A study of the problems associated with Dalangdian reservoir, China

There are over 2,300 lakes over 1 km2 in China (total area 80 000 km2). In addition there are approximately 87 000 reservoirs with a storage capacity of 413 billion m3. These form the main supply of drinking water as well as water for industrial and agricultural production and aquaculture. Because of a lack of understanding of the frailty of lake ecosystems and poor environmental awareness, human activities have greatly affected freshwater systems. This article focuses on the problems of one water supply reservoir, Dalangdian Reservoir, and considers options for improving its management. Dalangdian Reservoir is described and occurrence of algal genera given. The authors conclude with remarks on the future of the Dalangdian Reservoir.

Necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado visando a qualidade de vida de clientes em terapia de hemodiálise

Pressupondo que o conhecimento sobre a doença renal crônica (DRC) e seu tratamento, possibilita ao cliente entendimento e aceitação para conviver com esse agravo, favorecendo comportamentos de autocuidado, delimitou-se os problemas: Qual é a qualidade de vida de clientes com DRC submetidos à hemodiálise? Quais são as necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado desses clientes visando à promoção de sua qualidade de vida? Objetivos específicos: Identificar as características sóciodemográficas e nosológicas de clientes com DRC, em hemodiálise, associando às suas necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado; Identificar a qualidade de vida desses clientes, aplicando o questionário de Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form (KDQOL-SF); Relacionar as necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado com a qualidade de vida dos clientes com DRC em terapia de hemodiálise. Descreve-se como marco referencial a Teoria do Autocuidado de Orem, concepções de autocuidado e de qualidade de vida. Pesquisa descritiva, quantitativa, através da entrevista individual realizada na Unidade de Diálise da Enfermaria de Nefrologia do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de agosto de 2008 a maio de 2009. Foram sujeitos de pesquisa 43 clientes. Foram utilizados: formulário para caracterização da clientela e levantamento das necessidades de autocuidado e o questionário KDQOL-SF para mensurar a qualidade de vida dos sujeitos. Resultados: Os clientes com doença renal crônica em terapia de hemodiálise são, em sua maioria, do sexo masculino (55%) e mantém união estável (81%); situando-se 39,53%, na faixa etária de 45 a 65 anos e 79,07% na categoria de aposentados. 37,54% têm ensino fundamental. Quanto às características nosológicas, 74,42% possuem hipertensão arterial, encontrando-se 83,72% em hemodiálise, há menos de um ano. A qualidade de vida desses clientes, avaliada pelo KDQOL-SF, obteve os menores escores nas dimensões: limitações causadas por problemas da saúde física; condição de trabalho; limitações causadas por problemas da saúde emocional; capacidade funcional e sobrecarga imposta pela doença renal. Relacionando esse resultado com o obtido no questionário para avaliação das necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado tem-se: problemas da saúde física relacionado com terapia nutricional, ingestão de líquidos, complicações da hemodiálise, anticoagulação e prática de atividade física; relacionadas a problemas de saúde emocional tem-se a associação a grupos e a atividades de lazer; e relacionada à capacidade funcional e sobrecarga da doença renal tem-se a prática de atividade física. Conclui-se que a enfermagem, além de administrar a realização das sessões de hemodiálise, tem papel fundamental na educação à saúde dos clientes, familiares e/ou acompanhantes. O apoio do enfermeiro ao cliente no processo de enfrentamento e tratamento da DRC, contribui para que este adquira habilidade nas ações de autocuidado e consequentemente favoreça sua qualidade de vida.

Riscos ocupacionais e problemas de saúde associados às condições de trabalho de enfermagem em unidades intensivas hospitalares

Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, visando uma análise das condições de trabalho em unidades intensivas de um hospital universitário no município do Rio de Janeiro. Foi definido como objeto de estudo a percepção dos trabalhadores de enfermagem sobre os riscos ocupacionais e os problemas de saúde inerentes às condições de trabalho em unidades intensivas e como problema de pesquisa: quais os riscos ocupacionais e problemas de saúde relacionados às condições de trabalho, percebidos pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem, em unidades intensivas de um hospital universitário? O objetivo geral foi estudar nas unidades intensivas os riscos ocupacionais e problemas de saúde da equipe de enfermagem e sua relação com condições de trabalho, a partir da percepção dos mesmos. Os objetivos específicos traçados foram: identificar as características pessoais e profissionais dos trabalhadores de enfermagem de unidades intensivas; descrever os fatores de risco do ambiente de trabalho percebidos pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem; levantar os problemas de saúde percebidos pelos trabalhadores e sua relação com o trabalho; analisar a associação entre os problemas de saúde percebidos pelos trabalhadores de enfermagem e as condições do trabalho em unidades intensivas. Participaram da pesquisa 125 profissionais de enfermagem de quatro unidades intensivas do Hospital Universitário (HU) entre Maio e Julho de 2009. A predominância foi de profissionais do sexo feminino, com idade acima dos 40 anos, com mais de um vínculo empregatício e trabalhando no HU há mais de 10 anos. Os riscos ocupacionais mais percebidos pelos trabalhadores foram os ergonômicos, seguido dos biológicos, de acidentes, físicos e químicos. Os problemas de saúde mais frequentes foram varizes, problemas oculares, lombalgias, estresse e depressão, transtornos do sono, lesões de coluna vertebral, dores de cabeça, mudanças no humor, dores musculares crônicas e hipertensão arterial. Pela associação entre riscos ocupacionais e problemas de saúde, conclui-se que os trabalhadores expostos a fatores de riscos ergonômicos e físicos têm maior probabilidade de adquirir problemas de saúde osteoarticulares e circulatórios (varizes). Diante dos dados desta pesquisa faz-se necessário aprofundamento da investigação sobre os fatores de riscos encontrados e possíveis medidas para minimizá-los, mediante novos estudos. Como recomendações destacam-se a criação de um espaço de discussão entre os gerentes e trabalhadores para a elaboração de um programa que vise a promoção e proteção da saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem de unidades intensivas; implementação de medidas de controle específicas para cada tipo de risco evidenciado e a criação de um Comitê de Ergonomia para operacionalizar a implementação das melhorias no HU, a fim de consolidar as transformações esperadas.

A common axiom for classical division rules for claims problems

In this paper we introduce a new axiom, denoted claims separability, that is satisfied by several classical division rules defined for claims problems. We characterize axiomatically the entire family of division rules that satisfy this new axiom. In addition, employing claims separability, we characterize the minimal overlap rule, given by O'Neill (1982), Piniles rule and the rules in the TAL-family, introduced by Moreno-Ternero and Villar (2006), which includes the uniform gains rule, the uniform losses rule and the Talmud rule.

Eigenvalue problems associated with Korn's inequalities in the theory of elasticity

Interest in the possible applications of a priori inequalities in linear elasticity theory motivated the present investigation. Korn's inequality under various side conditions is considered, with emphasis on the Korn's constant. In the "second case" of Korn's inequality, a variational approach leads to an eigenvalue problem; it is shown that, for simply-connected two-dimensional regions, the problem of determining the spectrum of this eigenvalue problem is equivalent to finding the values of Poisson's ratio for which the displacement boundary-value problem of linear homogeneous isotropic elastostatics has a non-unique solution.

Previous work on the uniqueness and non-uniqueness issue for the latter problem is examined and the results applied to the spectrum of the Korn eigenvalue problem. In this way, further information on the Korn constant for general regions is obtained.

A generalization of the "main case" of Korn's inequality is introduced and the associated eigenvalue problem is a gain related to the displacement boundary-value problem of linear elastostatics in two dimensions.

Fast numerical methods for mixed, singular Helmholtz boundary value problems and Laplace eigenvalue problems - with applications to antenna design, sloshing, electromagnetic scattering and spectral geometry

This thesis presents a novel class of algorithms for the solution of scattering and eigenvalue problems on general two-dimensional domains under a variety of boundary conditions, including non-smooth domains and certain "Zaremba" boundary conditions - for which Dirichlet and Neumann conditions are specified on various portions of the domain boundary. The theoretical basis of the methods for the Zaremba problems on smooth domains concern detailed information, which is put forth for the first time in this thesis, about the singularity structure of solutions of the Laplace operator under boundary conditions of Zaremba type. The new methods, which are based on use of Green functions and integral equations, incorporate a number of algorithmic innovations, including a fast and robust eigenvalue-search algorithm, use of the Fourier Continuation method for regularization of all smooth-domain Zaremba singularities, and newly derived quadrature rules which give rise to high-order convergence even around singular points for the Zaremba problem. The resulting algorithms enjoy high-order convergence, and they can tackle a variety of elliptic problems under general boundary conditions, including, for example, eigenvalue problems, scattering problems, and, in particular, eigenfunction expansion for time-domain problems in non-separable physical domains with mixed boundary conditions.

miRNA polymorphisms are associated with risk of developing chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is the most frequent leukemia of adults in Western countries and shows a ~8.5-fold increased relative risk in first-degree relatives. Up to date several studies have identified low-penetrance susceptibility alleles in CLL. Nevertheless, these studies scarcely study regions that do not encode proteins such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Abnormalities in miRNAs, as altered expression patterns and mutations, have been described in CLL, suggesting their implication in the development of the disease. Polymorphisms in these miRNAs may deregulate miRNAs expression levels and affect to the miRNA function. However, despite accumulating evidence that inherited genetic variation in miRNA genes can contribute to the predisposition for CLL, the role of these in the risk of CLL has not been extensively studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find new genetic markers of risk to CLL. To that end, we made a systematic search for SNPs in miRNAs and miRNAs deregulated in CLL and genotyped 213 polymorphisms in 401 samples of Spanish individuals. The literature search resulted in more than 100 miRNAs deregulated in CLL and 43 polymorphisms studied in the disease. Out of 213 genotyped SNPs, 13 showed to be significantly associated with CLL risk. rs2682818 in pre-mature miR618 was the most significant result, with 0.49 fold decreased risk to CLL. Interestingly, a previous study associated this SNP with an increased risk of developing follicular lymphoma. Secondly, rs10173558 SNP in mir- 1302-4 showed the highest risk association, with a 5.24 fold increased risk, but there were no previous works studying it. Finally, rs61992671 in miR412, previously associated with CLL risk, showed also association in our sample. In conclusion, we find 13 alleles which could contribute to the risk of CLL. However, new large-scale studies including functional analyses will be needed to validate our findings.

On the optimal usage of labelled examples in semi-supervised multi-class classification problems

In recent years, the performance of semi-supervised learning has been theoretically investigated. However, most of this theoretical development has focussed on binary classification problems. In this paper, we take it a step further by extending the work of Castelli and Cover [1] [2] to the multi-class paradigm. Particularly, we consider the key problem in semi-supervised learning of classifying an unseen instance x into one of K different classes, using a training dataset sampled from a mixture density distribution and composed of l labelled records and u unlabelled examples. Even under the assumption of identifiability of the mixture and having infinite unlabelled examples, labelled records are needed to determine the K decision regions. Therefore, in this paper, we first investigate the minimum number of labelled examples needed to accomplish that task. Then, we propose an optimal multi-class learning algorithm which is a generalisation of the optimal procedure proposed in the literature for binary problems. Finally, we make use of this generalisation to study the probability of error when the binary class constraint is relaxed.

A potential approach to claims problems

Hart and Mas Colell (1989) introduce the potential function for cooperative TU games. In this paper, we extend this approach to claims problems, also known as bankruptcy or rationing problems. We show that for appropriate subproblems, the random arrival rule, the rules in the TAL-family (which include the uniform gains rule, the uniform losses rule and the Talmud rule), the minimal overlap rule, and the proportional rule admit a potential. We also study the balanced contributions property for these rules. By means of a potential, we introduce a generalization of the random arrival rule and mixtures of the minimal overlap rule and the uniform losses rule.

On the uniqueness of singular solutions to boundary-initial value problems in linear elastodynamics

This investigation deals with certain generalizations of the classical uniqueness theorem for the second boundary-initial value problem in the linearized dynamical theory of not necessarily homogeneous nor isotropic elastic solids. First, the regularity assumptions underlying the foregoing theorem are relaxed by admitting stress fields with suitably restricted finite jump discontinuities. Such singularities are familiar from known solutions to dynamical elasticity problems involving discontinuous surface tractions or non-matching boundary and initial conditions. The proof of the appropriate uniqueness theorem given here rests on a generalization of the usual energy identity to the class of singular elastodynamic fields under consideration.

Following this extension of the conventional uniqueness theorem, we turn to a further relaxation of the customary smoothness hypotheses and allow the displacement field to be differentiable merely in a generalized sense, thereby admitting stress fields with square-integrable unbounded local singularities, such as those encountered in the presence of focusing of elastic waves. A statement of the traction problem applicable in these pathological circumstances necessitates the introduction of "weak solutions'' to the field equations that are accompanied by correspondingly weakened boundary and initial conditions. A uniqueness theorem pertaining to this weak formulation is then proved through an adaptation of an argument used by O. Ladyzhenskaya in connection with the first boundary-initial value problem for a second-order hyperbolic equation in a single dependent variable. Moreover, the second uniqueness theorem thus obtained contains, as a special case, a slight modification of the previously established uniqueness theorem covering solutions that exhibit only finite stress-discontinuities.

Applications of plasticity theory to selected problems in soil mechanics

Two topics in plane strain perfect plasticity are studied using the method of characteristics. The first is the steady-state indentation of an infinite medium by either a rigid wedge having a triangular cross section or a smooth plate inclined to the direction of motion. Solutions are exact and results include deformation patterns and forces of resistance; the latter are also applicable for the case of incipient failure. Experiments on sharp wedges in clay, where forces and deformations are recorded, showed a good agreement with the mechanism of cutting assumed by the theory; on the other hand the indentation process for blunt wedges transforms into that of compression with a rigid part of clay moving with the wedge. Finite element solutions, for a bilinear material model, were obtained to establish a correspondence between the response of the plane strain wedge and its axi-symmetric counterpart, the cone. Results of the study afford a better understanding of the process of indentation of soils by penetrometers and piles as well as the mechanism of failure of deep foundations (piles and anchor plates).

The second topic concerns the plane strain steady-state free rolling of a rigid roller on clays. The problem is solved approximately for small loads by getting the exact solution of two problems that encompass the one of interest; the first is a steady-state with a geometry that approximates the one of the roller and the second is an instantaneous solution of the rolling process but is not a steady-state. Deformations and rolling resistance are derived. When compared with existing empirical formulae the latter was found to agree closely.

The ecological impact of different mechanisms of chronic sub-lethal toxicity on feeding and respiratory physiology

Sub-lethal toxicity tests, such as the scope-for-growth test, reveal simple relationships between measures of contaminant concentration and effect on respiratory and feeding physiology. Simple models are presented to investigate the potential impact of different mechanisms of chronic sub-lethal toxicity on these physiological processes. Since environmental quality is variable, even in unimpacted environments, toxicants may have differentially greater impacts in poor compared to higher quality environments. The models illustrate the implications of different degrees and mechanisms of toxicity in response to variability in the quality of the feeding environment, and variability in standard metabolic rate. The models suggest that the relationships between measured degrees of toxic stress, and the maintenance ration required to maintain zero scope-for-growth, may be highly nonlinear. In addition it may be possible to define critical levels of sub-lethal toxic effect above which no environment is of sufficient quality to permit prolonged survival.