Preparation of the layered double hydroxide (LDH) LiAl2(OH)(7)center dot 2H(2)O, by gel to crystallite conversion and a hydrothermal method, and its conversion to lithium aluminates

A layered double hydroxide (LDH) with chemical composition LiAl2(OH)(7) . 2H(2)O was prepared via a wet chemical route of gel to crystallite (G-C) conversion at 80 degrees C involving the reaction of hydrated alumina gel, Al2O3.yH(2)O (80 < y < 120) with LiOH (Li2O/Al2O3 greater than or equal to 0.5) in presence of hydrophilic solvents such as ethanol under refluxing conditions. The hydrothermal synthesis was carried out using the same reactants by heating to less than or equal to 140 degrees C in a Teflon-lined autoclave under autogenerated pressure (less than or equal to 20 MPa). Transmission electron microscopy showed needle-shaped aggregates of size 0.04-0.1 mu m for the gel to crystallite conversion product, whereas the hydrothermal products consisted of individual lamellar crystallites of size 0.2-0.5 mu m with hexagonal morphology. The LDH prepared through the gel to crystallite conversion could be converted into LiAl(OH)(4) . H2O or LiAl(OH)(3)NO3 . H2O by imbibition of LiOH or LiNO3, respectively, under hydrothermal conditions. Thermal decomposition of LDH above 1400 degrees C gave rise to LiAl5O8 accompanied by the evaporation of Li2O. LiAl(OH)(4) . H2O and LiAl(OH)(3)NO3 . H2O decomposed in the temperature range 400-1000 degrees C to alpha- or beta-LiAlO2. The compositional dependence of the product, the intermediate phases formed during the heat treatment and the possible reactions involved are described in detail.

Revisiting the earthquake sources in the Himalaya: Perspectives on past seismicity

The similar to 2500 km-long Himalaya plate boundary experienced three great earthquakes during the past century, but none of them generated any surface rupture. The segments between the 1905-1934 and the 1897-1950 sources, known as the central and Assam seismic gaps respectively, have long been considered holding potential for future great earthquakes. This paper addresses two issues concerning earthquakes along the Himalaya plate boundary. One, the absence of surface rupture associated with the great earthquakes, vis-a-vis the purported large slip observed from paleoseismological investigations and two, the current understanding of the status of the seismic gaps in the Central Himalaya and Assam, in view of the paleoseismological and historical data being gathered. We suggest that the ruptures of earthquakes nucleating on the basal detachment are likely to be restricted by the crustal ramps and thus generate no surface ruptures, whereas those originating on the faults within the wedges promote upward propagation of rupture and displacement, as observed during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, that showed a peak offset of 7 m. The occasional reactivation of these thrust systems within the duplex zone may also be responsible for the observed temporal and spatial clustering of earthquakes in the Himalaya. Observations presented in this paper suggest that the last major earthquake in the Central Himalaya occurred during AD 1119-1292, rather than in 1505, as suggested in some previous studies and thus the gap in the plate boundary events is real. As for the Northwestern Himalaya, seismically generated sedimentary features identified in the 1950 source region are generally younger than AD 1400 and evidence for older events is sketchy. The 1897 Shillong earthquake is not a decollement event and its predecessor is probably similar to 1000 years old. Compared to the Central Himalaya, the Assam Gap is a corridor of low seismicity between two tectonically independent seismogenic source zones that cannot be considered as a seismic gap in the conventional sense. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Thermal barrier coating application of zircon sand

Naturally occurring zircon sand was plasma spray coated on steel substrates previously coated with NiCrAlY bond coat. The coatings were characterized for their microstructure, chemical composition, thermal shock resistance, and the nature of structural phases present, The as-sprayed coatings consisted of t-ZrO2 (major phase), m-ZrO2, ZrSiO4 (minor phases), and amorphous SiO2. These coatings, when annealed at 1200 degrees C/1.44 x 10(4) s yielded a ZrSiO4 phase as a result of the reaction between ZrO2 and SiO2, Dramatic changes occurred in the characteristics of the coatings when a mixture of zircon sand and Y2O3 was plasma spray coated and annealed at 1400 degrees C/1.44 x 10(4) s, The t-ZrO2 phase was completely stabilized, and these coatings were found to have considerable potential for thermal barrier applications.

Cross-taxon surrogacy of biodiversity in the Indian Garhwal Himalaya

Biodiversity surveys were conducted in 13, 10x50 m(2) plots located between 1400 to 3100 in abode mean sea level in a range of habitats in temperate mixed Oak and Coniferous forests through sub-alpine to the alpine grasslands in Chamoli district of Uttaranchal state in the Indian Garhwal Himalaya. Cross-taxon congruence in biodiversity (alpha-diversity and beta-diversity) across macrolichens, mosses, liverworts, woody plants (shrubs and trees) and ants was investigated, so as to examine the extent to which these group, of organisms can function as Surrogates for each other. Although woody plants provided a major substrate for macrolichens and mosses, there was no species-specific association between them. Woody plant species richness was highly positively correlated with mosses (r(2) = 0.63, P < 0.001) but the relationship, as not particularly very strong with lichens and liverworts. While there was a significant correlation in the species turnover (β-diversity) of macrolichens with mosses (r(2) = 0.21 P < 0.005). the relationship was relatively poor with the woody plants. On the other hand. negative correlations emerged in the species richness of ants with those of macrolichens, mosses and woody plants (r(2) = -0.44 P < 0.05). but most of the complementarity (turnover) relationships among them were positive, Since diversity between taxonomic hierarchies within the group was consistently significantly positively correlated in all these taxa, the higher taxonomic categories Such as genus and family may be employed as surrogates for rapid assessment and monitoring of species diversity, Although no single group other than macrolichens has emerged as a good indicator of changes in species richness in all other groups, some concordant relationships between them conform to the hypothesis that species assemblages of certain taxonomic groups could still be used as surrogates for efficient monitoring of species diversity in other groups whose distribution may further predict the importance of conserving overall biodiversity in landscapes such as the Garhwal Himalaya. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical aspects of leaching of ocean nodules in the presence and absence of microorganisms

instead of using chemical-reducing agents to facilitate the reduction and dissolution of manganese and iron oxide in the ocean nodule, electrochemical reduction based on two approaches, namely, cathodic polarization and galvanic interaction, can also be considered as attractive alternatives. Galvanic leaching of ocean nodules in the presence of pyrite and pyrolusite for complete recovery of Cu, Ni and Co has been discussed. The key for successful and efficient dissolution of copper, nickel and cobalt from ocean nodules depends on prior reduction of the manganese and ferric oxides with which the above valuable nonferrous metals are interlocked. Polarization studies using a slurry electrode system indicated that maximum dissolution of iron and manganese due to electrochemical reduction occurred at negative DC potentials of -600 mV (SCE) and -1400 mV (SCE). The present work is also relevant to galvanic bioleaching of ocean nodules using autotrophic microorganisms, such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and T thiooxidans, which resulted in significant dissolution of copper, nickel and cobalt at the expense of microbiologically generated acids. Various electrochemical and biochemical mechanisms are outlined and the electroleaching and galvanic processes so developed are shown to yield almost complete dissolution of all metal values. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Phase diagram for the system Nd-Mn-O and thermodynamic properties of NdMnO3 and NdMn2O5

Studies on the phase relations in the system Nd-Mn-O at 1223 K showed two stable ternary compounds, NdMnO3 and NdMn2O5. An isothermal section of the ternary phase diagram for the system Nd-Mn-O was constructed based on phase analysis of samples quenched after equilibration using XRPD and EDS. An advanced version of the solid-state cell incorporating a buffer electrode was used to determine the Gibbs energies of decomposition of NdMnO3 and NdMn2O5 in the temperature range from 925 to 1400 K. Pure oxygen gas at 0.1 MPa was used as the reference electrode, and yttria-stabilized zirconia as the solid electrolyte. The buffer electrode was designed to prevent polarization of the three-phase electrode and ensure accurate data. The measured oxygen potential corresponding to the reaction,2 Nd2O3 + 4 MnO + O-2 --> 4 NdMnO3 can be represented by the equation,Amu(o2) / J.mol(-1) (+/-580) = -523 960 + 170.96 (T/K)Similarly, for the formation of NdMn2O5 according to the reaction,3 NdMnO3 + Mn3O4 + O-2 --> 3 NdMn2O5 Amu(o2) / J.mol(-1) (+/-660) = - 269 390 + 181.74 (T/K) (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of powder processing on densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite

The influence of powder processing and sintering temperature on densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramics was studied. The as-dried, calcined and processed HAp powders were uniaxially compacted and sintered at various temperatures (1000-1400 degreesC) for 3 h. The as-dried and processed powders, attained 97% of theoretical density (TD) at 1100 degreesC) at higher sintering temperatures, the density of the as-dried powder compact was found to decrease. A uniform microstructure with fine grain size (2.3 pm) was observed for material obtained from processed powder, whereas exaggerated grain growth with closed pores were observed in as-dried and unprocessed powder compacts. The Vickers' hardness, fracture toughness and flexural strength of HAp were determined and a maximum value of 6.3 GPa and 0.88 MPam(1/2) and 60.3 MPa, respectively were obtained for processed compact. The processing of HAp has improved its densification, microstructure homogeneity and mechanical properties. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd and Techna S.r.l. All rights reserved.

Crucible Steel in South India-Preliminary Investigations on Crucibles from Some Newly Identified Sites

European accounts from the 17th century onwards have referred to the repute and manufacture of “wootz’, a traditional crucible steel made especially in parts of southern India in the former provinces of Golconda, Mysore and Salem. Pliny's Natural History mentions the import of iron and steel from the Seres which have been thought to refer to the ancient southern Indian kingdom of the Cheras. As yet the scale of excavations and surface surveys is too limited to link the literary accounts to archaeometallurgical evidence, although pioneering exploratory investigations have been made by scholars, especially on the pre-industrial production sites of Konasamudram and Gatihosahalli discussed in 18th-19th century European accounts. In 1991–2 during preliminary surveys of ancient base metal mining sites, Srinivasan came across unreported dumps with crucible fragments at Mel-Siruvalur in Tamil Nadu, and Tintini and Machnur in Karnataka and she collected surface specimens from these sites as well as from the known site of Gatihosahalli. She was also given crucible fragments by the Tamil University, Tanjavur, from an excavated megalithic site at Kodumanal, dated to ca 2nd c. Bc, mentioned in Tamil Sangam literature (ca 3rd c. BC-3rd c. AD), and very near Karur, the ancient capital of the Sangam Cheras. Analyses of crucible fragments from the surface collection at Mel-Siruvalur showed several iron prills with a uniform pearlitic structure of high-carbon hypereutectoid steel (∼1–1.5% C) suggesting that the end product was uniformly a high-carbon steel of a structure consistent with those of high-carbon steels used successfully to experimentally replicate the watered steel patterns on ‘Damascus’ swords. Investigations indicate that the process was of carburisation of molten low carbon iron (m.p. 1400° C) in crucibles packed with carbonaceous matter. The fabric of crucibles from all the above mentioned sites appears similar. Preliminary investigations on these crucibles are thus reported to establish their relationship to crucible production of carbon steel and to thereby extend the known horizons of this technology further.

Probing the mobility of lithium in LISICON: Li+/H+ exchange studies in Li2ZnGeO4 and Li2+2xZn1-xGeO4

We investigated Li+/H+ exchange in the lithium ion conductors (LISICONS) [ Li2+2xZn1-xGeO4; x = 0.5 ( I) and x = 0.75 (II)] and their parent, gamma-Li2ZnGeO4. Facile exchange of approximately 2x lithium ions per formula unit occurs with both the LISICONS in dilute acetic acid, while the parent material does not exhibit an obvious Li+/H+ exchange under the same conditions. The results can be understood in terms of lithium ion distribution in the crystal structures: the parent Li2ZnGeO4, where all the lithium ions form part of the tetrahedral framework structure, does not exhibit a ready Li+/H+ exchange; LISICONS, where lithium ions are distributed between framework ( tetrahedral) and nonframework sites, undergo a facile Li+/H+ exchange of the nonframework site lithium ions. Accordingly, Li+/H+ exchange in dilute aqueous acetic acid provides a convenient probe to distinguish between the mobile and the immobile lithium ions in lithium ion conductors.

Aromatic, microporous polymer networks with high surface area generated in Friedel-Crafts-type polycondensations

A series of novel, microporous polymer networks (MPNs) have been generated in a simple, acid catalysed Friedel-Crafts-type self-condensation of A(2)B(2)- and A(2)B(4)-type fluorenone monomers. Two A2B4-type monomers with 2,7-bis(N, N-diphenylamino) A or 2,7-bis [4-(N, N-diphenylamino) phenyl] D substitution of the fluorenone cores lead to MPNs with high S(BET) surface areas of up to 1400 m(2) g(-1). Two MPNs made of binary monomer mixtures showed the highest Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas S(BET) of our series (SBET of up to 1800 m(2) g(-1)) after washing the powdery samples with supercritical carbon dioxide. Total pore volumes of up to 1.6 cm(3) g(-1) have been detected. It is observed that the substitution pattern of the monomers is strongly influencing the resulting physicochemical properties of the microporous polymer networks (MPNs).

Seismic Hazard and Microzonation Studies using Geographic Information System - A Case Study of Bangalore city

Seismic hazard and microzonation of cities enable to characterize the potential seismic areas that need to be taken into account when designing new structures or retrofitting the existing ones. Study of seismic hazard and preparation of geotechnical microzonation maps has been attempted using Geographical Information System (GIS). GIS will provide an effective solution for integrating different layers of information thus providing a useful input for city planning and in particular input to earthquake resistant design of structures in an area. Seismic hazard is the study of expected earthquake ground motions at any point on the earth. Microzonation is the process of sub division of region in to number of zones based on the earthquake effects in the local scale. Seismic microzonation is the process of estimating response of soil layers under earthquake excitation and thus the variation of ground motion characteristic on the ground surface. For the seismic microzonation, geotechnical site characterization need to be assessed at local scale (micro level), which is further used to assess of the site response and liquefaction susceptibility of the sites. Seismotectonic atlas of the area having a radius of 350km around Bangalore has been prepared with all the seismogenic sources and historic earthquake events (a catalogue of about 1400 events since 1906). We have attempted to carryout the site characterization of Bangalore by collating conventional geotechnical boreholes data (about 900 borehole data with depth) and integrated in GIS. 3-D subsurface model of Bangalore prepared using GIS is shown in Figure 1.Further, Shear wave velocity survey based on geophysical method at about 60 locations in the city has been carried out in 220 square Kms area. Site response and local site effects have been evaluated using 1-dimensional ground response analysis. Spatial variability of soil overburden depths, ground surface Peak Ground Acceleration’s(PGA), spectral acceleration for different frequencies, liquefaction susceptibility have been mapped in the 220 sq km area using GIS.ArcInfo software has been used for this purpose. These maps can be used for the city planning and risk & vulnerability studies. Figure 2 shows a map of peak ground acceleration at rock level for Bangalore city. Microtremor experiments were jointly carried out with NGRI scientists at about 55 locations in the city and the predominant frequency of the overburden soil columns were evaluated.

Structural characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme in complex with a selenium analogue of captopril

Human somatic angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), a zinc-dependent dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, is central to the regulation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system. It is a well-known target for combating hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases. In a recent study by Bhuyan and Mugesh [Org. Biomol. Chem. (2011) 9, 1356-1365], it was shown that the selenium analogues of captopril (a well-known clinical inhibitor of ACE) not only inhibit ACE, but also protect against peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of peptides and proteins. Here, we report the crystal structures of human testis ACE (tACE) and a homologue of ACE, known as AnCE, from Drosophila melanogaster in complex with the most promising selenium analogue of captopril (SeCap) determined at 2.4 and 2.35 angstrom resolution, respectively. The inhibitor binds at the active site of tACE and AnCE in an analogous fashion to that observed for captopril and provide the first examples of a protein-selenolate interaction. These new structures of tACE-SeCap and AnCE-SeCap inhibitor complexes presented here provide important information for further exploration of zinc coordinating selenium-based ACE inhibitor pharmacophores with significant antioxidant activity.

Total synthesis of (-)-ent-pachastrissamine (ent-Jaspine B)

The total synthesis of the enantiomer of the tetrahydrofuran containing natural product Jaspine B is reported. The key reactions in the synthesis include formation of the tetrahydrofuran unit by an acid mediated Williamson etherification and a subsequent elaboration with an olefin cross metathesis reaction. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gibbs energy of formation of lead zirconate

The Gibbs energy of formation of zirconia-saturated lead zirconate was determined by emf measurements on the solid state cells and at 800 to 1400 K. The results obtained differ significantly from those reported in the literature based on vapor-pressure measurements, using Knudsen effusion and transportation techniques and assuming that the vapor phase consisted entirely of monomeric PbO molecules. A reanalysis of the data obtained in the earlier vapor-pressure studies, using mass-spectrometric measurements on polymeric PbO species in the gas phase, gives Gibbs energies of formation of lead zirconate which are in better agreement with those obtained in this study. Recent electrochemical measurements using CaO-ZrO2 and PbF2 solid electrolytes are in good agreement with the present study. The results obtained in this study are also consistent with the phase diagram which shows decomposition of the zirconate to tetragonal zirconia and a liquid phase rich in PbO at 1843 K.

Phase equilibria in the system NiO-CaO-SiO2 and Gibbs energy of formation of CaNiSi2O6

Phase relations in the pseudoternary system NiO-CaO-SiO2 at 1373 K are established. The coexisting phases are identified by X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of equilibrated samples. There is only one quaternary oxide CaNiSi2O6 with clinopyroxene structure. The Gibbs energy of formation of CaNiSi2O6 is measured using a solid state galvanic cell incorporating stabilized zirconia as the solid electrolyte in the temperature range of 1000 to 1400 K:Pt, Ni + SiO2 + CaSiO3 + CaNiSi2O6 \ (Y2O3)ZrO2 \ Ni + NiO, Pt From the electromotive force (emf) of the cell, the Gibbs energy of formation of CaNiSi2O6 from NiO, SiO2, and CaSiO3 is obtained. To derive the Gibbs energy of formation of the quaternary oxide from component binary oxides, the free energy of formation of CaSiO, is determined separately using a solid state cell based on single crystal CaF2 as the electrolyte: Pt, O-2, CaO + CaF2 \ CaF2 \ CaSiO3 + SiO2 + CaF2, O-2, Pt The results can be expressed by the following equations: NiO (r.s) + CaO (r.s) + 2SiO(2) (qz) --> CaNiSi2O6 (pyr) Delta G degrees = -115,700 + 10.63T (+/-100) J mol(-1) CaO (r.s) + SiO2 (qz) --> CaSiO3 (wol) Delta G degrees = -90,030 -0.61T (+/-60) J mol(-1).