Radio follow-up of the gamma-ray flaring gravitational lens B0218+357

B0218+357 è un blazar soggetto al lensing che si trova a z=0.944. Questo sistema consiste in due componenti compatte (A e B) e un anello di Einstein. Recentemente è stato associato ad una sorgente gamma soggetta a burst osservata con il satellite Fermi-LAT. Questo blazar ha mostrato una forte variabilità in banda γ da agosto a settembre del 2012. Gli episodi di variabilità osservati hanno consentito di misurare per la prima volta in banda gamma il ritardo temporale previsto dalla teoria del lensing gravitazionale. Le osservazioni in banda gamma sono state seguite da un programma di monitoring con il Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) in banda radio con lo scopo di verificare l’esistenza di una correlazione tra l’emissione nelle due bande. In questa Tesi tali osservazioni radio sono state analizzate con lo scopo di studiare la variabilità di B0218+357 e, quindi, attestare la connessione tra l’emissione alle alte energie e quella in banda radio. L’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro di Tesi è quello di studiare l’evoluzione della densità di flusso, dell’indice spettrale e della morfologia delle immagini A e B e delle loro sottocomponenti. I dati analizzati sono stati ottenuti con l’interferometro VLBA a tre frequenze di osser- vazione: 2.3, 8.4 GHz (4 epoche con osservazioni simultanee alle due frequenze) e 22 GHz (16 epoche). Le osservazioni hanno coperto un periodo di circa due mesi, subito successivo al flare in banda gamma. La riduzione dei dati è stata effettuata con il pacchetto AIPS. Dall’analisi delle immagini, nella componente B è possibile riconoscere la tipica struttura nucleo-getto chiaramente a tutte e tre le frequenze, invece nella componente A questa struttura è identificabile solo a 22 GHz. A 2.3 e 8.4 GHz la risoluzione non è sufficiente a risolvere nucleo e getto della componente A e l’emissione diffusa risulta dominante. Utilizzando il metodo dello stacking sulle immagini a 2.3 GHz, è stato possibile rivelare le parti più brillanti dell’Einstein ring associato a questa sorgente. Questo è stato possibile poiché la sorgente non ha mostrato alcun segno di variabilità significativa né di struttura né di flusso nelle componenti. Quindi dall’analisi delle curve di luce delle due componenti A e B non è emersa una variabilità significativa chiaramente associabile al flare osservato in banda gamma. Per verificare questo risultato, le curve di luce ottenute sono state confrontate con le osservazioni del radio telescopio OVRO (15 GHz) nel periodo corrispondente alle nostre osservazioni. La curva di luce OVRO è risultata in pieno accordo con le curve di luce ottenute durante questo lavoro di tesi e ha confermato che B0218+257 non ha mostrato un’importante attività radio nel periodo delle osservazioni VLBA. In definitiva, la mancanza di variabilità radio associata a quella osservata nei raggi gamma può essere dovuta al fatto che la regione in cui si è originato il flare gamma è otticamente spessa alle lunghezze d’onda radio, oppure non esiste una precisa correlazione tra le due emissioni, rimanendo quindi un problema aperto da investigare.

Neural network modelling of the wave-structure interaction processes

This thesis presents a new Artificial Neural Network (ANN) able to predict at once the main parameters representative of the wave-structure interaction processes, i.e. the wave overtopping discharge, the wave transmission coefficient and the wave reflection coefficient. The new ANN has been specifically developed in order to provide managers and scientists with a tool that can be efficiently used for design purposes. The development of this ANN started with the preparation of a new extended and homogeneous database that collects all the available tests reporting at least one of the three parameters, for a total amount of 16’165 data. The variety of structure types and wave attack conditions in the database includes smooth, rock and armour unit slopes, berm breakwaters, vertical walls, low crested structures, oblique wave attacks. Some of the existing ANNs were compared and improved, leading to the selection of a final ANN, whose architecture was optimized through an in-depth sensitivity analysis to the training parameters of the ANN. Each of the selected 15 input parameters represents a physical aspect of the wave-structure interaction process, describing the wave attack (wave steepness and obliquity, breaking and shoaling factors), the structure geometry (submergence, straight or non-straight slope, with or without berm or toe, presence or not of a crown wall), or the structure type (smooth or covered by an armour layer, with permeable or impermeable core). The advanced ANN here proposed provides accurate predictions for all the three parameters, and demonstrates to overcome the limits imposed by the traditional formulae and approach adopted so far by some of the existing ANNs. The possibility to adopt just one model to obtain a handy and accurate evaluation of the overall performance of a coastal or harbor structure represents the most important and exportable result of the work.

Gravitational Lensing as a Tool on Galactic and Cosmological Scales

This work considers the reconstruction of strong gravitational lenses from their observed effects on the light distribution of background sources. After reviewing the formalism of gravitational lensing and the most common and relevant lens models, new analytical results on the elliptical power law lens are presented, including new expressions for the deflection, potential, shear and magnification, which naturally lead to a fast numerical scheme for practical calculation. The main part of the thesis investigates lens reconstruction with extended sources by means of the forward reconstruction method, in which the lenses and sources are given by parametric models. The numerical realities of the problem make it necessary to find targeted optimisations for the forward method, in order to make it feasible for general applications to modern, high resolution images. The result of these optimisations is presented in the \textsc{Lensed} algorithm. Subsequently, a number of tests for general forward reconstruction methods are created to decouple the influence of sourced from lens reconstructions, in order to objectively demonstrate the constraining power of the reconstruction. The final chapters on lens reconstruction contain two sample applications of the forward method. One is the analysis of images from a strong lensing survey. Such surveys today contain $\sim 100$ strong lenses, and much larger sample sizes are expected in the future, making it necessary to quickly and reliably analyse catalogues of lenses with a fixed model. The second application deals with the opposite situation of a single observation that is to be confronted with different lens models, where the forward method allows for natural model-building. This is demonstrated using an example reconstruction of the ``Cosmic Horseshoe''. An appendix presents an independent work on the use of weak gravitational lensing to investigate theories of modified gravity which exhibit screening in the non-linear regime of structure formation.

Simulations for Gravitational Lensing of 21 cm Radiation at EoR and Post-EoR Redshifts

21 cm cosmology opens an observational window to previously unexplored cosmological epochs such as the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), the Cosmic Dawn and the Dark Ages using powerful radio interferometers such as the planned Square Kilometer Array (SKA). Among all the other applications which can potentially improve the understanding of standard cosmology, we study the promising opportunity given by measuring the weak gravitational lensing sourced by 21 cm radiation. We performed this study in two different cosmological epochs, at a typical EoR redshift and successively at a post-EoR redshift. We will show how the lensing signal can be reconstructed using a three dimensional optimal quadratic lensing estimator in Fourier space, using single frequency band or combining multiple frequency band measurements. To this purpose, we implemented a simulation pipeline capable of dealing with issues that can not be treated analytically. Considering the current SKA plans, we studied the performance of the quadratic estimator at typical EoR redshifts, for different survey strategies and comparing two thermal noise models for the SKA-Low array. The simulation we performed takes into account the beam of the telescope and the discreteness of visibility measurements. We found that an SKA-Low interferometer should obtain high-fidelity images of the underlying mass distribution in its phase 1 only if several bands are stacked together, covering a redshift range that goes from z=7 to z=11.5. The SKA-Low phase 2, modeled in order to improve the sensitivity of the instrument by almost an order of magnitude, should be capable of providing images with good quality even when the signal is detected within a single frequency band. Considering also the serious effect that foregrounds could have on this detections, we discussed the limits of these results and also the possibility provided by these models of measuring an accurate lensing power spectrum.

Performance analysis of ray-tracing assisted beamforming techniques for future mm-wave wireless systems.

Il progetto di tesi riguarda principalmente la progettazione di moderni sistemi wireless, come 5G o WiGig, operanti a onde millimetriche, attraverso lo studio di una tecnica avanzata detta Beamforming, che, grazie all'utilizzo di antenne direttive e compatte, permette di superare limiti di link budget dovuti alle alte frequenze e introdurre inoltre diversità spaziale alla comunicazione. L'obiettivo principale del lavoro è stato quello di valutare, tramite simulazioni numeriche, le prestazioni di alcuni diversi schemi di Beamforming integrando come tool di supporto un programma di Ray Tracing capace di fornire le principali informazioni riguardo al canale radio. Con esso infatti è possibile sia effettuare un assessment generale del Beamforming stesso, ma anche formulare i presupposti per innovative soluzioni, chiamate RayTracing-assisted- Beamforming, decisamente promettenti per futuri sviluppi così come confermato dai risultati.

Hydraulic evaluation of the gyro electric wave energy converter

Motivation Thanks for a scholarship offered by ALma Mater Studiorum I could stay in Denmark for six months during which I could do physical tests on the device Gyro PTO at the Departmet of Civil Engineering of Aalborg University. Aim The goal of my thesis is an hydraulic evaluation of the device: Gyro PTO, a gyroscopic device for conversion of mechanical energy in ocean surface waves to electrical energy. The principle of the system is the application of the gyroscopic moment of flywheels equipped on a swing float excited by waves. The laboratory activities were carried out by: Morten Kramer, Jan Olsen, Irene Guaraldi, Morten Thøtt, Nikolaj Holk. The main purpose of the tests was to investigate the power absorption performance in irregular waves, but testing also included performance measures in regular waves and simple tests to get knowledge about characteristics of the device, which could facilitate the possibility of performing numerical simulations and optimizations. Methodology To generate the waves and measure the performance of the device a workstation was created in the laboratory. The workstation consist of four computers in each of wich there was a different program. Programs have been used : Awasys6, LabView, Wave lab, Motive optitrack, Matlab, Autocad Main Results Thanks to the obtained data with the tank testing was possible to make the process of wave analisys. We obtained significant wave height and period through a script Matlab and then the values of power produced, and energy efficiency of the device for two types of waves: regular and irregular. We also got results as: physical size, weight, inertia moments, hydrostatics, eigen periods, mooring stiffness, friction, hydrodynamic coefficients etc. We obtained significant parameters related to the prototype in the laboratory after which we scale up the results obtained for two future applications: one in Nissun Brending and in the North Sea. Conclusions The main conclusion on the testing is that more focus should be put into ensuring a stable and positive power output in a variety of wave conditions. In the irregular waves the power production was negative and therefore it does not make sense to scale up the results directly. The average measured capture width in the regular waves was 0.21 m. As the device width is 0.63 m this corresponds to a capture width ratio of: 0.21/0.63 * 100 = 33 %. Let’s assume that it is possible to get the device to produce as well in irregular waves under any wave conditions, and lets further assume that the yearly absorbed energy can be converted into electricity at a PTO-efficiency of 90 %. Under all those assumptions the results in table are found, i.e. a Nissum Bredning would produce 0.87 MWh/year and a North Sea device 85 MWh/year.

Surface-acoustic-wave counterflow micropumps for on-chip liquid motion control in two-dimensional microchannel arrays

Fully controlled liquid injection and flow in hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) two-dimensional microchannel arrays based on on-chip integrated, low-voltage-driven micropumps are demonstrated. Our architecture exploits the surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) induced counterflow mechanism and the effect of nebulization anisotropies at crossing areas owing to lateral propagating SAWs. We show that by selectively exciting single or multiple SAWs, fluids can be drawn from their reservoirs and moved towards selected positions of a microchannel grid. Splitting of the main liquid flow is also demonstrated by exploiting multiple SAW beams. As a demonstrator, we show simultaneous filling of two orthogonal microchannels. The present results show that SAW micropumps are good candidates for truly integrated on-chip fluidic networks allowing liquid control in arbitrarily shaped two-dimensional microchannel arrays.

Chest pulse-wave velocity: a novel approach to assess arterial stiffness

Pulse-wave velocity (PWV) is considered as the gold-standard method to assess arterial stiffness, an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Current available devices that measure PWV need to be operated by skilled medical staff, thus, reducing the potential use of PWV in the ambulatory setting. In this paper, we present a new technique allowing continuous, unsupervised measurements of pulse transit times (PTT) in central arteries by means of a chest sensor. This technique relies on measuring the propagation time of pressure pulses from their genesis in the left ventricle to their later arrival at the cutaneous vasculature on the sternum. Combined thoracic impedance cardiography and phonocardiography are used to detect the opening of the aortic valve, from which a pre-ejection period (PEP) value is estimated. Multichannel reflective photoplethysmography at the sternum is used to detect the distal pulse-arrival time (PAT). A PTT value is then calculated as PTT = PAT - PEP. After optimizing the parameters of the chest PTT calculation algorithm on a nine-subject cohort, a prospective validation study involving 31 normo- and hypertensive subjects was performed. 1/chest PTT correlated very well with the COMPLIOR carotid to femoral PWV (r = 0.88, p < 10 (-9)). Finally, an empirical method to map chest PTT values onto chest PWV values is explored.

Assessment of right ventricular systolic function: Comparison between cardiac magnetic resonance derived ejection fraction and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging of the tricuspid annulus

Systolic right ventricular (RV) function is an important predictor in the course of various congenital and acquired heart diseases. Its practical determination by echocardiography remains challenging. We compared routine assessment of lateral tricuspid annular systolic motion velocity (TV(lat), cm/s) using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging from the apical 4-chamber view with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) as reference method.

Intermittent spike-wave dynamics in a heterogeneous, spatially extended neural mass model

Generalised epileptic seizures are frequently accompanied by sudden, reversible transitions from low amplitude, irregular background activity to high amplitude, regular spike-wave discharges (SWD) in the EEG. The underlying mechanisms responsible for SWD generation and for the apparently spontaneous transitions to SWD and back again are still not fully understood. Specifically, the role of spatial cortico-cortical interactions in ictogenesis is not well studied. We present a macroscopic, neural mass model of a cortical column which includes two distinct time scales of inhibition. This model can produce both an oscillatory background and a pathological SWD rhythm. We demonstrate that coupling two of these cortical columns can lead to a bistability between out-of-phase, low amplitude background dynamics and in-phase, high amplitude SWD activity. Stimuli can cause state-dependent transitions from background into SWD. In an extended local area of cortex, spatial heterogeneities in a model parameter can lead to spontaneous reversible transitions from a desynchronised background to synchronous SWD due to intermittency. The deterministic model is therefore capable of producing absence seizure-like events without any time dependent adjustment of model parameters. The emergence of such mechanisms due to spatial coupling demonstrates the importance of spatial interactions in modelling ictal dynamics, and in the study of ictogenesis.

Excitability and recruitment patterns of spinal motoneurons in human sleep as assessed by F-wave recordings

This study examines the excitability and recruitment of spinal motoneurons in human sleep. The main objective was to assess whether supraspinal inhibition affects the different subpopulations of the compound spinal motoneuron pool in the same way or rather in a selective fashion in the various sleep stages. To this end, we studied F-conduction velocities (FCV) and F-tacheodispersion alongside F-amplitudes and F-persistence in 22 healthy subjects in sleep stages N2, N3 (slow-wave sleep), REM and in wakefulness. Stimuli were delivered on the ulnar nerve, and F-waves were recorded from the first dorsal interosseus muscle. Repeated sets of stimuli were stored to obtain at least 15 F-waves for each state of vigilance. F-tacheodispersion was calculated based on FCVs using the modified Kimura formula. Confirming the only previous study, excitability of spinal motoneurons was generally decreased in all sleep stages compared with wakefulness as indicated by significantly reduced F-persistence and F-amplitudes. More importantly, F-tacheodispersion showed a narrowed range of FCV in all sleep stages, most prominently in REM. In non-REM, this narrowed range was associated with a shift towards significantly decreased maximal FCV and mean FCV as well as with a trend towards lower minimal FCV. In REM, the lowering of mean FCV was even more pronounced, but contrary to non-REM sleep without a shift of minimal and maximal FCV. Variations in F-tacheodispersion between sleep stages suggest that different supraspinal inhibitory neuronal circuits acting on the spinal motoneuron pool may contribute to muscle hypotonia in human non-REM sleep and to atonia in REM sleep.