"An attentive Ear, a watchful Eye, and a Calm judicious Pen": William Samuel Johnson, the Colonial Agents, and the Transformation of the British Atlantic World

By looking at Great Britain and the American colonies in conjunction with the larger British Atlantic Empire, historians can better understand the political, social, and cultural transformations that occurred when transatlantic actors met. William Samuel Johnson is an example of an "ordinary" agent who nonetheless had extensive contacts with numerous British and American thinkers. While acting on Connecticut's behalf in London between 1767 and 1771, he sent reports back to Connecticut governors Jonathan Trumbull and William Pitkin on parliamentary proceedings while corresponding with the people who traveled around the Atlantic world during this critical period-merchants, seafarers, emigrants, soldiers, missionaries, radicals and conservatives, reformers, and politicians. He is also representative of the late eighteenth-century empire writ large. Agents, who had once been a source of stability in the far-flung colonies, became a destabilizing force as confusion and conflict grew over conceptual ideas of what constituted "the empire" and who was included in it. Johnson was a sane observer in the midst of the ideological and administrative upheaval of the 1760's and 1770's. His subsequent loyalism and political obscurity during the war years was in many ways a result of his attempts to reconcile various factional interests during his tenure as an agent. Although he did his best to resolve these divisions and provide an accurate account of the powerful nationalistic forces gathering on both sides of the Atlantic on the eve of the American Revolution, the agents' collective failures as transatlantic mediators helped bring about the collapse of an imperial community. This disintegration had dramatic effects on the whole of the Atlantic world.

Regional Specialization in Communal Agriculture: The Shakers, 1850- 1880

When the Shakers established communal farms in the Ohio Valley, they encountered a new agricultural environment that was substantially different from the familiar soils, climates, and markets of New England and the Hudson Valley. The ways in which their response to these new conditions differed by region has not been well documented. We examine patterns of specialization among the Shakers using the manuscript schedules of the federal Agricultural Censuses from 1850 through 1880. For each Shaker unit, we also recorded a random sample of five farms in the same township (or all available farms if there were fewer than five). The sample of neighboring farms included 75 in 1850, 70 in the next two census years, and 66 in 1880. A Herfindahl-type index suggested that, although the level of specialization was less among the Shakers than their neighbors, trends in specialization by the Shakers and their neighbors were remarkably similar when considered by region. Both Eastern and Western Shakers were more heavily committed to dairy and produce than were their neighbors, while Western Shakers produced more grains than did Eastern Shakers, a pattern imitated in nearby family farms. Livestock and related production was far more important to the Eastern Shakers than to the Western Shakers, again similar to patterns in the census returns from other farms. We conclude that, despite the obvious scale and organizational differences, Shaker production decisions were based on the same comparative advantages that determined production decisions of family farms.

Zionistisches von Samuel David Luzzatto

Samuel David Luzzatto

Der hundertjährige Kampf um die Judenemanzipation in Rumänien (1825-1925)

Manfred Reifer

Der hundertjährige Kampf um die Judenemanzipation in Rumänien (1825-1925)

Manfred Reifer

Samuel Formstecher : ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der jüdischen Religionsphilosophie im 19. Jahrhundert

Ignaz Maybaum

Zur Frage fremder Einflüsse auf das rabbinische Recht : Samuel und das sasanidische Recht

Herbert Finkelscherer

Mar Samuel und Schabur I.

Jakob Horovitz

Ein pseudoepigraphisches Sendschreiben angeblich von Hai Gaon an Samuel Nagid

Heinrich Graetz

Die Fabel in Talmud und Midrasch

Samuel Baeck

Tosefta-Varianten

Moses Samuel Zuckermandel

Das hebräisch-persische Wörterbuch des Salomo ben Samuel

Saul Horovitz

Zur Überlieferungsgeschichte des jüdisch-deutschen Samuel- und Königsbuches

Willy Staerk

Bemerkungen über das gegenseitige Verhältnis der Beraita des Samuel und der Pirke de R. Eliesar

Senior Sachs