungen ums Überleben kämpft.rnIndem diese Verbindungen zwischen Theater, Entwicklungshilfe und Geberorganisationen erläutert werden, kommt diese Forschung zu folgendem Ergebnis: Die Geberorganisationen haben kein Recht, unabhängig von der Höhe ihrer Spende, in die Souveränität eines Staates einzugreifen oder ein neues System einzuführen. Deshalb sollte die Loslösung von ausländischen Geberländern an erster Stelle stehen, damit sich das Theater ganz entwickeln und unabhängig überleben kann. Es ist deshalb notwendig, das Konzept des Volkstheaters neu zu definieren. Das Theater soll wieder mit den Initiativen von Menschen zu tun haben und ihre eigenen Themen in einem gewissen zeitlich und räumlichen Rahmen ansprechen.rnrn