894 resultados para Elite agrária


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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência Política e Relações Internacionais na variante de Ciência Política

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Background: Differently from HIV-1, HIV-2 disease progression usually takes decades without antiretroviral therapy and the majority of HIV-2 infected individuals survive as elite controllers with normal CD4+ T cell counts and low or undetectable plasma viral load. Neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) are thought to play a central role in HIV-2 evolution and pathogenesis. However, the dynamic of the Nab response and resulting HIV-2 escape during acute infection and their impact in HIV-2 evolution and disease progression remain largely unknown. Our objective was to characterize the Nab response and the molecular and phenotypic evolution of HIV-2 in association with Nab escape in the first years of infection in two children infected at birth. Results: CD4+ T cells decreased from about 50% to below 30% in both children in the first five years of infection and the infecting R5 viruses were replaced by X4 viruses within the same period. With antiretroviral therapy, viral load in child 1 decreased to undetectable levels and CD4+ T cells recovered to normal levels, which have been sustained at least until the age of 12. In contrast, viral load increased in child 2 and she progressed to AIDS and death at age 9. Beginning in the first year of life, child 1 raised high titers of antibodies that neutralized primary R5 isolates more effectively than X4 isolates, both autologous and heterologous. Child 2 raised a weak X4-specific Nab response that decreased sharply as disease progressed. Rate of evolution, nucleotide and amino acid diversity, and positive selection, were significantly higher in the envelope of child 1 compared to child 2. Rates of R5-to-X4 tropism switch, of V1 and V3 sequence diversification, and of convergence of V3 to a β-hairpin structure were related with rate of escape from the neutralizing antibodies. Conclusion: Our data suggests that the molecular and phenotypic evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope are related with the dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response providing further support for a model in which Nabs play an important role in HIV-2 pathogenesis.

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This paper summarises the results of the first systematic, detailed prosopographic study of the MPs – the deputados of the Lower Chamber - of the First Portuguese Republic (1910-1926). Data are presented both by legislature and for the overall period. Two kinds of background variables are explored: sociodemographic (birthplace, age, education and profession) and political (previous experience in other elite positions). Regime change in 1910 resulted in the replacement of the former political elite by homines novi. Most MPs of the Republican regime were born in small towns and communities, had carried out higher educational studies (with prevalence for law training), were mainly drawn from the professions (practising lawyers and doctors) and the Army, and were elected for the first-time at relatively young ages. Parliamentary turnover was high (two-thirds of the representatives held just one mandate) and a large proportion of MPs had a consistent connection (birth, family ties, occupation) to the constituencies to which they had been elected.

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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Antropologia, especialização em Direitos Humanos e Movimentos Sociais

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em História, Filosofia e Património da Ciência e da Tecnologia

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Dissertação de Doutoramento em História Económica e Social

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Os dados foram recolhidos e registados pelo técnico da ESACB João Nunes sob a supervisão da Prof.ª Maria do Carmo Horta Monteiro.

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Os dados foram recolhidos e registados pelo técnico da ESACB João Nunes sob a supervisão da Prof.ª Maria do Carmo Horta Monteiro.

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Os dados foram recolhidos e registados pelo técnico da ESACB João Nunes sob a supervisão da Prof.ª Maria do Carmo Horta Monteiro.

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Os dados foram recolhidos e registados pelo técnico da ESACB João Nunes sob a supervisão da Prof.ª Maria do Carmo Horta Monteiro.

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Os dados foram recolhidos e registados pelo técnico da ESACB João Nunes sob a supervisão da Prof.ª Maria do Carmo Horta Monteiro.

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Os dados foram recolhidos e registados pelo técnico da ESACB João Nunes sob a supervisão da Prof.ª Maria do Carmo Horta Monteiro.

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Os dados foram recolhidos e registados pelo técnico da ESACB João Nunes sob a supervisão da Prof.ª Maria do Carmo Horta Monteiro.

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Os dados foram recolhidos e registados pelo técnico da ESACB João Nunes sob a supervisão da Prof.ª Maria do Carmo Horta Monteiro.

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Os dados foram recolhidos e registados pelo técnico da ESACB João Nunes sob a supervisão da Prof.ª Maria do Carmo Horta Monteiro.