974 resultados para Colportage. 1731, dossier Jay


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Classical mechanics is deceptively simple. It is surprisingly easy to get the right answer with fallacious reasoning or without real understanding. To address this problem we use computational techniques to communicate a deeper understanding of Classical Mechanics. Computational algorithms are used to express the methods used in the analysis of dynamical phenomena. Expressing the methods in a computer language forces them to be unambiguous and computationally effective. The task of formulating a method as a computer-executable program and debugging that program is a powerful exercise in the learning process. Also, once formalized procedurally, a mathematical idea becomes a tool that can be used directly to compute results.

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"The Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs" is the entry-level subject in Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is required of all students at MIT who major in Electrical Engineering or in Computer Science, as one fourth of the "common core curriculum," which also includes two subjects on circuits and linear systems and a subject on the design of digital systems. We have been involved in the development of this subject since 1978, and we have taught this material in its present form since the fall of 1980 to approximately 600 students each year. Most of these students have had little or no prior formal training in computation, although most have played with computers a bit and a few have had extensive programming or hardware design experience. Our design of this introductory Computer Science subject reflects two major concerns. First we want to establish the idea that a computer language is not just a way of getting a computer to perform operations, but rather that it is a novel formal medium for expressing ideas about methodology. Thus, programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute. Secondly, we believe that the essential material to be addressed by a subject at this level, is not the syntax of particular programming language constructs, nor clever algorithms for computing particular functions of efficiently, not even the mathematical analysis of algorithms and the foundations of computing, but rather the techniques used to control the intellectual complexity of large software systems.

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Conformação das cadeias laterais (rotâmeros); Dupla ocupância; Java Protein Dossier.

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This paper focuses on the ethics of metaphor and other forms of comparison that invoke National Socialism and the Holocaust. It seeks to answer the question: Are there criteria on the basis of which we can judge whether metaphors and associated tropes “use” the Holocaust appropriately? In analyzing the thrust and workings of such comparisons, the paper also seeks to identify and clarify the terminology and concepts that allow productive discussion. In line with its conception of metaphor that is also rhetorical praxis, the paper focuses on specific controversies involving the metaphorization of the Holocaust, primarily in Germany and Austria. The paper develops its argument through the following process. First, it examines the rhetorical/political contexts in which claims of the Holocaust’s comparability (or incomparability) have been raised. Second, it presents a review (and view) of the nature of metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche. It applies this framework to (a) comparisons of Saddam Hussein with Hitler in Germany in 1991; (b) the controversies surrounding the 2004 poster exhibition “The Holocaust on Your Plate” in Germany and Austria, with particular emphasis on the arguments and decisions in cases before the courts in those countries; and (c) the invocation of “Auschwitz” as metonym and synecdoche. These examples provide the basis for a discussion of the ethics of comparison. In its third and final section the paper argues that metaphor is by nature duplicitous, but that ethical practice involving Holocaust comparisons is possible if one is self-aware and sensitive to the necessity of seeing the “other” as oneself. The ethical framework proposed by the paper provides the basis for evaluationg the specific cases adduced.

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Edith Steins phänomenologische Anthropologie. Phänomenologische Anthropologie E. Steins zeichnet sich durch die Einfachheit der Ideen aus, die dennoch auf die konstitutivsten Elemente des menschlichen Seins hinweisen. Ihre leider unabgeschlossenen Analysen enthüllen Phänomene, die sich in der empirisch fassbaren, erfahrbaren Existenz der Menschen präsentieren. Dadurch leistet die treueste Schüler Husserls einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Deutung des menschlichen Wesens. Die von ihr hervorgehobenen Aspekte – wie die Seele, in ihrem Wesen und in ihrem Bezug zum Geist, wie die Beziehung des Geistes zur Kultur, wie die Erforschung der breiten Skala der Seelenzustände und Erlebnisse des Bewusstseins – führen ihre Analyse zu einem paradoxem Begriff des Menschen – eines Seienden, das uns zugleich am nächsten und am fernsten bleibt.

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Anno Mungen focuses on “films made for music” and on the rare phenomenon of ‘music depicted by picture’ (S. Kracauer). The narration about historical metamorphoses of varied forms of coexistence between music and picture is accompanied by a reflection on the laws of audiovisual perception. The main examples are discussed, these concentrating on the artistic ideas of Walt Disney’s animated film Fantasia and – first of all – on Edgard Varèse’s bold ideal of spatial music, attained post mortem in Bill Viola’s Déserts (1994). After a detailed analysis of Viola’s film the author admits that the movie pictures deduced from music are able to render the latter its own substantial visual power.

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Celem artykułu jest prezentacja wyników analizy przekazów formułowanych przez dwóch głównych kandydatów w wyborach prezydenckich w 2010 roku, tj. Bronisława Komorowskiego i Jarosława Kaczyńskiego. Praca ma charakter interdyscyplinarny, bowiem łączy w sobie analizę politologiczną kontekstu debat z językoznawczą analizą zawartości wypowiedzi. Wnioski z przeprowadzonych badań potwierdzają, że obaj kandydaci posługiwali się innym rezerwuarem wartości, który ewokował różne sfery aksjologiczne - wysoką w wypowiedziach J. Kaczyńskiego, a niższą B. Komorowskiego. Analiza językowa pokazała również, że językowy obraz świata wartości budowany przez każdego kandydata zakreślał wyraźnie krąg potencjalnych wyborców. Wreszcie, obaj kandydaci wykorzystywali debatę do ukształtowania swojego wizerunku jedynie w dwóch wymiarach „JA jako lider polityczny” i „JA jako przyszły prezydent”, podczas gdy wymiar osobisty wizerunku został podczas debat pominięty przez zarówno przez B. Komorowskiego, jak i J. Kaczyńskiego

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Antysemicki dyskurs wcale nie potrzebuje obecności Żydów jako racji swojego bytu i legitymizacji istnienia. Zwalcza Żydów wyimaginowanych i symbolicznych. Żydów z nadania, a zwłaszcza wszystko to, przeciwko czemu występuje i na różne sposoby stara się z Żydami skojarzyć. Praktyka taka niejednokrotnie dała o sobie znać w toku prezydenckich kampanii wyborczych w Polsce po roku 1989. Efektów płynących z instrumentalizacji antysemityzmu, choć samo zjawisko jest godne wyłącznie pogardy, nie należy jednak przeceniać i nadawać mu nadmiernego znaczenia przy interpretacji decyzji powziętych przez wyborców. Gdyby w istocie miał on stanowić instrument o przemożnym oddziaływaniu, to ironizując Aleksander Kwaśniewski nie zostałby dwukrotnie prezydentem Polski.

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Wybory do Dumy Państwowej z 2007 r. nie zmieniły układu sił politycznych. Skład parlamentu pozostał prawie takim, jaki był przed wyborami. Jednak wyniki były dość ważne jako świadectwo stabilizacji systemu politycznego: kompozycja sił politycznych pozostała niezmieniona. Znaczenie Dumy, powołanej w toku wyborów z grudnia 2007 r., prawdopodobnie będzie słabło. Parlament stał się jeszcze mniej samodzielny, jeszcze bardziej posłuszny wobec władzy wykonawczej. Można nawet pokusić się o stwierdzenie, że Duma rosyjska coraz to bardziej przypomina Radę Naczelną ZSRR do roku 1989.

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W przypadku niejednolitego stanowiska państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej wobec Kosowa, osłabieniu ulega prestiż i siła oddziaływania Unii na arenie międzynarodowej. W odniesieniu do problemu Abchazji i Osetii Południowej natomiast, działania UE obrazują, że samo wyrażenie zainteresowania określonym problemem oraz udzielanie ‘apolitycznej’ pomocy finansowej, którym nie towarzyszą wyraźnie i precyzyjnie zdefiniowane cele polityczne, działalność instytucji wyposażonych w silny mandat oraz proces aktywnych negocjacji, nie przyczynia się do rozwiązania palącego problemu międzynarodowego, narażając na szwank pozycję międzynarodową Unii Europejskiej. Po raz kolejny państwa członkowskie pokazują, iż koncepcja Wspólnej Polityki Zagranicznej i Bezpieczeństwa, wspierana między innymi przez Europejską Politykę Sąsiedztwa, jest pozbawiona stabilnych podstaw.

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Numerous reports and analyses of voter turnout levels have recorded the global trend of declining participation by citizens in national elections. One of the most important results of poor participation of citizens in electoral processes is the serious legitimization deficit. Governments in many countries try to prevent that by taking various measures to solve the problem of falling turnout and to increase the level of the electorate’s involvement. In Poland, the low turnout level has been the subject of many scholarly discussions aimed at finding solutions to the problem of poor civic participation. The main goal of this study is to assess the various methods of increasing voter turnout which are used in different countries, including Poland.

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The aim of the article is to outline the key issues surrounding legal notions of film authorship. For scholars interested in studying the process of production it is extremely important to analyze the status and scope of power of its participants as well as their position in the hierarchy – one of the main sources of priveleges is the fact of being recognized by the law as the author of the work produced. The article depicts the benefits of such situation, but its main aim is to descibe the legal rules of granting the status of the author. Outlined are the issues emerged from the two radically different legal system – european droit d`auteur tradition and american copyright. The first one honours the artists while the other focuses mostly on providing the certainty of the economics, so the actual authors of the work are not that important. The paper points to the fact that – especially in the case of american copyright – the actual (determined by law) situation of a creator may differ significantly from the character of their contribution to the process of producing a film. Analysis of the rules and principles of the law is essential to the understanding of the structural determinants of film production and deserves no less attention than social, political and economic factors.

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This report summarizes the technical presentations and discussions that took place during RTDB'96: the First International Workshop on Real-Time Databases, which was held on March 7 and 8, 1996 in Newport Beach, California. The main goals of this project were to (1) review recent advances in real-time database systems research, (2) to promote interaction among real-time database researchers and practitioners, and (3) to evaluate the maturity and directions of real-time database technology.

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We propose a novel image registration framework which uses classifiers trained from examples of aligned images to achieve registration. Our approach is designed to register images of medical data where the physical condition of the patient has changed significantly and image intensities are drastically different. We use two boosted classifiers for each degree of freedom of image transformation. These two classifiers can both identify when two images are correctly aligned and provide an efficient means of moving towards correct registration for misaligned images. The classifiers capture local alignment information using multi-pixel comparisons and can therefore achieve correct alignments where approaches like correlation and mutual-information which rely on only pixel-to-pixel comparisons fail. We test our approach using images from CT scans acquired in a study of acute respiratory distress syndrome. We show significant increase in registration accuracy in comparison to an approach using mutual information.