Pólis vs. Oikos: a investigação do papel feminino no drama grego

This work analyzes the consequences of the intersection between the two spheres polis and oikos. It does so by examining themes present in three plays: Medea, Agamemnon and Lysistrata. The focus of the analysis is the way in which the feminine characters react to conflicts of interests in their respective situations. To fully comprehend which values correspond to which mentioned institution, the work also necessarily investigates the socialization and functions of both genders in fifth-century Athenian society. The analysis of the feminine condition in the creation myth implies the importance of the misogynistic sense of that time, which culminated in the silencing, discrediting, and systemic repression of females. The role of women in society, instilled in all girls starting in early childhood, is to succeed in marriage and domestic permanence. This lies opposite the masculine role, which was focused outside of the family center and to environments relating to war and public life. Matrimony and family, traditional female values, were threatened when overlapping with male interests, such as unavoidable war or social ascension through a different matrimonial bond. Therefore, it is possible to affirm that the opposition evident in the definitions male vs. female indicates that, in certain contexts, the interests of each element cause the conflicts present in the chosen plays

O clima em sua regulamentação político-econômica: o acordo de Copenhague - COP 15

We know that the Earth goes through natural cycles that influence its climate and the development of their societies. In recent decades, climate changes and nature began to call world attention to the unbridled exploitation that was carried by the current economic system, causing unrest among scientific, social, political and economic world. The theory that man causes a warming in global temperatures by the release of greenhouse gases made the headlines of major newspapers in the world. From there, it was only a matter of time before environmental concerns became ownership of capital by its excessive appropriation. The fear of nuclear threat by the bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki left in fanfare the world, which together with the devastating impact of the exploitation of man and nature gave birth to the Environmental Revolution, a way of trying to change the development patterns of the time and behavior of the population. However, based on the historical form of capitalist domination, this was another measure that was apossada the economic system being transformed into economic value and political exchange. The origin of the conventions, meetings, conferences, parliaments set up to discuss environmental issues, eventually became forums of political and economic talks focused on environmental governance, valuing an asset that is public and everyone. Environmental and climate issue now has a value, thus turning the agenda on the agenda of the United Nations (UN) for its political and economic regulation in the form of global agreement. Given the need for understanding the climate issue, was born the Conference of the Parties (COPs), a regulatory body for climate negotiations, surrounded interests, complexities, conflicts and disagreements between the parties countries, which becomes clear when we analyze their agreements...

Stuart Hall, cultural studies e a nostalgia da dominação hegemônica

Stuart Hall é um dos poucos autores contemporâneos que ainda se apóia no conceito de ideologia. Ela interfere na língua falada definindo limites, regulando a forma discursiva com a intenção de estabilizá-la e congelá-la. Ela domina o bloco histórico e a estratégia seria a de unir as camadas populares, a partir de dentro, para que estas possam fortificar-se e combatê-la. Mas todo esse esquema tem sabor nostálgico, como se houvesse uma manobra dos poderosos e os dominados não se identificassem com os signos de poder e prestígio. Como no caso da “leitura crítica”, não seria o caso de modernizar Stuart Hall?

Coupled Boltzmann calculation of mixed axion/neutralino cold dark matter production in the early universe

We calculate the relic abundance of mixed axion/neutralino cold dark matter which arises in R-parity conserving supersymmetric (SUSY) models wherein the strong CP problem is solved by the Peccei-Quinn (PQ) mechanism with a concommitant axion/saxion/axino supermultiplet. By numerically solving the coupled Boltzmann equations, we include the combined effects of 1. thermal axino production with cascade decays to a neutralino LSP, 2. thermal saxion production and production via coherent oscillations along with cascade decays and entropy injection, 3. thermal neutralino production and re-annihilation after both axino and saxion decays, 4. gravitino production and decay and 5. axion production both thermally and via oscillations. For SUSY models with too high a standard neutralino thermal abundance, we find the combined effect of SUSY PQ particles is not enough to lower the neutralino abundance down to its measured value, while at the same time respecting bounds on late-decaying neutral particles from BBN. However, models with a standard neutralino underabundance can now be allowed with either neutralino or axion domination of dark matter, and furthermore, these models can allow the PQ breaking scale f(a) to be pushed up into the 10(14) - 10(15) GeV range, which is where it is typically expected to be in string theory models.

The Dynamics of a frictionally-dominated Amazonian estuary

The hydrodynamics, morphology and sedimentology of the Taperacu estuary were investigated. This is one of several estuaries located within the largest mangrove fringe in the world, bordering the Amazon region, subject to a macrotidal regime and regionally atypical negligible fresh water supply. The results reveal widespread sand banks that occupy the central portion of the estuarine cross-section. Well-sorted very fine sandy sediments of marine origin prevail. Shorter flood phases, with substantially higher current velocities, were observed in the upper sector of Taperacu, as expected for a shallow, friction-dominated estuary. However, ebb domination can be expected for estuaries with large associated mangrove areas and substantial estuarine infilling, both of which situations occur on the Taperacu. The tidal asymmetry favoring flood currents could be the result of the absence of an effective fluvial discharge. Furthermore, it was observed that the Taperacu is connected by tidal creeks to the neighboring Caete estuary, allowing a stronger flux during the flood and intensifying the higher flood currents. As a whole, the results have shown a complex interaction of morphological aspects (friction, fluvial drainage, connections with neighbor estuaries, infilling and large storage area) in determining hydrodynamic patterns, thus improving the understanding of Amazon estuaries.

The dynamics of a frictionally-dominated Amazonian estuary

The hydrodynamics, morphology and sedimentology of the Taperaçu estuary were investigated. This is one of several estuaries located within the largest mangrove fringe in the world, bordering the Amazon region, subject to a macrotidal regime and regionally atypical negligible fresh water supply. The results reveal widespread sand banks that occupy the central portion of the estuarine cross-section. Well-sorted very fine sandy sediments of marine origin prevail. Shorter flood phases, with substantially higher current velocities, were observed in the upper sector of Taperaçu, as expected for a shallow, friction-dominated estuary. However, ebb domination can be expected for estuaries with large associated mangrove areas and substantial estuarine infilling, both of which situations occur on the Taperaçu. The tidal asymmetry favoring flood currents could be the result of the absence of an effective fluvial discharge. Furthermore, it was observed that the Taperaçu is connected by tidal creeks to the neighboring Caeté estuary, allowing a stronger flux during the flood and intensifying the higher flood currents. As a whole, the results have shown a complex interaction of morphological aspects (friction, fluvial drainage, connections with neighbor estuaries, infilling and large storage area) in determining hydrodynamic patterns, thus improving the understanding of Amazon estuaries.

Nationen och hans hustru : Feminism och nationalism i Israel med fokus på Miriam Kainys dramatik

The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the tension between feminism and nationalism in Israel and to investigate the ways by which such discursive currents mark the identities of Israeli women. The specific field of investigation is Israeli theatre, and the identities examined are dramatic characters created by the Israeli playwright Miriam Kainy. Also examined is the character of the playwright herself. Theatre is being observed as a specific field of society in which the position of women can be clarified. What kind of women characters the Israeli theatre produces is therefore a leading question for this study. Feminist theories, focusing on gender aspects of power relations, together with the postcolonial perspective, which considers power relations by focusing on ethnicity and geopolitical aspects, provide the theoretical tools. The social constructionist viewpoint is used since it provides an appropriate understanding of important notions for the thesis, such as nation and identity, considering them as constructions created by discourse. The discourses focused upon are the national v. the feminist discourse and theatre is viewed as a discourse mediator, which is why the dramatic text is the object of the analysis. The specific method of analysis is inspired by Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. The main part of the thesis consists of a discursive analysis of five women characters, constructed within a period of about five decades, namely between the 1950s and 1990s. Each one of these characters consists of an articulation which is considered representative of a specific time-relevant discursive struggle between the two discourses in question. One of the central assumptions of the thesis is that the Israeli national identity is thoroughly masculine. The identity problems it has been causing Israeli women since the time of the pioneers until today are clearly illuminated throughout the analysis. The conclusion emphasises that the subjectpositions being introduced by Israeli national discourse, namely the ways of being a New Jew, an Israeli, collide with those introduced by feminist discourse, i.e. ways of being an independent woman subject. Nevertheless, each and every character demonstrates creative ways of transforming the discourses by aiming at a hybrid formation.

Masking environmental feedback : Misfits between institutions and ecosystems in Belize and Thailand

The thesis analyses relationships between ecological and social systems in the context of coastal ecosystems. It examines human impacts from resource extraction and addresses management and governance behind resource exploitation. The main premises are that a lack of ecological knowledge leads to poor ecosystem management and that the dichotomy between social and natural systems is an artificial one. The thesis illustrates the importance of basing resource management on the ecological conditions of the resource and its ecosystem. It also demonstrates the necessity of accounting for the human dimension in ecosystem management and the challenges of organising human actions for sustainable use of ecosystem services in the face of economic incentives that push users towards short-term extraction. Many Caribbean coral reefs have undergone a shift from coral to macroalgal domination. An experiment on Glovers Reef Atoll in Belize manually cleared patch reefs in a no-take zone and a fished zone (Papers I and II). The study hypothesised that overfishing has reduced herbivorous fish populations that control macroalgae growth. Overall, management had no significant effect on fish abundance and the impacts of the algal reduction were short-lived. This illustrated that the benefits of setting aside marine reserves in impacted environments should not be taken for granted. Papers III and IV studied the development of the lobster and conch fisheries in Belize, and the shrimp farming industry in Thailand respectively. These studies found that environmental feedback can be masked to give the impression of resource abundance through sequential exploitation. In both cases inadequate property rights contributed to this unsustainable resource use. The final paper (V) compared the responses to changes in the resource by the lobster fisheries in Belize and Maine in terms of institutions, organisations and their role in management. In contrast to Maine’s, the Belize system seems to lack social mechanisms for responding effectively to environmental feedback. The results illustrate the importance of organisational and institutional diversity that incorporate ecological knowledge, respond to ecosystem feedback and provide a social context for learning from and adapting to change.

El seudónimo masculino y la androginización de la mujer escritora

[ES] Mediante la adopción del seudónimo masculino, algunas escritoras del siglo XIX y de la primera mitad del XX pudieron introducirse en un ámbito controlado absolutamente por hombres: el de la literatura. La sustitución de su nombre legal por otro ficticio les permitió ganarse el respeto de un elevado porcentaje de lectores que se mostraban todavía reticentes a valorar positivamente las obras escritas por una mujer, consideradas frívolas, sensibleras e intrascendentes. La necesidad de llevar puesta una máscara para alcanzar semejantes objetivos demuestra, no obstante, que las autoras de entonces en cierto modo seguían sometidas a los dictámenes de la sociedad patriarcal, cuyos prejuicios hubieron de asumir si querían que sus textos vieran la luz y fuesen tomados en serio. Con el seudónimo varonil ‒unido ocasionalmente también al travestismo físico, como ejemplifica el caso de George Sand‒, las escritoras forjaron de sí mismas unas imágenes descentradas, ambiguas, andróginas. Al mismo tiempo, la estrategia del cambio de género autoral presuponía el reconocimiento de una «condición masculina» inherente a la escritura.

Ni una más. International cooperation against gender-based discrimination: the femicide case in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico

The femicide in Ciudad Juárez is a story made of extreme violence against women for different reasons, by different actors, under different circumstances, and following different behavioural patterns. All within a gender discrimination frame based on the idea that women are inferior, interchangeable and disposable according to the patriarchal hierarchy still present in Mexico, but strongly reinforced by a sort of conspiracy of silence provoked either by the high impunity rate, the governmental incompetence to solve the crimes, or the general indifference of the population. It is the story of hundreds of kidnapped, raped, in many cases tortured, and murdered young women in the border between Mexico and the United States. The murders first came into light in 1993 and up to now young women continue to “disappear” without any hope of bringing the perpetrators to justice, stopping impunity, convicting the assassins, and bringing justice to the families of the deceased girls and women. The main questions about femicide in Ciudad Juárez seem to be: why were they brutally assassinated?, why most of the crimes have not been solved yet?, why and how is Ciudad Juárez different from other border cities with the same characteristics?, which powers are behind those crimes in a city that implies mainly women as its labor force, and which has the lowest unemployment rate in the whole country? But there are also many other questions dealing more with the context, the Juarences’ lifestyles, the eventual hidden powers behind the crimes, the possible murderers’ reasons, the response of the local civil society, or the international community actions to fight against femicide there, among many other things, that are still waiting for an answer and that this paper will ‘narrate’ in order to provide a holistic panorama for the readers. But above all there is the need to remember that every single woman or girl assassinated there had a name, an identity, a family, a story to be told time after time and as many times as necessary, in order to avoid accepting these crimes just as statistics, as cold numbers that might make us forget the human tragedy that has been flagellating the city since 1993. We must remember as well that their deaths express gender oppression, the inequality of the relations between what is male and what is female, a manifestation of domination, terror, social extermination, patriarchal hegemony, social class and impunity. The city is the perfect mirror where all the contradictions of globalization get reflected. It is there where all the globalization evils are present and survive by sucking their women’s blood. It is a city where some concepts such as gender, migration and power are closely related with a negative connotation.

Cambios en contextos de colonización: opciones económicas y transformaciones tecnológicas en el norte de Mendoza entre los siglos XV y XVII (Rca. Argentina)

[ES]Se analizan los cambios en las opciones económicas y la tecnología cerámica de la población indígena del norte de Mendoza (Centro Oeste Argentino), como consecuencia de la dominación inca y la colonia europea. Con base en la evidencia arqueológica y etnohistórica se reflexiona sobre estas transformaciones a luz del concepto de etnogénesis. Se concluye que los agentes de cambio -nuevos contextos de producción y consumo- influyeron de modo distinto: durante el incario y la colonia se mantuvieron prácticas ancestrales de subsistencia a la vez que se incorporaron nuevas; por el contrario, la producción cerámica cambió drásticamente en cada período de dominación. [EN] This paper analyses the changes in subsistence practices and ceramic technology in the local indigenous population of northern Mendoza (west central Argentina), which resulted from the Inca domination and the European colonization. Based on the archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence, we discuss these changes in relation to the concept of ethnogenesis. We conclude that agents of change -new contexts of production and consumption- affected this differently: during the Inca period and colony, ancestral subsistence practices were preserved, in addition to the new ones; on the contrary, ceramic production drastically changed in each period.

La miniatura a Bologna sotto i Bentivoglio

Il lavoro tratta della produzione miniata a Bologna sotto la signoria dei Bentivoglio, tra il quinto decennio del Quattrocento ed il secondo decennio del secolo successivo.

La cultura architettonica del periodo normanno e l'influenza bizantina in Sicilia

The arguments of the thesis is the relationship between the Norman domination and the Greek-speaking people living in Sicily and Southern Italy. Particularly the ascendancy of the greek culture on the norman architecture and his role in the construction of the Norman Kingdom.

L'univers féminin du picaresque

Les considérations sur le statut de la femme dans la littérature picaresque sont principalement limitées à la production littéraire espagnole. Nous ne pouvons que constater l’absence d’une étude comparatiste s’attachant aux personnages féminins qui peuplent le monde picaresque des pays où ce genre littéraire s’est majoritairement affirmé : l’Espagne, la France et l’Angleterre. Le but de cette analyse est de proposer une comparaison exhaustive entre les personnages féminins des romans picaresques européens de l’époque classique. Ceux-ci sont présentés selon les âges de la vie féminine : l’enfance, la jeunesse, l’âge d’épouse et de mère et la vieillesse. L’exploration de ces catégories d’âges dans lesquelles les rôles féminins se construisent met en évidence la place déterminante qu’ils occupent dans la narration. Leurs tâches, leurs comportements, leurs modes relationnels sont analysés dans les différents espaces et à l’intérieur d’un cadre temporel qui leur sont propres. Les représentations de la femme qui sont diffusées par les écrivains sont bien souvent marquées par une conduite désordonnée. Que les femmes soient victimes d’une société sexiste ou bien qu’elles fassent sciemment de mauvais choix, elles sont dans la majorité des cas, inexorablement condamnées à accepter la condition d’infériorité qui leur est imposée. Il est pourtant une catégorie d’entre elles qui ne s’en tient pas au rôle qui lui est dévolu à l’époque par la société et ses institutions et qui met en place toute une série de stratagèmes lui permettant de se frayer un chemin dans un monde dominé par la supériorité masculine

Le désert et la littérature de voyage européenne du XIXe siècle

L'Europe commence à découvrir le désert à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Ce milieu présente des aspects multiples aux premiers explorateurs, qui le décrivent comme un lieu vivant et varié. La géopolitique constitue le premier approche d'analyse : le désert peut être rendu plus viable si mieux administré, donc libre de la domination ottomane. Au cours du siècle, le tourisme se développe, aussi en raison de la colonisation ; l'expérience du désert devient commune, et les voyageurs partent en quête d'une expérience spirituelle aussi bien que d'une aventure. Le désert devient un écran de projection pour la rêverie et les souvenirs des Européens (la Bible et les topos traditionnels demeurent actifs dans l'imaginaire occidental) ; seules certaines caractéristiques de ce milieu sont dès lors appréciées par les voyageurs. Ensuite, avec l'âge du Réalisme, devient objet d'appréciation de la part des peintres. Grâce à la médiation de l'art, la littérature commence à regarder au désert d'un point de vue esthétique, et elle lui reconnaît un charme de la nudité et du dépouillement. La mort et le minéral caractérisent ce milieu vers la fin du siècle ; le désert se vide, et devient le "désert de sable" que nous tous connaissons aujourd'hui.