The characteristics of six species of living hollow-bearing trees and their importance for arboreal marsupials in the dry sclerophyll forests of southeast Queensland, Australia

Six species of trees located in the dry sclerophyll forests of southeast Queensland were studied to ascertain which was most suitable to be retained as hollow-bearing trees for nesting and denning by arboreal marsupials. Generally for all tree species, the number of entrances to hollows was positively correlated with the diameter at breast height (DBH) and the growth stage, and entrance diameters also increased in trees with a larger DBH. However, there were differences between the species; Corymbia citriodora had few hollows until the individuals were very large while Eucalyptus crebra had low numbers of hollows throughout its entire size range. It was concluded that a mixture of tree species provided a range of hollow sizes and positions that would be suitable for nesting and denning by arboreal marsupials in those forests. There were large differences between tree species in the relationship between tree size and estimated age. Five of the tree species took between 186 and 230 years to begin to produce hollows while E. crebra took up to 324 years. This suggests that tree species other than E. crebra may be the most preferred for retention in areas where hollow-bearing tree densities are lower than the prescribed level. Other data also suggests there are likely to be enough trees in larger size classes that would begin to form hollows within the next 50 years to compensate for an expected loss of hollow-bearing stags during that same period. In terms of forest operation, the retention of six hollow-bearing trees/ha would represent an estimated loss of 7.3-15% wood production. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Voice and speech characteristics and vocal hygiene in novice and professional voice broadcast journalists

Knowledge of differences in voice and speech characteristics between novice and professional broadcasters is essential for effective education of broadcast journalism students. Because newsreaders rely on optimal voice production, information pertaining to vocal hygiene is also important. The first aim of this study was to compare the voice and speech characteristics of professional newsreaders, student newsreaders and control participants. The second aim was to compare the awareness and use of vocal hygiene across these groups. Professional radio newsreaders, broadcast journalism students and two matched control groups were included in the study. Each participant recorded a news bulletin and completed a questionnaire on vocal hygiene. Data analysis of the recording included objective analysis and perceptual ratings by a panel of three judges. Significant student-professional differences were found. Compared to both the students and the control groups, the professional newsreaders had greater variation in speaking fundamental frequency, a faster rate of speech, fewer pronunciation errors and higher perceptual ratings on vocal quality, emphasis, continuity, phrasing and style of newsreading. Female professional newsreaders had a higher speaking fundamental frequency than both their control participants and the student newsreaders. Comparison of vocal hygiene awareness revealed few significant differences between any of the groups.

Electropalatographic assessment of tongue-to-palate contacts exhibited in dysarthria following traumatic brain injury: Spatial characteristics

Consonant imprecision has been reported to be a common feature of the dysarthric speech disturbances exhibited by individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Inaccurate tongue placements against the hard palate during consonant articulation may be one factor underlying the imprecision. To investigate this hypothesis, electropalatography (EPG) was used to assess the spatial characteristics of the tongue-to-palate contacts exhibited by three males (aged 23-29 years) with dysarthria following severe TBI. Five nonneurologically impaired adults served as control subjects. Twelve single-syllable words of CV or CVC construction (where initial C = /t, d, S, z, k, g/, V=/i, a/) were read aloud three times by each subject while wearing an EPG palate. Spatial characteristics were analyzed in terms of the location, pattern, and amount of tongue-to-palate contact at the frame of maximum contact during production of each consonant. The results revealed that for the majority of consonants, the patterns and locations of contacts exhibited by the TBI subjects were consistent with the contacts generated by the group of control subjects. One notable exception was one subject's production of the alveolar fricatives in which complete closure across the palate was demonstrated, rather than the characteristic groove configuration. Major discrepancies were also noted in relation to the amount of tongue-to-palate contact exhibited, with two TBI subjects consistently demonstrating increased contacts compared to the control subjects. The implications of these findings for the development of treatment programs for dysarthric speech disorders subsequent to TBI are highlighted.

Effect of functional gain on satisfaction with medical rehabilitation after stroke

Objective: To examine the association between gain in motor and cognitive functional status with patient satisfaction 3-6 mo after rehabilitation discharge. Design: Patient satisfaction and changes in functional status were examined in 18,375 patients with stroke who received inpatient medical rehabilitation. Information was obtained from 144 hospitals and rehabilitation facilities contributing records to the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation and the National Follow-up Services. Results: Data analysis revealed significant (P < 0.05) differences in satisfaction responses based on whether information was collected from patient self-report or from a family member proxy, and the two subsets were analyzed separately. Logistic regression revealed the following significant predictors of satisfaction for data collected from stroke patients: cognitive and motor gain, rehospitalization, who the patient was living with at follow-up, age, and follow-up therapy. In the patient-reported data subset, compared with patients who showed improved cognitive or motor functional status, those with no change, respectively, had a 31% and 33% reduced risk of dissatisfaction. In addition, rehospitalized patients had a higher risk of dissatisfaction. For the proxy reported data subset, significant influences on satisfaction were health maintenance, rehospitalization, stroke type, ethnicity, cognitive FIM(TM) gain, length of stay, and follow-up therapy. Conclusions: Ratings of satisfaction with rehabilitation services were affected by change in functional status and whether the information was collected from patient rating or proxy response.

Independent contribution of plaque complexity to myocardial ischemia during Dobutamine stress echocardiography

The influence of complex plaque morphology on the extent of demand-induced ischemia in unselected patients is not well defined. We sought to investigate the functional significance of lesion morphology in patients who underwent coronary angiography and dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE).,Angiography and DSE were performed within a 6-month period (mean 1 +/- 1 month) in 196 patients. Angiographic assessments involved quantification of stenosis severity, assessment of the extent of jeopardized myocardium, and categorization of plaque morphology according to the Ambrose classification. DSE was interpreted by separate investigators with respect to wall motion score index (WMSI) and number of coronary territories involved. A general linear model was constructed to assess,the independent contribution of patient characteristics and angiographic and DSE results with respect to extent of ischemic myocardium. Complex lesion morphology was seen in 62 patients (32%). Patients with complex lesions were more likely to have had prior myocardial infarction (p < 0.001) and be current smokers (p = 0.03). During angiography, they exhibited a trend toward a greater number of diseased vessels, had a greater coronary jeopardy score (p < 0.001) and more frequent collateral flow (p = 0.03). During echocardiography, patients had a higher stress WMSI (p < 0.001) and were more likely to show ischemia in all 3 arterial territories (p < 0.01). On multivariate regression, the coronary artery jeopardy score and the presence of complex plaque morphology were independent predictors of the extent of ischemic myocardium (R 2 = 34%, p < 0.001). Thus, patients with complex plaque morphology are older, more likely to smoke, and more likely to have had prior myocardial. infarction. They exhibit more extensive disease with higher coronary jeopardy scores and a higher resting and peak stress WMSI. Despite these differences, complex plaque morphology remains an independent predictor of the extent of ischemia during stress. (C) 2003 by Excerpta Medica, Inc.

A comprehensive insight into floc characteristics and their impact on compressibility and settleability of activated sludge

This paper presents a comprehensive study of sludge floc characteristics and their impact on compressibility and settleability of activated sludge in full scale wastewater treatment processes. The sludge flocs were characterised by morphological (floc size distribution, fractal dimension, filament index), physical (flocculating ability, viscosity, hydrophobicity and surface charge) and chemical (polymeric constituents and metal content) parameters. Compressibility and settleability were defined in terms of the sludge volume index (SVI) and zone settling velocity (ZSV). The floc morphological and physical properties had important influence on the sludge compressibility and settleability. Sludges containing large flocs and high quantities of filaments, corresponding to lower values of fractal dimension (D-f), demonstrated poor compressibility and settleability. Sludge flocs with high flocculating ability had lower SVI and higher ZSV, whereas high values of hydrophobicity, negative surface charge and viscosity of the sludge flocs correlated to high SVI and low ZSV. The quantity of the polymeric compounds protein. humic substances and carbohydrate in the sludge and the extracted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) had significant positive correlations with SVI. The ZSV was quantitatively independent of the polymeric constituents. High concentrations of the extracted EPS were related to poor compressibility and settleability. The cationic ions Ca, Mg, Al and Fe in the sludge improved significantly the sludge compressibility and settleability. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Impacts of structural characteristics on activated sludge floc stability

Activated sludge samples from seven full-scale plants were investigated in order to determine the relationship between floc structure and floc stability. Floc stability was determined by shear sensitivity and floc strength. Floc structure was considered in terms of two size scales, the micro- and macrostructure. The microstructure refers to the organization of the floc components, such as the individual microorganisms. The macrostructure refers to the overall floc. The floc macrostructure was characterized by filament index, sludge volume index, size, and fractal dimension. It had a significant impact on floc stability. Large and open floes with low fractal dimensions containing large number of filaments were more shear sensitive and had lower floc strength compared to small and dense floes. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis indicated that the organization of the bacterial cells might also have an effect on the floc stability. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Impact of commercial fishing on Trindade Island and Martin Vaz Archipelago, Brazil : characteristics, conservation status of the species involved and prospects for preservation

Reportamos atividades de pesca comerciais no complexo insular mais afastado da costa brasileira: Ilha da Trindade e Arquipélago Martin Vaz. As atividades foram estudadas através de embarques e entrevistas com os mestres e pescadores das embarcações durante uma expedição cientifica realizada entre fevereiro e abril de 2007. Quatro modalidades de atividades de pesca são realizadas na região, capturando ao menos sete espécies que possuem algum risco de extinção. O estabelecimento de normas específicas de restrição para atividades que pescam sobre os recifes das ilhas é uma alternativa para a conservação das espécies ameaçadas. O monitoramento das embarcações pode ocorrer via satélite através do programa nacional de rastreamento de embarcações pesqueiras (PREPS).

Sentidos que emergem do/circulam no trabalho docente na educação infantil

Este estudo focaliza a constituição do trabalho docente na Educação Infantil (EI), tomando como referência o cenário da EI articulado ao campo profissional, vinculado às especificidades da EI, na indissociabilidade do educar e do cuidar, no contexto de transformações do sistema educativo e da expansão da oferta da EI. Perspectiva compreender os sentidos que emergem do/circulam no trabalho docente na EI das auxiliares de creche e professoras que atuam com crianças de zero a três anos, quando mediadas por um processo de formação. É sustentado pelos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos bakhtinianos vinculados aos referenciais do trabalho docente e da formação no campo da educação infantil, com base numa configuração dialógica da compreensão. Articula essa ancoragem à pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa por meio dos procedimentos metodológicos de observação participante e entrevistas, tendo como campo de estudo a experiência de uma instituição de Educação Infantil. Os resultados demonstram tensionamentos entre formação continuada e vivência profissional, estendendo-se às profissionais docentes em situação funcional díspar diante da perspectiva pedagógica da indissociabilidade do educar e do cuidar. Os sentidos que emergiram e circularam, a partir das rodas de conversa propostas nesta pesquisa, abrangem a complexidade do trabalho docente na EI, configurado por lógicas hierárquicas no exercício da docência. Tais fundamentos incidem na diluição de um trabalho educativo pautado no compromisso pedagógico e na formação das crianças, pois, da forma como vêm sendo ampliadas e flexibilizadas as contratações, intensificam a fragilidade da função docente, no que tange à formação mínima exigida em lei para atuar na EI quanto na formação continuada.

Efeito da adição de extrato de casca de jabuticaba nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais de queijo petit suisse

A busca pela melhoria da qualidade de vida e a procura por alimentos naturais e funcionais são crescentes. A incorporação de prebióticos e corantes naturais pode agregar valor ao produto, por serem capazes de melhorar sua qualidade e por apresentarem grandes atrativos tecnológicos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de prebióticos (inulina e oligofrutose) e corante natural (extrato de casca de jabuticaba) nas características de queijo petit suisse. Foi realizada análise da composição físico-química (extrato seco total, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos e acidez titulável) logo após o processamento, análise do pH, colorimetria, teor de compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante em diferentes tempos de armazenamento (0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias), análise do teor de fibras alimentares da formulação de queijo petit suisse com maior atividade antioxidante ao final da vida de prateleira e análises microbiológica e sensorial. O queijo petit suisse elaborado foi dividido em cinco formulações, de acordo com a concentração de corante natural incorporado, que foram 0%, 1,5%, 2,0%, 2,5% e 3,0%. Os dados obtidos com as análises realizadas logo após o processamento e análise sensorial foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey, os dados obtidos com as análises realizadas em diferentes tempos de armazenamento foram submetidos à análise de variância e estudo do comportamento cinético, e a análise de fibras e microbiológica foi analisada por meio de estatística descritiva. Os valores de extrato seco total, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas e carboidrato não diferiram significativamente (p>0,05) entre as formulações. A formulação sem adição de corante natural apresentou menor acidez (p≤0,05), e com o aumento da concentração de corante natural, maior foi a acidez do queijo. Os teores de antocianinas, fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante foram maiores com o aumento da concentração de corante incorporado, sendo que o teor de antocianinas reduziu com o decorrer do tempo de armazenamento. O valor encontrado de fibras para a formulação contendo 3,0% de corante natural foi baixo, e o produto não apresentou alegação de propriedade funcional. A fim de verificar se o queijo estava próprio para o consumo, foi realizada análise microbiológica para coliformes termotolerantes, estando todas as formulações de queijo petit suisse em condições sanitárias satisfatórias. A análise sensorial foi realizada em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi realizado teste de aceitação com avaliação dos atributos cor, sabor, consistência e impressão global, e intenção de compra para todas as formulações com incorporação de corante natural. Na segunda etapa foi realizado o teste de aceitação com informação nutricional do produto para a amostra mais aceita na primeira etapa. Como resultado, foi observado que o atributo cor foi o único que apresentou diferença significativa (p≤0,05) entre as formulações, sendo as mais aceitas com concentração 2,5% e 3,0%. De forma geral, todas as formulações foram bem aceitas, porém, a formulação com maior adição de corante natural foi a que xiii apresentou maiores notas. Assim, o queijo com maior concentração de corante natural foi o utilizado na segunda etapa sensorial, sendo observada influência das informações nos atributos cor e consistência (p≤0,05). Dessa forma, a utilização de prebióticos e corante natural de casca de jabuticaba em queijo petit suisse foi viável por não alterar a composição centesimal do produto, além de conferir ao produto uma coloração atrativa.

Combining Formal Methods and Functional Strategies Regarding the Reverse Engineering of Interactive Applications

Abstract. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) make software easy to use by providing the user with visual controls. Therefore, correctness of GUI’s code is essential to the correct execution of the overall software. Models can help in the evaluation of interactive applications by allowing designers to concentrate on its more important aspects. This paper describes our approach to reverse engineer an abstract model of a user interface directly from the GUI’s legacy code. We also present results from a case study. These results are encouraging and give evidence that the goal of reverse engineering user interfaces can be met with more work on this technique.

Higher-order lazy functional slicing

Program slicing is a well known family of techniques intended to identify and isolate code fragments which depend on, or are depended upon, specific program entities. This is particularly useful in the areas of reverse engineering, program understanding, testing and software maintenance. Most slicing methods, and corresponding tools, target either the imperative or the object oriented paradigms, where program slices are computed with respect to a variable or a program statement. Taking a complementary point of view, this paper focuses on the slicing of higher-order functional programs under a lazy evaluation strategy. A prototype of a Haskell slicer, built as proof-of-concept for these ideas, is also introduced