Avaliação do espectro de gotas de pontas de pulverização hidráulicas utilizando a técnica da difração do raio laser

As pontas de pulverização são os componentes mais importantes dos pulverizadores na aplicação de agrotóxicos. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o espectro de gotas de pontas de pulverização hidráulicas de jato plano (standard e antideriva) e de jato cônico vazio, disponíveis no mercado, submetidas a diferentes pressões da calda. Em ambiente controlado, avaliou-se o espectro de gotas, por meio de um analisador a laser de gotas em tempo real, nas pressões de 200; 300 e 400 kPa para as pontas de jato plano, e de 400; 500 e 600 kPa para as pontas de jato cônico. Os resultados permitiram concluir que: o espectro de gotas foi influenciado pela vazão nominal das pontas e pela pressão da calda; o potencial de deriva das pontas de jato plano standard e de jato cônico vazio foi alto; o uso de pontas de pulverização antideriva dotadas de pré-orifício aumentou o diâmetro das gotas, constituindo-se, portanto, em fator auxiliar para a redução da deriva nas pulverizações, e a avaliação do espectro de gotas empregando-se a técnica da difração do raio laser mostrou-se rápida e precisa.

Tamanho de gotas de pontas de pulverização em diferentes condições operacionais por meio da técnica de difração do raio laser

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o espectro de gotas de pontas de pulverização hidráulicas, submetidas a diferentes pressões e composições de calda, por meio de um analisador de partículas a laser. Em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, avaliaram-se duas pontas de jato plano duplo com indução de ar (AD-IA/D 11002 e AD-IA/D 11004) e duas pontas de jato cônico vazio (MAG - 2 e MAG - 4), em esquema fatorial 3 x 2: três pressões de pulverização (207, 276 e 345 kPa para as pontas de jato plano duplo e 414; 483 e 552 kPa para as pontas de jato cônico); e duas composições de calda (água e água mais o adjuvante fosfatidilcoline + ácido propiônico). A adição do adjuvante reduziu o diâmetro da mediana volumétrica das gotas pulverizadas pelas pontas AD-IA/D 11002 e 11004; porém, teve efeito inverso com a ponta MAG - 4 e não o alterou com a ponta MAG - 2. Em condições climáticas adversas, não se recomenda o uso de pontas de jato cônico vazio, mesmo com a adição do adjuvante testado, em virtude do alto risco potencial de deriva.

Light emitting diode (LED) use in artificial lighting for broiler chicken production

Light emitting diode (LED) has been used in commercial poultry industry by presenting superior energy savings and providing feasibility on production process. The objective of this research was to evaluate performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens exposed to different LED colors compared with fluorescent lamps. For that, two experiments (E1 and E2) were performed and 2,646 Cobb® chickens were used. In experiment E1, male birds were exposed to 20 lux artificial lighting with red, yellow, blue, and white LED bulbs; and fluorescent bulb. In experiment E2, male and female birds were exposed to 15 lux artificial lighting with red and blue LED bulbs; and fluorescent bulb. Cumulative weight gain (kg), feed intake (kg), feed conversion, hot carcass weight (kg), carcass yield (%), and breast and thigh + drumstick yield (%) were used as response variables. Results showed no difference (p > 0.05) among treatments for performance, carcass yield, and cut yield in experiment E1. In experiment E2 there was only difference between genders (p < 0.05) and males showed higher total weight gain, feed intake, hot carcass weight and thigh + drumstick yield. Different LED color use had same effect as fluorescent lights on broiler performance and carcass yield.

Vaporização a laser do cervix para tratamento da neoplasia intraepitelial cervical

O câncer cérvico-uterino é muito comum em vários países da América Latina. As estatísticas de mortalidade e as taxas de incidência demonstram a sua real importância. O cânver cérvico-uterino freqüentemente é uma doença progressiva iniciada com mudanças intra-epiteliais, que podem se transformar em um processo invasivo, sendo o nosso objetivo tratar precocemente estas lesões quando ainda é possível a cura de 100%. Em nosso estudo prospectivo foram selecionadas 21 pacientes com neoplasia cervical intra-epitelial reatreadas pela citplogia e diagnosticadas pela histopatologia após biópsia dirigida pela colposcopia. O método terapêutico empregado foi a vaporização a laser com o CO2. Tiveram como pré-requisito os seguintes critérios: informação segura pela colposcopia da zona de transformação e afastar a presença de câncer invasivo; a neoplasia epitelial cervical deve ocupar a ectocervix sem nenhuma extensão para o canal cervical e correlação positiva entre a citologia, colposcopia e histologia. O uso de laser CO2 com microscópio permitiu precisão na aplicação e com vantagens de ser um procedimento ambulatorial diminuindo estresse cirúrgico das pacientes. Foi realizado sem anestesia e com duração média de 15 minutos. A cicatrização completou-se em torno de três semanas e com cuidados operatórios mínimos. Somente dois casos tiveram sangramento vaginal discreto no quinto e décimo dia de pós-operatório, resolvido com tamponamento vaginal por 24 horas. A colposcopia, cirurgia e o seguimento foram feitos pelo autor, tendo uma paciente sido submetida a uma segunda vaporização no quinto mês de controle. Somente uma paciente teve recidiva no 26° mês de seguimento e complementará o tratamento. As vinte outras restantes estão em controle sem recidiva de doença. Em vista dos resultados obtivemos um percentual de cura de 95%, que coincide com a literatura. O uso de laser CO2 no tratamento das neoplasias cervicais intra-epiteliais (NIC) ou virais tem sido estimulado como uma alternativa digna de ser seguida pelas seguintes razões: cirurgia de não contato, tratamento rápido e indolor, diminuição das custas da internação; complicações mínimas e sem efeito subseqüente sobre a fertilidade e competência cervical, menor necrose térmica, e possibilidade de novo tratamento ambulatorial. Por estas razões e pelo alto percentual de cura podemos concluir que a cirurgia proposta foi vantajosa para o tratamento da neoplasia cervical intra-epitelial, quando comparada com outros métodos de tratamento.

Investigation of the two-photon induced fluorescence in Rb vapour excited by Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser pulses

In this work we report the observation of the blue visible fluorescence at 420 nm in rubidium vapour as a result of two-photon absorption excited by femtosecond laser pulses 790 nm. After experimental investigation of the spa-tial and spectral characteristics of the obtained emission we can claim that mechanism of this coherent fluorescence at 420 nm was not caused by ampli-fied spontaneous emission, but represents the nondegenerate four-wave mixing. As a probable outcome of this investigation an opportunity of creation an ultrafast all-optical switcher might appear.

Tratamento a laser das malformações vasculares venosas

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o tratamento das malformações vasculares venosas congênitas realizado com o emprego da tecnologia laser oferece clareamento ou desaparecimento das lesões com elevado grau de satisfação informado pelos pacientes e observado pelo médico. MÉTODOS: O estudo retrospectivo reuniu 26 pacientes, portadores de malformação vascular venosa, dos quais 73,07% eram do sexo feminino e que foram tratados com o aparelho PhotoDerm®. O tratamento das malformações vasculares necessitou uma média de 6,43 sessões, com intervalos de seis a oito semanas. Os pacientes incluídos neste estudo apresentavam pele tipo II (57,40%) e tipo III (42,30%), conforme classificação de Fitzpatric. A idade média variou de 14 a 61 anos, com média de 36,70 anos. Os dados foram obtidos através do preenchimento de protocolo informado pelo paciente. RESULTADOS: Foi informado elevado grau de satisfação (96,16%) e apenas um caso (3,84%) parcialmente satisfeito, considerando o clareamento ou desaparecimento das lesões. Houve desaparecimento das lesões avaliado pelo profissional médico em 80,76% dos casos e em 19,24% apenas clareamento. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento das malformações vasculares venosas com o Photo-Derm® é seguro e eficiente tendo proporcionado elevado grau de satisfação dos pacientes assim como bons resultados em relação ao desaparecimento das lesões.

Effects of low intensity laser in in vitro bacterial culture and in vivo infected wounds

OBJECTIVE: to compare the effects of low intensity laser therapy on in vitro bacterial growth and in vivo in infected wounds, and to analyze the effectiveness of the AsGa Laser technology in in vivo wound infections. METHODS: in vitro: Staphylococcus aureus were incubated on blood agar plates, half of them being irradiated with 904 nm wavelength laser and dose of 3J/cm2 daily for seven days. In vivo: 32 male Wistar rats were divided into control group (uninfected) and Experimental Group (Infected). Half of the animals had their wounds irradiated. RESULTS: in vitro: there was no statistically significant variation between the experimental groups as for the source plates and the derived ones (p>0.05). In vivo: there was a significant increase in the deposition of type I and III collagen in the wounds of the infected and irradiated animals when assessed on the fourth day of the experiment (p=0.034). CONCLUSION: low-intensity Laser Therapy applied with a wavelength of 904nm and dose 3J/cm2 did not alter the in vitro growth of S. aureus in experimental groups; in vivo, however, it showed significant increase in the deposition of type I and III collagen in the wound of infected and irradiated animals on the fourth day of the experiment.

Effects of low-level laser therapy on wound healing

OBJECTIVE: To gather and clarify the actual effects of low-level laser therapy on wound healing and its most effective ways of application in human and veterinary medicine.METHODS: We searched original articles published in journals between the years 2000 and 2011, in Spanish, English, French and Portuguese languages, belonging to the following databases: Lilacs, Medline, PubMed and Bireme; Tey should contain the methodological description of the experimental design and parameters used.RESULTS: doses ranging from 3 to 6 J/cm2 appear to be more effective and doses 10 above J/cm2 are associated with deleterious effects. The wavelengths ranging from 632.8 to 1000 nm remain as those that provide more satisfactory results in the wound healing process.CONCLUSION: Low-level laser can be safely applied to accelerate the resolution of cutaneous wounds, although this fact is closely related to the election of parameters such as dose, time of exposure and wavelength.

Ablação dos vasos placentários com laser para tratamento da síndrome de transfusão feto-fetal grave: experiência de um centro universitário no Brasil

OBJETIVO: descrever os resultados do tratamento da síndrome de transfusão feto-fetal grave com a ablação vascular placentária a laser em um centro universitário do Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo observacional retrospectivo que incluiu pacientes tratadas na Universidade Estadual de Campinas entre 2007 e 2009. A ablação vascular placentária foi realizada em casos de transfusão feto-fetal grave (estágios II, III e IV de Quintero) diagnosticados até a 26ª semana de gravidez. As principais variáveis avaliadas foram a idade gestacional no parto, a sobrevida (alta do berçário) de pelo menos um gêmeo e o comprometimento neurológico nos sobreviventes. Regressão logística foi utilizada para investigar a influência do comprimento do colo uterino, da idade gestacional e do estágio da doença (antes da cirurgia) sobre o parto/abortamento e o óbito fetal após a intervenção, sobre o parto pré-termo extremo e a sobrevida. RESULTADOS: em toda a amostra, pelo menos uma criança sobreviveu em 63,3% dos casos (19/30). Entre as gestantes que não tiveram parto/abortamento após à cirurgia, a sobrevida de pelo menos um gêmeo foi 82,6% (19/23). Nesse subgrupo (n=23), a idade gestacional média no parto foi 31,9 semanas e o comprometimento neurológico ocorreu em um neonato (1/31; 3,2%). O comprimento do colo uterino influenciou na ocorrência de parto/abortamento após a cirurgia (valor de p=0,008). Entre sete pacientes (7/30; 23,3%) que apresentaram essa complicação, cinco (5/7; 71,4%) tinham medidas do colo uterino menores do que 15 mm. Entre as 23 gestantes que não tiveram parto/abortamento após a cirurgia, os estágios mais avançados da doença (III e IV) aumentaram o risco de parto antes de 32 semanas (valor de p=0,025) e diminuíram a chance de sobrevida de ambas as crianças (valor de p=0,026). CONCLUSÕES: os resultados são semelhantes aos descritos na literatura. Na presente amostra, os principais fatores associados a piores resultados foram o colo uterino curto (menor do que 15 mm) e os estágios mais avançados da doença (III e IV) no momento em que o tratamento foi realizado.

Bartholin's gland cysts: management with carbon-dioxide laser vaporization

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness, recurrence rate, and complications of carbon-dioxide laser vaporization in the treatment of Bartholin's gland cysts. METHODS: A retrospective study including 127 patients with symptomatic Bartholin' gland cysts submitted to carbon-dioxide laser vaporization at our institution from January 2005 to June 2011. Patients with Bartholin's gland abscesses and those suspected of having neoplasia were excluded. All procedures were performed in an outpatient setting under local anaesthesia. Clinical records were reviewed for demographic characteristics, anatomic parameters, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and follow-up data. Data were stored and analyzed in Microsoft Excel® 2007 software. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed, and its results were expressed as frequency (percentage) or mean±standard deviation. Complication, recurrence, and cure rates were calculated. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 37.3±9.5 years-old (range from 18 to 61 years-old). Seventy percent (n=85) of them were multiparous. The most common symptom was pain and 47.2% (n=60) of patients had a history of previous medical and/or surgical treatment for Bartholin's gland abscesses. Mean cyst size was 2.7±0.9 cm. There were three (2.4%) cases of minor intraoperative bleeding. Overall, there were 17 (13.4%) recurrences within a mean of 14.6 months (range from 1 to 56 months): ten Bartholin's gland abscesses and seven recurrent cysts requiring reintervention. The cure rate after single laser treatment was 86.6%. Among the five patients with recurrent disease that had a second laser procedure, the cure rate was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: At this institution, carbon-dioxide laser vaporization seems to be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of Bartholin's gland cysts.

Characterisation of Laser Beam and Paper Material Interaction

It is known already from 1970´s that laser beam is suitable for processing paper materials. In this thesis, term paper materials mean all wood-fibre based materials, like dried pulp, copy paper, newspaper, cardboard, corrugated board, tissue paper etc. Accordingly, laser processing in this thesis means all laser treatments resulting material removal, like cutting, partial cutting, marking, creasing, perforation etc. that can be used to process paper materials. Laser technology provides many advantages for processing of paper materials: non-contact method, freedom of processing geometry, reliable technology for non-stop production etc. Especially packaging industry is very promising area for laser processing applications. However, there are only few industrial laser processing applications worldwide even in beginning of 2010´s. One reason for small-scale use of lasers in paper material manufacturing is that there is a shortage of published research and scientific articles. Another problem, restraining the use of laser for processing of paper materials, is colouration of paper material i.e. the yellowish and/or greyish colour of cut edge appearing during cutting or after cutting. These are the main reasons for selecting the topic of this thesis to concern characterization of interaction of laser beam and paper materials. This study was carried out in Laboratory of Laser Processing at Lappeenranta University of Technology (Finland). Laser equipment used in this study was TRUMPF TLF 2700 carbon dioxide laser that produces a beam with wavelength of 10.6 μm with power range of 190-2500 W (laser power on work piece). Study of laser beam and paper material interaction was carried out by treating dried kraft pulp (grammage of 67 g m-2) with different laser power levels, focal plane postion settings and interaction times. Interaction between laser beam and dried kraft pulp was detected with different monitoring devices, i.e. spectrometer, pyrometer and active illumination imaging system. This way it was possible to create an input and output parameter diagram and to study the effects of input and output parameters in this thesis. When interaction phenomena are understood also process development can be carried out and even new innovations developed. Fulfilling the lack of information on interaction phenomena can assist in the way of lasers for wider use of technology in paper making and converting industry. It was concluded in this thesis that interaction of laser beam and paper material has two mechanisms that are dependent on focal plane position range. Assumed interaction mechanism B appears in range of average focal plane position of 3.4 mm and 2.4 mm and assumed interaction mechanism A in range of average focal plane position of 0.4 mm and -0.6 mm both in used experimental set up. Focal plane position 1.4 mm represents midzone of these two mechanisms. Holes during laser beam and paper material interaction are formed gradually: first small hole is formed to interaction area in the centre of laser beam cross-section and after that, as function of interaction time, hole expands, until interaction between laser beam and dried kraft pulp is ended. By the image analysis it can be seen that in beginning of laser beam and dried kraft pulp material interaction small holes off very good quality are formed. It is obvious that black colour and heat affected zone appear as function of interaction time. This reveals that there still are different interaction phases within interaction mechanisms A and B. These interaction phases appear as function of time and also as function of peak intensity of laser beam. Limit peak intensity is the value that divides interaction mechanism A and B from one-phase interaction into dual-phase interaction. So all peak intensity values under limit peak intensity belong to MAOM (interaction mechanism A one-phase mode) or to MBOM (interaction mechanism B onephase mode) and values over that belong to MADM (interaction mechanism A dual-phase mode) or to MBDM (interaction mechanism B dual-phase mode). Decomposition process of cellulose is evolution of hydrocarbons when temperature is between 380- 500°C. This means that long cellulose molecule is split into smaller volatile hydrocarbons in this temperature range. As temperature increases, decomposition process of cellulose molecule changes. In range of 700-900°C, cellulose molecule is mainly decomposed into H2 gas; this is why this range is called evolution of hydrogen. Interaction in this range starts (as in range of MAOM and MBOM), when a small good quality hole is formed. This is due to “direct evaporation” of pulp via decomposition process of evolution of hydrogen. And this can be seen can be seen in spectrometer as high intensity peak of yellow light (in range of 588-589 nm) which refers to temperature of ~1750ºC. Pyrometer does not detect this high intensity peak since it is not able to detect physical phase change from solid kraft pulp to gaseous compounds. As interaction time between laser beam and dried kraft pulp continues, hypothesis is that three auto ignition processes occurs. Auto ignition of substance is the lowest temperature in which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark. Three auto ignition processes appears in range of MADM and MBDM, namely: 1. temperature of auto ignition of hydrogen atom (H2) is 500ºC, 2. temperature of auto ignition of carbon monoxide molecule (CO) is 609ºC and 3. temperature of auto ignition of carbon atom (C) is 700ºC. These three auto ignition processes leads to formation of plasma plume which has strong emission of radiation in range of visible light. Formation of this plasma plume can be seen as increase of intensity in wavelength range of ~475-652 nm. Pyrometer shows maximum temperature just after this ignition. This plasma plume is assumed to scatter laser beam so that it interacts with larger area of dried kraft pulp than what is actual area of beam cross-section. This assumed scattering reduces also peak intensity. So result shows that assumably scattered light with low peak intensity is interacting with large area of hole edges and due to low peak intensity this interaction happens in low temperature. So interaction between laser beam and dried kraft pulp turns from evolution of hydrogen to evolution of hydrocarbons. This leads to black colour of hole edges.