Politiques et enseignement dans l'intercomprehension entre langues romanes

Résumé Le propos général de ce travail est de s’interroger sur l’importance d’une éducation plurilingue et interculturelle dans le panorama mondial actuel, complexe et diversifié et sur les modalités qu’on peut utiliser pour faire de cette diversité, apparemment problématique, une richesse supplémentaire. Le problème de la pluralité linguistique en Europe est encore loin de trouver une réponse consensuelle. Je commencerai ainsi ce mémoire par une brève analyse de cette problématique et je m’arrêterai à une approche spécifique : l’intercompréhension entre langues apparentées, une solution possible et souhaitable dans le cadre d’une croissante mobilité intra-européenne. Le travail est divisé en trois parties, chacune correspondante à un chapitre. La première partie est consacrée au thème du « plurilinguisme » et au besoin d’une éducation plurilingue en Europe. La deuxième partie veut parcourir rapidement la question des politiques linguistiques, notamment de celles mise en place par l’Italie et la France dans le cadre de la diffusion et de l’apprentissage des langues. Dans la troisième partie, j’ analyserai, de manière plus approfondie, l’approche de l’intercompréhension, cherchant de donner une définition et une explication de ce concept et de faire comprendre son importance à l’intérieur de notre société. Je présenterai, en outre, comme exemples illustratifs, les plusieurs projets européens présents sur la scène. Le mémoire se terminera avec des réflexions de caractère général sur le sujet.

Proposta di traduzione e analisi di parti del libro "Per dieci minuti" di Chiara Gamberale.

Ce mémoire propose la traduction de certains passages du livre « Per dieci minuti » de Chiara Gamberale. Ce roman raconte l’histoire de Chiara, une fille qui, pendant un période de troubles de sa vie où elle croit avoir perdu tous ses points de repère, décide d’essayer une thérapie-jeu: tous les jours, pendant dix minutes, elle doit faire quelque chose de nouveau, qu’elle n’a jamais expérimenté avant. Ce traitement thérapeutique s’inspire de la théorie des six exercices de Rudolf Steiner, un pédagogue autrichien qui décrit les six étapes fondamentales pour retrouver l’équilibre intérieur. D’un côté, ce mémoire veut souligner l’importance de se consacrer à la traduction d’un genre qui semble avoir de plus en plus du succès de nos jours: la littérature sur le développement personnel et le bien-être. De l’autre, il présente une analyse de l’histoire de la traduction, surtout en ce qui concerne la traduction des référents culturels, à travers une comparaison entre l’approche « normalisante » et l’approche « exotisante ». De plus, il traite le sujet épineux, puisque complexe et fascinant en même temps, des « intraduisibles », c’est-à-dire les implicites culturels. Il s’agit de mots pour lesquels il est impossible de trouver un équivalent direct dans les autres langues puisqu’ils décrivent les habitudes spécifiques d’une certaine communauté ou ils sont le fruit d’une vision spécifique et unique du monde de la part d’une culture. Moi-même, à travers cette traduction, j’ai dû me confronter avec toute une série de défis au niveau traductif , liés surtout au contexte culturel et au style de l’écrivain: j’ai traduit par exemple des parties en dialecte, des passages en rimes et j’ai dû même reproduire volontairement des erreurs de grammaire afin de m’adapter au registre linguistique de certains personnages.

Kinematics and statics of cable-driven parallel robots by interval-analysis-based methods

In the past two decades the work of a growing portion of researchers in robotics focused on a particular group of machines, belonging to the family of parallel manipulators: the cable robots. Although these robots share several theoretical elements with the better known parallel robots, they still present completely (or partly) unsolved issues. In particular, the study of their kinematic, already a difficult subject for conventional parallel manipulators, is further complicated by the non-linear nature of cables, which can exert only efforts of pure traction. The work presented in this thesis therefore focuses on the study of the kinematics of these robots and on the development of numerical techniques able to address some of the problems related to it. Most of the work is focused on the development of an interval-analysis based procedure for the solution of the direct geometric problem of a generic cable manipulator. This technique, as well as allowing for a rapid solution of the problem, also guarantees the results obtained against rounding and elimination errors and can take into account any uncertainties in the model of the problem. The developed code has been tested with the help of a small manipulator whose realization is described in this dissertation together with the auxiliary work done during its design and simulation phases.

Comment (ne pas) devenir Parisien - Le guide ultime du parfait autochtone de la capitale: proposta di traduzione

L’objet de ce mémoire de maîtrise est la traduction du français en italien du guide humoristique Comment (ne pas) devenir Parisien – Le guide ultime du parfait autochtone de la capitale, écrit par la journaliste Caroline Rochet et publié en 2012 par Leduc.s Éditions. Ce mémoire a pour but de relier les aspects pratiques de la traduction avec ses principes théoriques et représente une piste de réflexion sur la nature complexe et fascinante de la traduction considérée comme médiation culturelle. Ce mémoire se compose de cinq chapitres : après une introduction illustrant la structure et les buts du mémoire, le premier chapitre présente l’œuvre originale, sa maison d’édition et l’auteur du guide. Le deuxième chapitre est dédié à l’analyse du texte : au genre textuel et à la typologie textuelle de l’œuvre, à son style, au profil socio-professionnel de la langue de l’auteur et au bagage de connaissances du destinataire. Le troisième chapitre expose le parcours d’approfondissement théorique suivi pour arriver au choix de la stratégie traductive convenable, c’est-à-dire la valorisation de la composante exotique. Le quatrième chapitre est consacré à la traduction du texte. Le dernier chapitre est constitué par deux sections : un commentaire sur les principaux aspects problématiques rencontrés pendant la traduction et sur les tactiques adoptées pour les résoudre (information invariante, information modifiée, information ajoutée et contenu éliminé) ; un commentaire dédié à la phase de rédaction d’un texte qui respecte le genre, le style et le fil conducteur du guide, c’est-à-dire l’ironie, ainsi que la formule d’interlocution la plus adapte à ce texte en langue italienne. Ces cinq chapitres sont suivis par une conclusion qui résume les différentes phases rencontrées pendant la traduction et est accompagnée par une réflexion sur la médiation interlinguistique considérée comme art d’écrire, liberté mais prise de responsabilité aussi.

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performances of ruthenium-based catalysts for the acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of butanol

A growing interest towards new sources of energy has led in recent years to the development of a new generation of catalysts for alcohol dehydrogenative coupling (ADC). This green, atom-efficient reaction is capable of turning alcohol derivatives into higher value and chemically more attractive ester molecules, and it finds interesting applications in the transformation of the large variety of products deriving from biomass. In the present work, a new series of ruthenium-PNP pincer complexes are investigated for the transformation of 1-butanol, one of the most challenging substrates for this type of reactions, into butyl butyrate, a short-chain symmetrical ester widely used in flavor industries. Since the reaction kinetics depends on hydrogen diffusion, the study aimed at identifying proper reactor type and right catalyst concentration to avoid mass transfer interferences and to get dependable data. A comparison between catalytic activities and productivities has been made to establish the role of the different ligands bonded both to the PNP binder and to the ruthenium metal center, and hence to find the best catalyst for this type of reaction.

Histology of damaged acetabular cartilage in symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement: an observational analysis

This prospective study on symptomatic adult patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) who underwent open surgical intervention for management was designed to identify any obvious histological differences in the damaged acetabular cartilage within different subgroups of FAI. 20 patients underwent surgical intervention following safe surgical dislocation of the hip. There were 6 cases of cam impingement, 5 cases of pincer impingement and 9 of the mixed type. Pincer impingement cases demonstrated a characteristic focal, well-circumscribed and localized area of severe damage. On the other hand, cases with cam impingement showed a diffuse area of involvement affecting a larger surface of the acetabular cartilage, with degenerative changes, superficial erosions and some discontinuities. A small biopsy specimen of the acetabular rim including bone, cartilage and labrum from the affected zone was obtained in all cases. Histological evaluation was performed under normal and polarized light microscopy. Histological findings helped corroborate the pre-operative diagnosis and also define the unique nature of impingement and specific damage according to the type of impingement.

Delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in Femoacetabular impingement

Femoroacetabular impingement is a well-described pre-arthritic condition with two main types; cam and pincer. Studies using the open treatment for impingement have described patterns of articular cartilage wear specific to cam and pincer impingement. Assessing articular damage in the hip joint is an important component of treatment. Intravenous gadolidium allows radiologists to perform an indirect assessment of articular cartilage glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content by using a technique called dGEMRIC. Using this indirect assessment of articular cartilage, we compared the dGEMRIC indices in a group of six cam and seven pincer patients to a control group (n = 12) of asymptomatic controls that had no plain MRI findings of osteoarthritis. The superior portion of the hip joint was divided into seven regions from 9 to 3 o'clock. These regions were then subdivided into peripheral and central regions. The cam and pincer groups both had statistically lower dGEMRIC values compared to the control group. The cam group demonstrated not only peripheral but also central involvement of the joint and this was concentrated in the anterior portion of the joint. The pincer group exhibited more global hip involvement with all areas of the hip averaging a dGEMRIC index 28% less than controls. With the use of dGEMRIC more specific patterns of cartilage wear can be elicited in patients with impingement, which may improve patient selection and help better understand the progression of osteoarthithis throughout the hip joint.

Femoroacetabular impingement

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a pathomechanical concept describing the early and painful contact of morphological changes of the hip joint, both on the acetabular, and femoral head sides. These can lead clinically to symptoms of hip and groin pain, and a limited range of motion with labral, chondral and bony lesions. Pincer impingement generally involves the acetabular side of the joint where there is excessive coverage of the acetabulum, which may be focal or more diffuse. There is linear contact of the acetabulum with the head/neck junction. Cam impingement involves the femoral head side of the joint where the head is associated with bony excrescences and is aspheric. The aspheric femoral head jams into the acetabulum. Imaging appearances are reviewed below. This type is evident in young males in the second and third decades. The main features of FAI are described.

Triple innominate osteotomy for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in children: does the lateral coverage change with time?

Triple innominate osteotomy (TIO) is one of the modalities of surgical containment in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD). However, overcoverage with TIO can lead to pincer impingement.

[Femoroacetabular impingement: trigger for the development of coxarthrosis]

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is frequent; the estimated prevalence ranges between 10 and 15%. Our 10-years experience strongly suggests that FAI leads to osteoarthritis. Isolated acetabular or femoral abnormalities are rare, even though in women acetabular and in men femoral abnormalities predominate. Normal radiographs do not exclude the presence of FAI. Symptoms are related to the degree of deformity and occur earlier in the presence of activities requiring high levels of motion. The majority of patients with FAI are under the age of 40 years.In contrast to impingement in total hip replacement, the natural hip is under much higher constraint, not allowing to escape from impingement-induced shear forces by subluxation or complete dislocation. FAI-induced shear forces due to an aspherical femoral head/neck (cam type) are therefore high, causing outside-in damage with cleavage lesions of the acetabular cartilage by forced flexion and internal rotation. The cartilage of the femoral head remains initially intact, which cannot be explained by the classic concept of osteoarthritis. After the femoral head has migrated into the acetabular cartilage defect, vertical forces contribute to the further course of osteoarthritis. Tears between the labrum and cartilage, as seen by MRI, are not avulsions of the labrum from the cartilage but rather outside-in avulsions of the cartilage from the labrum. In acetabular overcoverage (pincer type) the labrum is the first structure to fail and acetabular cartilage damage develops thereafter.The treatment of FAI in patients under the age of 40 years is aimed at joint preservation. The clinical result is worse in the presence of significant cartilage damage. Therefore, early appreciation of FAI and timely therapeutic intervention as well as professional and athletic adjustment are important if osteoarthritis is to be prevented.

Femoroacetabular impingement: radiographic diagnosis--what the radiologist should know

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to show the important radiographic criteria that indicate the two types of femoroacetabular impingement: pincer and cam impingement. In addition, potential pitfalls in pelvic imaging concerning femoroacetabular impingement are shown. CONCLUSION: Femoroacetabular impingement is a major cause for early "primary" osteoarthritis of the hip. It can easily be recognized on conventional radiographs of the pelvis and the proximal femur.

Range of motion in anterior femoroacetabular impingement

The range of motion of normal hips and hips with femoroacetabular impingement relative to some specific anatomic reference landmarks is unknown. We therefore described: (1) the range of motion pattern relative to landmarks; (2) the location of the impingement zones in normal and impinging hips; and (3) the influence of surgical débridement on the range of motion. We used a previously developed and validated noninvasive 3-D CT-based method for kinematic hip analysis to compare the range of motion pattern, the location of impingement, and the effect of virtual surgical reconstruction in 28 hips with anterior femoroacetabular impingement and a control group of 33 normal hips. Hips with femoroacetabular impingement had decreased flexion, internal rotation, and abduction. Internal rotation decreased with increasing flexion and adduction. The calculated impingement zones were localized in the anterosuperior quadrant of the acetabulum and were similar in the two groups and in impingement subgroups. The average improvement of internal rotation was 5.4 degrees for pincer hips, 8.5 degrees for cam hips, and 15.7 degrees for mixed impingement. This method helps the surgeon quantify the severity of impingement and choose the appropriate treatment option; it provides a basis for future image-guided surgical reconstruction in femoroacetabular impingement with less invasive techniques.

Radiographic analysis of femoroacetabular impingement with Hip2Norm-reliable and validated

The purpose of this study was to validate the accuracy, consistency, and reproducibility/reliability of a new method for correction of pelvic tilt and rotation of radiographic hip parameters for pincer type of femoroacetabular impingement on an anteroposterior pelvic radiograph. Thirty cadaver hips and 100 randomized, blinded AP pelvic radiographs were used for investigation. To detect the software accuracy, the calculated femoral head coverage and classic hip parameters determined with our software were compared to reference measurements based on CT scans or conventional radiographs in a neutral orientation as gold standard. To investigate software consistency, differences among the different parameters for each cadaver pelvis were calculated when reckoned back from a random to the neutral orientation. Intra- and interobserver comparisons were used to analyze the reliability and reproducibility of all parameters. All but two parameters showed a good-to-very good accuracy with the reference measurements. No relevant systematic errors were detected in the Bland-Altman analysis. Software consistency was good-to-very good for all parameters. A good-to-very good reliability and reproducibility was found for a substantial number of the evaluated radiographic acetabular parameters. The software appears to be an accurate, consistent, reliable, and reproducible method for analysis of acetabular pathomorphologies.

Hip damage occurs at the zone of femoroacetabular impingement

Although current concepts of anterior femoroacetabular impingement predict damage in the labrum and the cartilage, the actual joint damage has not been verified by computer simulation. We retrospectively compared the intraoperative locations of labral and cartilage damage of 40 hips during surgical dislocation for cam or pincer type femoroacetabular impingement (Group I) with the locations of femoroacetabular impingement in 15 additional hips using computer simulation (Group II). We found no difference between the mean locations of the chondrolabral damage of Group I and the computed impingement zone of Group II. The standard deviation was larger for measures of articular damage from Group I in comparison to the computed values of Group II. The most severe hip damage occurred at the zone of highest probability of femoroacetabular impact, typically in the anterosuperior quadrant of the acetabulum for both cam and pincer type femoroacetabular impingements. However, the extent of joint damage along the acetabular rim was larger intraoperatively than that observed on the images of the 3-D joint simulations. We concluded femoroacetabular impingement mechanism contributes to early osteoarthritis including labral lesions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, diagnostic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Femoroacetabular impingement: radiographic diagnosis- what the radiologist should know

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to show the important radiographic criteria that indicate the two types of femoroacetabular impingement: pincer and cam impingement. In addition, potential pitfalls in pelvic imaging concerning femoroacetabular impingement are shown. CONCLUSION: Femoroacetabular impingement is a major cause for early "primary" osteoarthritis of the hip. It can easily be recognized on conventional radiographs of the pelvis and the proximal femur.