Entanglement control via reservoir engineering in ultracold atomic gases

We study the entanglement of two impurity qubits immersed in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) reservoir. This open quantum system model allows for interpolation between a common dephasing scenario and an independent dephasing scenario by modifying the wavelength of the superlattice superposed to the BEC, and how this influences the dynamical properties of the impurities. We demonstrate the existence of rich dynamics corresponding to different values of reservoir parameters, including phenomena such as entanglement trapping, revivals of entanglement, and entanglement generation. In the spirit of reservoir engineering, we present the optimal BEC parameters for entanglement generation and trapping, showing the key role of the ultracold-gas interactions. Copyright (C) EPLA, 2013

Quenching small quantum gases: Genesis of the orthogonality catastrophe

We study the dynamics of two strongly interacting bosons with an additional impurity atom trapped in a harmonic potential. Using exact numerical diagonalization we are able to fully explore the dynamical evolution when the interaction between the two distinct species is suddenly switched on (quenched). We examine the behavior of the densities, the entanglement, the Loschmidt echo, and the spectral function for a large range of interspecies interactions and find that even in such small systems evidence of Anderson's orthogonality catastrophe can be witnessed.

Four steps to interpreting arterial blood gases

This article examines acid-base balance and the interpretation of arterial blood gases (ABG). The
article begins with a brief revision of related physiology, followed by a description of the primary
disorders associated with acid-base imbalance. The normal ranges and the significance of
abnormal ABG results are explored. The article concludes by providing an easy to follow four-step
guide to ABG interpretation with practice examples presented in the CPD task section.

Measuring work and heat in ultracold quantum gases

We propose a feasible experimental scheme to direct measure heat and work in cold atomic setups. The method is based on a recent proposal which shows that work is a positive operator valued measure (POVM). In the present contribution, we demonstrate that the interaction between the atoms and the light polarization of a probe laser allows us to implement such POVM. In this way the work done on or extracted from the atoms after a given process is encoded in the light quadrature that can be measured with a standard homodyne detection. The protocol allows one to verify fluctuation theorems and study properties of the non-unitary dynamics of a given thermodynamic process.

Thermometry precision in strongly correlated ultracold lattice gases

The precise knowledge of the temperature of an ultracold lattice gas simulating a strongly correlated
system is a question of both fundamental and technological importance. Here, we address such
question by combining tools from quantum metrology together with the study of the quantum
correlations embedded in the system at finite temperatures. Within this frame we examine the spin-
1 2 XY chain, first estimating, by means of the quantum Fisher information, the lowest attainable
bound on the temperature precision. We then address the estimation of the temperature of the sample
from the analysis of correlations using a quantum non demolishing Faraday spectroscopy method.
Remarkably, our results show that the collective quantum correlations can become optimal
observables to accurately estimate the temperature of our model in a given range of temperatures.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae reduce soil erosion by surface water flow in a greenhouse experiment

The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in resisting surface flow soil erosion has never been tested experimentally. We set up a full factorial greenhouse experiment using Achillea millefolium with treatments consisting of addition of AMF inoculum and non-microbial filtrate, non-AMF inoculum and microbial filtrate, AMF inoculum and microbial filtrate, and non-AMF inoculum and non-microbial filtrate (control) which were subjected to a constant shear stress in the form of surface water flow to quantify the soil detachment rate through time. We found that soil loss can be explained by the combined effect of roots and AMF extraradical hyphae and we could disentangle the unique effect of AMF hyphal length, which significantly reduced soil loss, highlighting their potential importance in riparian systems.

Accidental release of hazardous gases: modelling and assessing risk

The renewed concern in assessing risks and consequences from technological hazards in industrial and urban areas continues emphasizing the development of local-scale consequence analysis (CA) modelling tools able to predict shortterm pollution episodes and exposure effects on humans and the environment in case of accident with hazardous gases (hazmat). In this context, the main objective of this thesis is the development and validation of the EFfects of Released Hazardous gAses (EFRHA) model. This modelling tool is designed to simulate the outflow and atmospheric dispersion of heavy and passive hazmat gases in complex and build-up areas, and to estimate the exposure consequences of short-term pollution episodes in accordance to regulatory/safety threshold limits. Five main modules comprising up-to-date methods constitute the model: meteorological, terrain, source term, dispersion, and effects modules. Different initial physical states accident scenarios can be examined. Considered the main core of the developed tool, the dispersion module comprises a shallow layer modelling approach capable to account the main influence of obstacles during the hazmat gas dispersion phenomena. Model validation includes qualitative and quantitative analyses of main outputs by the comparison of modelled results against measurements and/or modelled databases. The preliminary analysis of meteorological and source term modules against modelled outputs from extensively validated models shows the consistent description of ambient conditions and the variation of the hazmat gas release. Dispersion is compared against measurements observations in obstructed and unobstructed areas for different release and dispersion scenarios. From the performance validation exercise, acceptable agreement was obtained, showing the reasonable numerical representation of measured features. In general, quality metrics are within or close to the acceptance limits recommended for ‘non-CFD models’, demonstrating its capability to reasonably predict hazmat gases accidental release and atmospheric dispersion in industrial and urban areas. EFRHA model was also applied to a particular case study, the Estarreja Chemical Complex (ECC), for a set of accidental release scenarios within a CA scope. The results show the magnitude of potential effects on the surrounding populated area and influence of the type of accident and the environment on the main outputs. Overall the present thesis shows that EFRHA model can be used as a straightforward tool to support CA studies in the scope of training and planning, but also, to support decision and emergency response in case of hazmat gases accidental release in industrial and built-up areas.

Contribution of biomass combustion to air pollutant emissions

In Portugal, it was estimated that around 1.95 Mton/year of wood is used in residential wood burning for heating and cooking. Additionally, in the last decades, burnt forest area has also been increasing. These combustions result in high levels of toxic air pollutants and a large perturbation of atmospheric chemistry, interfere with climate and have adverse effects on health. Accurate quantification of the amounts of trace gases and particulate matter emitted from residential wood burning, agriculture and garden waste burning and forest fires on a regional and global basis is essential for various purposes, including: the investigation of several atmospheric processes, the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, and quantification of the air pollution sources that affect human health at regional scales. In Southern Europe, data on detailed emission factors from biomass burning are rather inexistent. Emission inventories and source apportionment, photochemical and climate change models use default values obtained for US and Northern Europe biofuels. Thus, it is desirable to use more specific locally available data. The objective of this study is to characterise and quantify the contribution of biomass combustion sources to atmospheric trace gases and aerosol concentrations more representative of the national reality. Laboratory (residential wood combustion) and field (agriculture/garden waste burning and experimental wildland fires) sampling experiments were carried out. In the laboratory, after the selection of the most representative wood species and combustion equipment in Portugal, a sampling program to determine gaseous and particulate matter emission rates was set up, including organic and inorganic aerosol composition. In the field, the smoke plumes from agriculture/garden waste and experimental wildland fires were sampled. The results of this study show that the combustion equipment and biofuel type used have an important role in the emission levels and composition. Significant differences between the use of traditional combustion equipment versus modern equipments were also observed. These differences are due to higher combustion efficiency of modern equipment, reflecting the smallest amount of particulate matter, organic carbon and carbon monoxide released. With regard to experimental wildland fires in shrub dominated areas, it was observed that the largest organic fraction in the samples studied was mainly composed by vegetation pyrolysis products. The major organic components in the smoke samples were pyrolysates of vegetation cuticles, mainly comprising steradienes and sterol derivatives, carbohydrates from the breakdown of cellulose, aliphatic lipids from vegetation waxes and methoxyphenols from the lignin thermal degradation. Despite being a banned practice in our country, agriculture/garden waste burning is actually quite common. To assess the particulate matter composition, the smoke from three different agriculture/garden residues have been sampled into 3 different size fractions (PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and PM>10). Despite distribution patterns of organic compounds in particulate matter varied among residues, the amounts of phenolics (polyphenol and guaiacyl derivatives) and organic acids were always predominant over other organic compounds in the organosoluble fraction of smoke. Among biomarkers, levoglucosan, β-sitosterol and phytol were detected in appreciable amounts in the smoke of all agriculture/garden residues. In addition, inositol may be considered as an eventual tracer for the smoke from potato haulm burning. It was shown that the prevailing ambient conditions (such as high humidity in the atmosphere) likely contributed to atmospheric processes (e.g. coagulation and hygroscopic growth), which influenced the particle size characteristics of the smoke tracers, shifting their distribution to larger diameters. An assessment of household biomass consumption was also made through a national scale survey. The information obtained with the survey combined with the databases on emission factors from the laboratory and field tests allowed us to estimate the pollutant amounts emitted in each Portuguese district. In addition to a likely contribution to the improvement of emission inventories, emission factors obtained for tracer compounds in this study can be applied in receptor models to assess the contribution of biomass burning to the levels of atmospheric aerosols and their constituents obtained in monitoring campaigns in Mediterranean Europe.

Perceções sociais dos portugueses face aos riscos associados às alterações climáticas

O aquecimento do sistema climático é inequívoco e a influência humana é clara. A continuação da emissão de gases com efeito de estufa irá potenciar os impactes das alterações climáticas, representando um compromisso futuro que se perpetuará por vários séculos. As alterações climáticas não proporcionam uma experiência sensorial direta, embora as variações de temperatura e de precipitação e os extremos climáticos de vários tipos poderem ser experienciados. O cidadão comum não se apercebe do que está a acontecer, a menos que ocorram mudanças significativas, no estado normal do tempo para uma determinada época, na região do mundo onde ele vive. Mesmo para os especialistas, o problema só é cognoscível através de uma vasta rede científica, técnica e institucional. O conhecimento, é portanto, transmitido ao público em geral maioritariamente através de representações dos media sobre o discurso produzido pela comunidade científica. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é averiguar a interligação entre o discurso científico, o discurso mediático e as perceções da população portuguesa na temática das alterações climáticas. A metodologia utilizada, para a prossecução do objetivo, num trabalho que cruza o domínio científico da engenharia do ambiente com o das ciências sociais, encontra-se dividida em 3 fases principais: (1) Uma primeira fase onde se realiza uma análise ao discurso científico de produção nacional, com uma análise de conteúdo aos resumos dos artigos científicos, utilizando 884 resumos da base de dados Scopus de 1975 a 2013 com a palavra-chave ‘Climate Change’; (2) Uma segunda fase onde se analisa o conteúdo de notícias de meios de comunicação social portugueses, aplicando uma análise de conteúdo a 4340 notícias veiculadas por 4 órgãos de comunicação social (Correio da Manhã, Público, RTP e TSF) entre 2004 e 2013, utilizando os respetivos motores de busca online com a palavra-chave ‘Alterações Climáticas’; e, (3) uma terceira fase onde se compila a informação dos estudos existentes sobre a população portuguesa, utilizando os dados dos Eurobarómetros que incluem o tema das alterações climáticas de 1982 a 2014. Seguindo uma linha condutora que inclui o discurso científico, o discurso mediático e as perceções sociais, almejou-se uma abrangência do tema das alterações climáticas, investigando a existência do fenómeno e as respetivas causas, as consequências com a análise dos impactes e dos riscos associados a esses impactes e as soluções através de medidas de mitigação e de adaptação. Nos principais resultados emerge a evidência de que a intensidade de crescimento da produção científica nacional não se traduz num crescimento consistente dos índices de noticiabilidade dos órgãos de comunicação social e desde 2010 que o número de dias por ano, sem notícias sobre alterações climáticas, ultrapassa dos 50%. Em consequência, os níveis de informação da população portuguesa sobre as alterações climáticas são sistematicamente inferiores à média europeia. Em Portugal as taxas de pouco ou nulo conhecimento rondam os dois terços de inquiridos. Não obstante o seu caráter contínuo, para que as alterações climáticas se tornem alvo de interesse dos media é necessário que ocorram reuniões políticas, encontros científicos ou outros acontecimentos. A visibilidade alcançada pelos acontecimentos nacionais é muito fraca e os acontecimentos meteorológicos extremos, não são frequentemente relacionados com o fenómeno das alterações climáticas. No seio da comunidade científica portuguesa existe um claro consenso sobre a existência das alterações climáticas e das suas causas antropogénicas. No discurso mediático português não se verifica enviesamento da informação não sendo surpreendente os baixos níveis de ceticismo dos portugueses. A abordagem aos impactes das alterações climáticas, tanto no discurso científico como no discurso mediático, é robusta e em 2014, cerca de sete em dez portugueses afirma que as alterações climáticas são um problema muito sério. Contudo, Portugal apresenta a proporção mais baixa da Europa de respondentes que percepcionam as alterações climáticas como o problema mais grave que o mundo enfrenta. Para estes resultados poderá contribuir a baixa inclusão de termos relacionados com o risco, tanto no discurso científico como no mediático, não ultrapassando os 20%. Tanto o discurso científico como o discurso mediático não estão direcionados para as soluções (mencionando especificamente medidas de mitigação ou medidas de adaptação). A menção às medidas de mitigação e às medidas de adaptação não ultrapassam os 16% no discurso científico e apresentam valores ainda mais baixos no discurso mediático (13%). Em ambos os discursos existe uma clara preferência pela menção às medidas de adaptação em detrimento das medidas de mitigação. Com valores tão baixos na abordagem às soluções das alterações climáticas não surpreendem os também diminutos níveis de responsabilidade que a população portuguesa atribui a si própria no combate às alterações climáticas.

A produção de bioetanol e a mitigação dos gases de efeito de estufa: o contributo das culturas energéticas no regadio de Alqueva

Dissertação mest., Gestão Sustentável dos Espaços Rurais, Universidade do Algarve, 2008

Temperature, pH, and conductivity control of the nutrient solution of an hydroponic greenhouse

One of the aspects of modern agriculture is characterised by a culture without soil (hydroponic cultures). These culture techniques are identified by possessing automatic control systems to control the nutrient solution. In first hydroponic cultures this control was accomplished by “on- off” analog controllers that applied a single control law implemented in hardware. Therefore, the changes of the control law resulted in the change of all interface electronics. In digital control implemented by micro-controllers the alteration of such control law is easily performed by changing only a computer program, leaving untouched all the interface hardware. In this way, the use and substitution of the control strategy is improved, as well, the use of advanced control strategies.

A greenhouse climate multivariable predictive controller

A multivariable predictive controller was implemented to regulate the air temperature, humidity and CO2 concentration for a greenhouse located in the north of Portugal. The controller outputs are computed in order to optimise the future behaviour of the greenhouse environment, concerning the set-point accuracy and the minimization of energy inputs.