1000 resultados para Gradiente de densidade
Resumo:
O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a fertilidade, a densidade de raízes e a mineralogia de um Latossolo sob cultivo de cana, comparativamente a uma área de empréstimo, com potencial também para uso agrícola, em Itumbiara-GO. Os solos foram amostrados e caracterizados quanto à fertilidade (pH, K e P disponíveis, Ca+Mg e Al trocáveis, T e V), densidade de raízes (g cm-3) e atributos associados à mineralogia. Ambas as áreas apresentam potencial de uso agrícola, sendo que a denominada de Vermelhão, supostamente menos fértil e de menor qualidade, demonstrou características compatíveis com áreas que tenham recebido corretivos no passado. O fósforo foi o nutriente mais limitante ao desenvolvimento de plantas em ambas as áreas. O uso com essências florestais é recomendado, dado as características de algumas espécies e o baixo investimento inicial com adubos.
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As espécies arbóreas em florestas tropicais possuem madeiras com muita variação sob o ponto de vista de suas propriedades tecnológicas. Portanto, é necessário que se conheça com mais detalhes as propriedades tecnológicas em relação as silviculturais, principalmente daquelas espécies com potencial para comercialização. Várias espécies nativas estão sendo plantadas, por apresentarem crescimento rápido, porém pouco se sabe a respeito de suas propriedades tecnológicas e a relação em cada sistema ou método de plantio e tratos culturais. Visando contribuir para aumentar as informações sobre a interação entre as propriedades tecnológicas e a Silvicultura, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a densidade básica da espécie Bagassa guianensis Aubl., em quatro espaçamentos, em plantio com 16 anos de idade, em área do Campo Experimental da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, em Belterra. Estado do Pará. Os dados foram coletados em uma plantação de Bagassa guianensis Aubl. cobrindo uma área de 5,75 ha. Foram sorteadas, aleatoriamente, 8 árvores por espaçamento (3mx2m, 3mx3m, 3mx4m e 4mx4m). perfazendo urn total de 32 indivíduos. Considerando que a Bagassa guianensis Aubl. pode ter diversos usos, desde construção civil e naval ate móveis finos, os resultados deste trabalho mostram que a espécie pode ser plantada em diferentes espaçamentos, de acordo com o use final pretendido, já que não houve influência dos espaçamentos estudados na densidade básica da madeira.
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A associação micorrízica é uma estratégia biológica de simbiose no solo entre alguns fungos e raiz das plantas. A manutenção desses fungos pode ser alterada de acordo com o manejo do solo e resiliência do agroecossistema. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência do preparo de área agrícola após um ano na densidade de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), em Marapanim-Pa. O estudo foi conduzido em áreas de preparo convencional (corte e queima) e alternativo (corte e trituração). Em cada área, foram definidos quatro transectos (repetição), onde foram coletados solos nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-10 cm. Após um ano de implantação da área de cultivo, o corte e queima apresentou maior número de FMA nas profundidades avaliadas. Após um ano do preparo de área, o sítio em que teve a vegetação queimada apresentou maior número de esporos de FMA, estratégia biológica para manutenção desses seres em área alterada drasticamente.
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A anatomia da madeira é caracterizada pela análise dos elementos celulares do xilema secundário de espécies arbóreas, constituindo-se em uma valiosa ferramenta para a identificação de espécies florestais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi agrupar 18 gêneros da família Leguminosae com raios predominantemente unisseriados, considerando a estratificação, composição (homogeneidade e heterogeneidade), densidade da madeira, os usos comerciais associados, assim como a análise da biometria dos poros/vasos (frequência e diâmetro) e o diâmetro das pontoações intervasculares. Foram analisadas amostras de madeira do acervo da Xiloteca da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém- PA. Realizaram-se também consultas bibliográficas. Dez gêneros foram agrupados como possuindo raios estratificados e homogêneos e oito raios não estratificados e heterogêneos. Da mesma forma o grupo das medianamente pesadas foi representado por oito gêneros, enquanto que o das madeiras pesadas reuniu dez gêneros. O agrupamento das estruturas permite a classificação e identificação das espécies, contribuindo para ações de fiscalização e melhor direcionamento para o manejo florestal.
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2016
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2011
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Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do método de manejo do solo e densidade de plantio sobre a composição botânica do pasto (CBP) e evolução da cobertura do solo (CS).
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2016
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To analyze the main factors that influence bone mass in children and teenagers assessed by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the phalanges. A systematic literature review was performed according to the PRISMA method with searches in databases Pubmed/Medline, SciELO and Bireme for the period 2001-2012, in English and Portuguese languages, using the keywords: children, teenagers, adolescent, ultrasound finger phalanges, quantitative ultrasound of phalanges, phalangeal quantitative ultrasound. 21 articles were included. Girls had, in QUS, Amplitude Dependent Speed of Sound (AD-SoS) values higher than boys during pubertal development. The values of the parameters of QUS of the phalanges and dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) increased with the increase of the maturational stage. Anthropometric variables such as age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), lean mass showed positive correlations with the values of QUS of the phalanges. Physical activity has also been shown to be positively associated with increased bone mass. Factors such as ethnicity, genetics, caloric intake and socioeconomic profile have not yet shown a conclusive relationship and need a larger number of studies. QUS of the phalanges is a method used to evaluate the progressive acquisition of bone mass during growth and maturation of individuals in school phase, by monitoring changes that occur with increasing age and pubertal stage. There were mainly positive influences in variables of sex, maturity, height, weight and BMI, with similar data when compared to the gold standard method, the DXA.
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In insects that utilize patchy and ephemeral resources for feeding and egg laying, the outcome of larval competition for food resources depends on the amount of resources and the spatial distribution of immatures among patches of food. In the present study, the results of larval competition for food in Chrysomya megacephala, in traits such as female weight, fecundity and reproductive investment, were different in situations where the level of larval aggregation (proportion of competitors per amount of food) was the same, but with densities of competitors and amounts of food proportionally different. These results are indicative that the larval competition may depend both on the larval density and the amount of food, in different situations with the same proportion of larvae per gram of food.
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Approximately 7.2% of the Atlantic rainforest remains in Brazil, with only 16% of this forest remaining in the State of Rio de Janeiro, all of it distributed in fragments. This forest fragmentation can produce biotic and abiotic differences between edges and the fragment interior. In this study, we compared the structure and richness of tree communities in three habitats - an anthropogenic edge (AE), a natural edge (NE) and the fragment interior (FI) - of a fragment of Atlantic forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22°50'S and 42°28'W). One thousand and seventy-six trees with a diameter at breast height > 4.8 cm, belonging to 132 morphospecies and 39 families, were sampled in a total study area of 0.75 ha. NE had the greatest basal area and the trees in this habitat had the greatest diameter:height allometric coefficient, whereas AE had a lower richness and greater variation in the height of the first tree branch. Tree density, diameter, height and the proportion of standing dead trees did not differ among the habitats. There was marked heterogeneity among replicates within each habitat. These results indicate that the forest interior and the fragment edges (natural or anthropogenic) do not differ markedly considering the studied parameters. Other factors, such as the age from the edge, type of matrix and proximity of gaps, may play a more important role in plant community structure than the proximity from edges.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the horizontal and vertical structures of tree community in regeneration in a fragment of a secondary riparian forest at approximately 30 years of age and to identify the most abundant species in each fragment of the forest to determine the sucessional stage. An area of 800 m² was subdivided into 16 samples of 10 x 5 m and all individuals with DBH ≥ 1 cm were sampled and identified for the following analyzes: horizontal parameters (DR, FR, DoR, IVC and IVI), vertical parameters (PSR and RNR) and mixed parameters, from of value of increased importance index (IVIa). The survey measured 689 individuals, belonging to 38 families, 74 genus and 109 species. The total density was 8,614 individuals/ha. The index of Shannon´s diversity was 3.99 and the index of Pielou´s equability was 0.85. Tibouchina pulchra, Psychotria suterella and Endlicheria paniculata obtained high values of IVIa. Guarea macrophylla, Gomidesia anacardiaefolia, Xylopia langsdorffiana and Endlicheria paniculata achieved high values of RNT, indicating adequate natural regeneration in the plot. The initial secondary and umbrophylous species showed the highest ecological importance in this fragment of the forest, with the highest values of sociologic position and importance index. Furthermore, the presence of late secondary species in all layers suggest that the studied fragment is in intermediate succession degree.
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Brazil is an important poultry meat export country, and large parts of its destination are countries with specific rearing restrictions related to broiler s welfare. One of the aerial pollutants mostly found in high concentrations in closed poultry housing environment is ammonia. There are evidences that broilers welfare may be compromised by the continuous exposition to this pollutant in rearing housing. This research aimed to estimate broilers welfare reared under specific thermal environmental attributes and bird s density, as function of the ammonia concentration and light intensity inside the housing environment using the Fuzzy Theory. Results showed that the best welfare value (0.89 in the scale: 0-1) approximately 90% of the ideal was found in the conditions that associated the ideal thermal environment, with bird s density between 13-15 birds m-2, with values of the ammonia concentration in the environment below 5 ppm, and light intensity near 1 lx. Using the predictive method it was possible to estimate broilers welfare with relation to the ammonia concentration and light intensity in the housing.
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Animal welfare has been an important research topic in animal production mainly in its ways of assessment. Vocalization is found to be an interesting tool for evaluating welfare as it provides data in a non-invasive way as well as it allows easy automation of process. The present research had as objective the implementation of an algorithm based on artificial neural network that had the potential of identifying vocalization related to welfare pattern indicatives. The research was done in two parts, the first was the development of the algorithm, and the second its validation with data from the field. Previous records allowed the development of the algorithm from behaviors observed in sows housed in farrowing cages. Matlab® software was used for implementing the network. It was selected a retropropagation gradient algorithm for training the network with the following stop criteria: maximum of 5,000 interactions or error quadratic addition smaller than 0.1. Validation was done with sows and piglets housed in commercial farm. Among the usual behaviors the ones that deserved enhancement were: the feed dispute at farrowing and the eventual risk of involuntary aggression between the piglets or between those and the sow. The algorithm was able to identify through the noise intensity the inherent risk situation of piglets welfare reduction.
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This work was carried out with the objective of studying the spatial variability of the physical attributes of a Red-Yellow Ultisol under pasture and secondary vegetation in natural regeneration. Two areas were chosen in a hillside, with the soil sampling to the depth of 0-0.2 m, with the georeferenced points in a regular grid of 10x10 m, totalizing 64 points. In each point it was evaluated the total volume of porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, bulk density, soil penetration resistance and soil water content. The studied attributes in the pasture area present indicator of soil compaction for the animals' traffic, with moderate and strong structure of spatial dependence, except for the macroporosity and penetration resistance. In the area of secondary vegetation (VN) only the macroporosity does not present spatial dependence. The total volume of porosity and the bulk density present the same spatial standard in the area under pasture.