Evaluation of auditory-visual speech perception in individuals diagnosed with dementia of the Alzheimer's type

Auditory-visual speech perception testing was completed using wordandconsonant-level stimuli in individuals with known degrees of dementia of theAlzheimer’s type. The correlations with the cognitive measures and the speechperception measures (A-only, V-only, AV, VE or AE) did not reveal significantrelationships.

The effect of talker age and gender on speech perception of pediatric hearing aid users

Even though pediatric hearing aid (HA) users listen most often to female talkers, clinically-used speech tests primarily consist of adult male talkers' speech. Potential effects of age and/or gender of the talker on speech perception of pediatric HA users were examined using two speech tests, hVd-vowel identification and CNC word recognition, and using speech materials spoken by four talker types (adult males, adult females, 10-12 year old girls, and 5-7 year old girls). For the nine pediatric HA users tested, word scores for the male talker's speech were higher than those for the female talkers, indicating that talker type can affect word recognition scores and that clinical tests may over-estimate everyday speech communication abilities of pediatric HA users.

Poéticas del silencio: el Color de lo blanco, de Alvaro Rodríguez y Sacra, de Alexis Naranjo

La presente disertación constituye un breve acercamiento a las poéticas del silencio, constitutivas de El color de lo blanco del poeta colombiano Álvaro Rodríguez Torres y de Sacra del poeta ecuatoriano Alexis Naranjo. Para la aproximación teórica a los textos poéticos, he aplicado ciertas categorías fundamentales de la hermenéutica de Paul Ricoeur. El aporte del pensador francés es interpretar los poemas como un escenario de convergencia entre los niveles semántico, morfosintáctico y fonológico. Así, tras un capítulo introductoria, donde marco la orientación teórica y metodológica de la tesis, he procedido a revisar cada texto de los libros. Dicho estudio lo realicé bajo la premisa de encontrar los distintos elementos compositivos que caracterizan –o caracterizarían- a una determinada poética del silencio. Como parte de las conclusiones preliminares y finales, he propuesto una clasificación de las poéticas del silencio: el despojamiento y la contención. Debo apuntar, además, que las imágenes míticas presentes en cada uno de los textos han sido estudiadas con el propósito de evitar cualquier tipo de digresiones.

El color de la razón y del pensamiento crítico en las Américas

El color de la razón y del pensamiento crítico en las Américas, ha requerido de búsquedas encaminadas a explicar el porqué del color y sus matices. La modernidad europea y latinoamericana, constituyen el escenario en donde hemos visualizado la actuación de imágenes conceptuales que enfatizan el “color” de cada actor y acción. Para el efecto, analizamos “ciertos” aspectos de las propuestas de algunos pensadores, en tres momentos: En el primero a Leopoldo Zea, quien enfatiza la articulación entre la dialéctica del colonialismo y la dependencia, mediada por la dialéctica hegeliana y marxista; y, a Bolívar Echeverría, en lo referente a la relación que se da en América Latina entre modernidad, capitalismo y mestizaje (barroco) o apartheid. En el segundo, la intersección mediada clase/raza manifiesta en las tesis de Aimé Césaire y Frantz Fanon. En el tercero, la “crítica negativa” del paradigma modernidad/colonialidad, elaborada por Aníbal Quijano, Enrique Dussel, Walter Mignolo y Nelson Maldonado, entre otros. La elaboración teórica y la re-construcción de los momentos históricos, simultáneamente concebidos, nos han permitido descifrar el “color” de la razón, como momento necesario para establecer las condiciones que posibilitan un diálogo filosófico intercultural.

Dos textualidades diferentes que rememoran la escena esclavista: color, cuerpo y raza en la novela Jonatás y Manuela de la escritora Argentina Chiriboga y en el video Ecuatoriano Freddy Quiñones, detenido por cruzar con luz roja en Chile

El presente trabajo pretende contribuir en la ampliación de un corpus de estudio sobre la imagen del afrodescendiente. Se trata del análisis de la novela Jonatás y Manuela, de la afroecuatoriana Luz Argentina Chiriboga y del video Ecuatoriano Freddy Quiñones, detenido por cruzar con luz roja en Chile. En ambas narrativas se muestra la subyugación a la que son sometidos los cuerpos de los afrodescendientes. Con este propósito se procura rastrear cómo la percepción del color, asociada a las marcas étnicas y racistas heredadas de los discursos coloniales del siglo XVI al XVIII y los nacionalistas del XIX, se resemantiza en el siglo XX exponiendo las tensiones entre etnia/territorio/cultura a través de sujetos sociales que tradicionalmente han carecido de espacios de visibilidad para su propia representación, como agentes históricos y de acción política. Con esta intención, vale entonces emprender nuestro recorrido junto a las reflexiones de Hering, Cunin, Ariza, Chaves, Ramos, Montelongo, Miranda y Handelsman, quienes exploran las continuidades y discontinuidades que los diferentes discursos canónicos han sustentado alrededor de la percepción del color de piel en relación a la “raza” y a la identidad latinoamericana. Además, de manera simultánea, se analizarán los escenarios de subyugación desde la enunciación, los conceptos de utopía y heterotopía –de Michael Focuault-. De este modo, por razones de organización del corpus de estudio, tanto la novela como el video serán estudiados en cada uno de tres capítulos que componen el presente trabajo desde la configuración del color y del cuerpo en distintos escenarios: primero, el de subyugación que produce perspectivas indicadas.

Predation in Ground-Nesting Birds: an Experimental Study Using Natural Egg-Color Variation

We tested the hypothesis that cryptically colored eggs would suffer less predation than conspicuous eggs in the ground-nesting red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa. We used A. rufa as a model species because it has a wide range of natural egg colors, the eggs are widely available from breeding farms, and nests are easily mimicked because they are scrapes containing no vegetation. The study was conducted in the spring of 2001 in forest and fallow fields of central Spain in Castilla La Mancha, Ciudad Real. We used 384 clutches of natural eggs that were white, white spotted, brown, or brown spotted. Within clutches, eggs were consistent in color and size; among clutches, color differences were distributed across habitats. Clutches were checked once after 2 wk of exposure. Cryptic coloration had a survival advantage that was dependent on the local suite of predators. Rodent predation was nonselective with respect to clutch color; however, avian predation was significantly higher for conspicuous clutches. In addition, there was an interaction of landscape and egg color for avian predation. In forest landscapes, the clutches with highest survival were brown spotted, whereas in fallow landscapes, brown and brown spotted clutches had higher survival than white and white potted clutches. Thus, both the predator suite and the landscape had significant effects on the value of cryptic egg coloration. Our study is relevant for conservationists and managers in charge of restocking programs in hunting areas. The release of other partridge species or their hybrids could result in hybridization with wild partridges, potentially leading to nonoptimal clutch pigmentation and reduced survival of the native species. We therefore recommend that local authorities, managers, and conservationists be cautious with the use of alien species and hybrids and release only autochthonous species of partridges within their natural ranges.

Seeing things: perception, experience and the constraints of excavation

Recent attempts to problematize archaeological fieldwork concerned with excavation at the expense of surface survey, and with questions of procedure more than interpretations of the past. In fact these two kinds of fieldwork offer quite different possibilities and suffer from different constraints. Thought must be given to ways in which they can be combined if they are to make a real contribution to social archaeology. The argument is illustrated by a project carried out at a megalithic cemetery in Scotland.

Perception and modification of plant flavonoid signals by rhizosphere microorganisms

Flavonoids are a diverse class of polyphenolic compounds that are produced as a result of plant secondary metabolism. They are known to play a multifunctional role in rhizospheric plant-microbe and plant-plant communication. Most familiar is their function as a signal in initiation of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis, but, flavonoids may also be signals in the establishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and are known agents in plant defence and in allelopathic interactions. Flavonoid perception by, and impact on, their microbial targets (e.g. rhizobia, plant pathogens) is relatively well characterized. However, potential impacts on 'non-target' rhizosphere inhabitants ('non-target' is used to distinguish those microorganisms not conventionally known as targets) have not been thoroughly investigated. Thus, this review first summarizes the conventional roles of flavonoids as nod gene inducers, phytoalexins and allelochemicals before exploring questions concerning 'non-target' impacts. We hypothesize that flavonoids act to shape rhizosphere microbial community structure because they represent a potential source of carbon and toxicity and that they impact on rhizosphere function, for example, by accelerating the biodegradation of xenobiotics. We also examine the reverse question, 'how do rhizosphere microbial communities impact on flavonoid signals?' The presence of microorganisms undoubtedly influences the quality and quantity of flavonoids present in the rhizosphere, both through modification of root exudation patterns and microbial catabolism of exudates. Microbial alteration and attenuation of flavonoid signals may have ecological consequences for below-ground plant-microbe and plant-plant interaction. We have a lack of knowledge concerning the composition, concentration and bioavailability of flavonoids actually experienced by microbes in an intact rhizosphere, but this may be addressed through advances in microspectroscopic and biosensor techniques. Through the use of plant mutants defective in flavonoid biosynthesis, we may also start to address the question of the significance of flavonoids in shaping rhizosphere community structure and function.

Individual differences in the effects of perceived controllability on pain perception: critical role of the prefrontal cortex

The degree to which perceived controllability alters the way a stressor is experienced varies greatly among individuals. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural activation associated with individual differences in the impact of perceived controllability on self-reported pain perception. Subjects with greater activation in response to uncontrollable (UC) rather than controllable (C) pain in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC), periaqueductal gray (PAG), and posterior insula/SII reported higher levels of pain during the UC versus C conditions. Conversely, subjects with greater activation in the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in anticipation of pain in the UC versus C conditions reported less pain in response to UC versus C pain. Activation in the VLPFC was significantly correlated with the acceptance and denial subscales of the COPE inventory [Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267–283, 1989], supporting the interpretation that this anticipatory activation was associated with an attempt to cope with the emotional impact of uncontrollable pain. A regression model containing the two prefrontal clusters (VLPFC and pACC) predicted 64% of the variance in pain rating difference, with activation in the two additional regions (PAG and insula/SII) predicting almost no additional variance. In addition to supporting the conclusion that the impact of perceived controllability on pain perception varies highly between individuals, these findings suggest that these effects are primarily top-down, driven by processes in regions of the prefrontal cortex previously associated with cognitive modulation of pain and emotion regulation.

Students’ perception of the safety and value of a herbal vs. a conventional medicine for treating insomnia

University students suffer from variable sleep patterns including insomnia;[1] furthermore, the highest incidence of herbal use appears to be among college graduates.[2] Our objective was to test the perception of safety and value of herbal against conventional medicine for the treatment of insomnia in a non-pharmacy student population. We used an experimental design and bespoke vignettes that relayed the same effectiveness information to test our hypothesis that students would give higher ratings of safety and value to herbal product compared to conventional medicine. We tested another hypothesis that the addition of side-effect information would lower people’s perception of the safety and value of the herbal product to a greater extent than it would with the conventional medicine.

The imminent availability of a potent weight-loss medicine in pharmacies: public perception of effectiveness

Orlistat is an effective weight-loss medicine, which will soon be available for purchase in pharmacies. We used a factorial experiment and found that informing people about the availability for purchase of this medicinal product previously only available on prescription resulted in higher ratings of perceived value and effectiveness compared to a natural health supplement even though we used the same statement about effectiveness. This positive perception of orlistat was not impaired by the provision of side-effect information. Orlistat will soon be available in pharmacies. Health professionals must act to prevent its misuse by those not overweight.