Mes voyages avec le docteur Philips dans les républiques de La Plata (Buenos-Ayres, Montevideo, La Banda-Oriental, etc.)

Armand de B * * * pseud. of J. J. E. Roy.

Itinéraire de Constantinople à la Mecque : extrait de l'ouvrage turc intitulé Kitab menassik el-hadj Kitāb manāsik al-ḥajj : livre des prières et des cérémonies relatives au pélerinage imprimé en 1232 (1816-17) /

With notes by Barbié du Bocage and Jomard.

L'unité de l'imparfait:vues théoriques et perspectives pour les apprenants du français, langue étrangère

Given the diversity of uses of the French imparfait, there is no unanimity about the nature – or even the existence – of a semantic invariant that may characterize it. The present article aims on the one hand at recapitulating the attempted temporal, aspectual and discursive descriptions of the imparfait found in contemporary research. A personal description of that tense based on the concepts of time, aspect and Aktionsart is then proposed ; it is thought such description may account for that tense multiplicity of uses. On the other hand, because of the necessity of a dialogue between theoretical and applied linguistics, this article will also consider the potential contribution of the suggested invariant to the teaching of French as a foreign language.

Les temps du passé français et leur enseignement

Les formes du passé constituent un écueil pour l'apprentissage du français langue étrangère ; même les apprenants les plus avancés échouent à maîtriser leur emploi. Si le manque d'équivalence forme à forme entre les temps des langues constitue une difficulté évidente, la complexité sémantique et distributionnelle des tiroirs français ne doit pas être négligée. Grammairiens et linguistes se sont efforcés de fournir des descriptions des tiroirs du passé mais leur travail, comme celui des didacticiens, s'est révélé inégal. Les contributions retenues dans ce volume invitent à la réflexion critique en ce qui concerne les descriptions existantes des temps et les approches de leur enseignement. Sont envisagées la structuration du système ainsi que la constitution des tiroirs du point de vue synchronique, évolutif et contrastif, à partir de corpus de différentes variétés de français. La question de l'enseignement de ces notions à des apprenants du français langue étrangère et maternelle est aussi considérée dans les divers contextes de l'acquisition. C'est dans l'esprit d'un dialogue de plus en plus nécessaire entre application et modélisation qu'est proposé cet ouvrage, qui retiendra l'intérêt tant des praticiens que des théoriciens. The forms of the past constitute a stumbling block for learning foreign language French; even the most advanced learners fail to master their jobs. If the lack of shape to form equivalence between the time of languages is an obvious difficulty, complexity, semantics and distributional drawers French should not be neglected. Grammarians and linguists have tried to provide descriptions of the drawers of the past but their work, such as educationalists, has been uneven. The contributions included in this volume invite critical thinking regarding the existing descriptions of time and approaches to their teaching. Envisaged the structure of the system and the constitution of the drawers of synchronic point of view, evolutionary and contrasts, from corpora of different varieties of French. The issue of teaching these concepts to learners of French foreign language and tongue is also considered in various contexts of acquisition. In the spirit of dialogue increasingly required between application and modeling what this proposed structure, which will retain the interest of both practitioners and theorists.

From detection of complex motion to descriptions of moving surfaces in human vision

A preliminary study by Freeman et al (1996b) has suggested that when complex patterns of motion elicit impressions of 2-dimensionality, odd-item-out detection improves given targets can be differentiated on the basis of surface properties. Their results can be accounted for, it if is supposed that observers are permitted efficient access to 3-D surface descriptions but access to 2-D motion descriptions is restricted. To test the hypothesis, a standard search technique was employed, in which targets could be discussed on the basis of slant sign. In one experiment, slant impressions were induced through the summing of deformation and translation components. In a second theory were induced through the summing of shear and translation components. Neither showed any evidence of efficient access. A third experiment explored the possibility that access to these representations may have been hindered by a lack of grouping between the stimuli. Attempts to improve grouping failed to produce convincing evidence in support of life. An alternative explanation is that complex patterns of motion are simply not processed simultaneously. Psychophysical and physiological studies have, however, suggested that multiple mechanisms selective for complex motion do exist. Using a subthreshold summation technique I found evidence supporting the notion that complex motions are processed in parallel. Furthermore, in a spatial summation experiment, coherence thresholds were measured for displays containing different numbers of complex motion patches. Consistent with the idea that complex motion processing proceeds in parallel, increases in the number of motion patches were seen to decrease thresholds, both for expansion and rotation. Moreover, the rates of decrease were higher than those typically expected from probability summation, thus implying mechanisms are available, which can pool signals from spatially distinct complex motion flows.

(Table 1) Sample descriptions and results: Carbon, lipid, and kerogen analyses, at DSDP Leg 64 Holes

Pleistocene sediments in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, have been intruded by sills and their organic matter thus subjected to thermal stress. Sediment samples from DSDP/IPOD Sites 477, 478, and 481, and samples of thermally unaltered materials from Sites 474 and 479 were analyzed to characterize the lipids and kerogens and to evaluate the effects of the intrusive thermal stresses. The lipids of the thermally unaltered samples are derived from microbial and terrestrial higher-plant detritus. The samples from the sill proximities contain the distillates, and those adjacent to the sills contain essentially no lipids. The pyrograms of the kerogens from the unaltered samples reflect their predominantly autochthonous microbial origin. When compared with the unaltered samples, the pyrograms of the altered kerogen samples reflect the thermal effects by a reduction in the complexity of the products. Kerogens adjacent to the sills produced little or no pyrolysis products. The effects of intrusions into unconsolidated, wet sediments resulted in in situ pyrolysis of the organic matter, as confirmed by these data.

(Table 1) Sample descriptions, carbon contents, and lipid yields across the K/T boundary at DSDP Hole 93-605 and at Stevns Klint, Denmark

This reconnaissance study was undertaken to determine whether the mass extinctions and faunal successions that mark the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary left a discernible molecular fossil record in the sediments of this period. Lipid signatures of sediments taken from above and below the K/T boundary were compared in core and outcrop samples taken from two locations: the U.S. east coast continental margin (western Atlantic Ocean, DSDP Site 605) and Stevns Klint, Denmark. Four calcareous sediments taken from above and below the K/T boundary in DSDP Hole 605, Section 605-66-1, revealed changing lipid signatures between above and below that are characterized by a large component of unresolved naphthenic hydrocarbons and a homologous series of n-alkanes ranging from Ci6 to C33. These lipid signatures are attributed to an influx of a terrestrial higher plant component and to bacterial reworking of the sediments under partially anoxic depositional and/or diagenetic conditions. The outcrop samples from Stevns Klint had extremely low concentrations of indigenous lipids. The fish clay at the K/T boundary contained traces of microbial hydrocarbons and fatty acids, whereas the carbonates above and below had only microbial fatty acids and additional terrestrial resin acids. The data from both sites indicate a perturbation in the deposition of lipid compound classes across the K/T boundary.

Systematics of African Amphicyonidae, with descriptions of new material from Napak (Uganda) and Grillental (Namibia)

The Early Miocene Napak XV locality (ca 20.5 Ma), Uganda, has yielded an interesting assemblage of fossils, including the very well represented amphicyonid Hecubides euryodon. The remarkable find of a nearly complete mandible, unfortunately with poorly preserved dentition, together with new dental remains allow us to obtain a better idea about the morphology and variability of this species. Additionally, we describe a newly discovered mandible of Hecubides euryodon from the Grillental-VI locality (Sperrgebiet, Namibia), which is the most complete and diagnostic Amphicyonidae material found in this area. Comparisons with Cynelos lemanensis from Saint Gérand le Pouy (France), the type locality, and with an updated sample of the species of amphicyonids described in Africa leads us to validate the genus Hecubides. Hecubides would be phylogenetically related to the medium and large size species of Amphicyonidae from Africa, most of them now grouped into the genera Afrocyon and Myacyon, both endemic to this continent.

Descriptions of Scottish Priority Marine Features (PMFs).

Background The seas around Scotland are rich and diverse – Scotland’s position at the edge of the continental shelf, the long coastline, large area of sea and the mixing of warm and coldwater currents combine to make its waters a special place for marine wildlife and habitats. Scotland has over 18,000 km of coastline and its inshore and offshore areas are among the largest of any EU country, representing 13% of all European seas. Scotland’s seas are of outstanding scenic, historical and cultural value and are part of the national identity at home and abroad. The Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 and the UK Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 include new powers and duties to ensure that our seas are managed sustainably for future generations, integrating the economic growth of marine industries with the need to protect these assets. Measures to conserve Scotland’s marine natural heritage are based on a three pillar approach, with action at the wider seas level (e.g. marine planning or sectoral controls); specific species conservation measures (e.g. improved protection for seals); and through site protection measures - the identification of new Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). To help target action under each of the three pillars, Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) have generated a focused list of habitats and species of priority conservation importance - the Priority Marine Features (PMFs). The aim of the current study was to produce a descriptive catalogue of the Scottish PMFs (including component habitats and species where appropriate) to serve as a reference for future nature conservation action. Whilst derived from available existing accounts, the succinct 1-page descriptions are written from a Scottish perspective, refining, but clearly linking to more generic UK, EC or OSPAR (Oslo and Paris Commission) commentary. Available information on the geographic distribution of the features was collated as part of the project and a summary map is provided in each description. Main findings  This project has generated a descriptive catalogue of the 81 PMFs that have been identified in the seas around Scotland (out to the limit of the UK continental shelf). The list comprises 26 broad habitats (e.g. burrowed mud), seven low or limited mobility species (e.g. ocean quahog) and 48 mobile species, including fish (e.g. blue ling) and marine mammals (e.g. minke whale).  Information on the distribution of the PMFs was collated within a Geographic Information System (GIS). This is the first time that data about such a diverse range of Scottish marine nature conservation interests have been compiled within a single repository. These data have and will be used in conjunction with other contextual base-mapping to inform the development of nature conservation advice and commentary (e.g. in the production of the Scotland’s Marine Atlas - Baxter et al., 2011).  The feature distribution mapping used in the production of this report is being made available to view online via the National Marine Plan Interactive web portal (NMPi - http://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/seamanagement/nmpihome). As new or refined data on Scottish PMFs become available, these will be fed into updates to the project geodatabase and NMPi.

Descriptions of Scottish Priority Marine Features (PMFs).

Background The seas around Scotland are rich and diverse – Scotland’s position at the edge of the continental shelf, the long coastline, large area of sea and the mixing of warm and coldwater currents combine to make its waters a special place for marine wildlife and habitats. Scotland has over 18,000 km of coastline and its inshore and offshore areas are among the largest of any EU country, representing 13% of all European seas. Scotland’s seas are of outstanding scenic, historical and cultural value and are part of the national identity at home and abroad. The Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 and the UK Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 include new powers and duties to ensure that our seas are managed sustainably for future generations, integrating the economic growth of marine industries with the need to protect these assets. Measures to conserve Scotland’s marine natural heritage are based on a three pillar approach, with action at the wider seas level (e.g. marine planning or sectoral controls); specific species conservation measures (e.g. improved protection for seals); and through site protection measures - the identification of new Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). To help target action under each of the three pillars, Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) have generated a focused list of habitats and species of priority conservation importance - the Priority Marine Features (PMFs). The aim of the current study was to produce a descriptive catalogue of the Scottish PMFs (including component habitats and species where appropriate) to serve as a reference for future nature conservation action. Whilst derived from available existing accounts, the succinct 1-page descriptions are written from a Scottish perspective, refining, but clearly linking to more generic UK, EC or OSPAR (Oslo and Paris Commission) commentary. Available information on the geographic distribution of the features was collated as part of the project and a summary map is provided in each description. Main findings  This project has generated a descriptive catalogue of the 81 PMFs that have been identified in the seas around Scotland (out to the limit of the UK continental shelf). The list comprises 26 broad habitats (e.g. burrowed mud), seven low or limited mobility species (e.g. ocean quahog) and 48 mobile species, including fish (e.g. blue ling) and marine mammals (e.g. minke whale).  Information on the distribution of the PMFs was collated within a Geographic Information System (GIS). This is the first time that data about such a diverse range of Scottish marine nature conservation interests have been compiled within a single repository. These data have and will be used in conjunction with other contextual base-mapping to inform the development of nature conservation advice and commentary (e.g. in the production of the Scotland’s Marine Atlas - Baxter et al., 2011).  The feature distribution mapping used in the production of this report is being made available to view online via the National Marine Plan Interactive web portal (NMPi - http://www.gov.scot/Topics/marine/seamanagement/nmpihome). As new or refined data on Scottish PMFs become available, these will be fed into updates to the project geodatabase and NMPi.

The intertextual pilgrimage to Compostela in the Spanish nineteenth-century travel narratives written in French

Pilgrimage to Compostela was decreasing in the nineteenth century. This situation was still worse in France, where the number of pilgrims dwindled dramatically. In fact, there are not many travel narratives in this period, as no relevant French author showed any interest in this religious event. An analysis of these works reveals that the worship to Santiago was somehow considered by these authors a mere historical remnant with an aura of prestige. They allow almost no space for factual descriptions, and therefore used documentary sources to discuss the topic in their own texts. As a consequence, their knowledge of this universe became indirect and intertextual.

‘Théorie’, ‘hypothèse’, ‘modèle’ et ‘méthode’ dans le domaine de la linguistique: perspectives sémasiologique et onomasiologique

'Theory', 'hypothesis', 'model' and 'method' in linguistics: Semasiological and onomasiological perspectives The subject of this thesis is the use of generic scientific terms, in particular the four terms 'theory', 'hypothesis', 'model' and 'method', in linguistic research articles written in French and in Finnish. The thesis examines the types of scientific constructs to which these terms are applied, and seeks to explain the variation in the use of each term. A second objective of the thesis is to analyze the relationships among these terms, and the factors determining the choices made by writers. With its focus on the authentic use of generic scientific terms, the thesis complements the normative and theoretical descriptions of these terms in Science Studies and offers new information on actual writing practices. This thesis adheres to functional and usage-based linguistics, drawing its theoretical background from cognitive linguistics and from functional approaches to terminology. The research material consisted of 120 research articles (856 569 words), representing different domains of linguistics and written in French or Finnish (60 articles in each language). The articles were extracted from peer-reviewed scientific journals and were published between 2000 and 2010. The use of generic scientific terms in the material has been examined from semasiological and onomasiological perspectives. In the first stage, different usages related to each of the four central terms were analyzed. In the second stage, the analysis was extended to other terms and expressions, such as 'theoretical framework', 'approach' and ‘claim’, which were used to name scientific constructs similar to the four terms analyzed in the first stage. Finally, in order to account for the writer’s choice among the terms, a mixed methods approach was adopted, based on the results of a previously conducted questionnaire concerning the differences between these terms as experienced by linguists themselves. Despite the general ideal that scientific terms should be carefully defined, the study shows that the use of these central terms is not without ambiguity. What is understood by these terms may vary according to different conceptual and stylistic factors as well as epistemic and disciplinary traditions. In addition to their polysemy, the semantic potentials of these terms are in part overlapping. In most cases, the variation in the use of these terms is not likely to cause serious misunderstanding. Rather, it allows the researcher to express a specific conceptualization of the scientific constructs mentioned in the article. The discipline of linguistics, however, would benefit from a more elaborate metatheoretical discussion.

Enjeux de la cueca chilienne : vocalité et représentations sociales

Cette recherche aborde le chant de la cueca chilienne à travers le spectre de la voix dans la construction de représentations sociales, et ce, sur la base d’une méthodologie mixte qui combine la recherche bibliographique, l’observation participante, les entrevues et l’analyse musicale. Comme point de départ, on remarque la pratique d’une cueca surnommée urbana, brava ou chilenera, caractérisée par un timbre vocal singulier associé au milieu « populaire » des chanteurs. Remontant aux premières traces de la cueca, au Chili, le chapitre 2 aborde les descriptions de la voix de la zamacueca au XIXe siècle publié dans des récits de voyage. L’analyse du contexte dans lequel ces récits se publient permet de constater que l’idée du caractère nasal de la cueca s’associe à la constitution d’altérité. Le chapitre 3 aborde la façon dont une théorie spécifique sur l’origine de la cueca chilienne contribue aux conceptions de la voix dans le genre. Le sujet de la nasalité apparaît encore, cette fois-ci imbriqué dans l’imagination de l’origine arabo-andalouse de la cueca. S’intéressant à la représentation du sujet populaire, le chapitre 4 expose deux figures centrales de la culture chilienne : le huaso et le roto, représentants du paysan et du sujet urbain, tous deux entremêlés avec des discours nationalistes. Le « parler populaire » apparaît représenté dans divers styles de cueca, en produisant des vocalités affectées par l’imagination de la classe sociale, et ce dans le contexte de débats sur l’authenticité. Le chapitre 5 aborde finalement l’expérience vécue par de jeunes chanteurs actifs sur une scène de revitalisation. Leurs dynamiques de chant en groupe soulignent l’impact de la compétition sur le déploiement de la voix. La pratique structurée selon le chant en ronde - chant à la rueda – montrera que la production d’un « bon pito », soit d’une voix adéquate à la cueca, révèle la nécessité d’adapter les voix aux besoins du groupe. La conclusion met en lumière que le rapport entre voix et style se présente comme une correlation cruciale pour comprendre non seulement la diversité des variantes de cuecas existantes à un moment donné, mais également leurs transformations au cours du temps par l’entremise d’un processus de stylisation. Au-delà du style, pourtant, la voix paraît exprimer quelque chose du sujet qui la fait résonner. Par ce biais, les diverses étiquettes accompagnant le terme cueca nous informent sur les caractéristiques ethniques, du genre et de classe des chanteurs, y compris les différentes voix d’un même sujet qui chante.