Violações de direitos humanos e regulação de conteúdo na TV: Brasil em perspectiva comparada com França e Reino Unido

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a política pública brasileira de regulação de conteúdo em casos de violações de direitos humanos na TV, a partir de uma perspectiva comparada com a regulação adotada na França e no Reino Unido. Para isso, foram estudados os marcos legais e os recursos institucionais decisivos disponíveis aos órgãos reguladores francês (CSA) e britânico (Ofcom) e ao Ministério das Comunicações do Brasil. Num segundo momento, a política de regulação foi analisada a partir do estudo de casos onde foram constatadas violações de direitos de quatro tipos: preconceito e ofensa contra grupos minoritários; violação dos direitos das mulheres; discriminação religiosa; e banalização da violência e linguagem depreciativa. Ao final, são apresentadas contribuições para a elaboração de uma nova política de regulação de conteúdo no Brasil que priorize e proteja os direitos humanos.

Concorrência e acesso a medicamentos: evergreening em perspectiva comparada

Este trabalho estuda o fenômeno do evergreening, definido como o uso de patenteamento secundário para a obtenção de extensão indevida na proteção patentária sobre uma criação, sob a perspectiva do direito da concorrência no Brasil, União Europeia, Estados Unidos e Índia. Baseia-se em suas experiências com esta prática para determinar a aplicabilidade do direito da concorrência brasileiro e mais alternativas institucionais para abordar o problema.

Regulação e concorrência intramodal no transporte ferroviário de carga sob a perspectiva comparada Brasil-Alemanha

A concorrência intramodal é uma forma de mitigação dos problemas derivados de um monopólio natural. Os setores assim estruturados caracterizam-se por elevados custos fixo e a fundo perdido, com grandes economias de escala e necessidade de elevada escala mínima de eficiência para viabilização da atividade. Essas circunstâncias impedem que a concorrência, em seu sentido mais óbvio, seja ali instaurada. Esse é o caso do setor ferroviário, onde se verifica a inviabilidade econômica de duplicação da infraestrutura. Entretanto, a depender da política regulatória adotada pelo Estado, um ambiente mais competitivo pode ser instaurado. O trabalho propõe uma análise comparada entre o modelo regulatório implementado na Alemanha, a partir das reformas ferroviárias propostas pela União Europeia, buscando extrair da experiência estrangeira aprendizados quanto aos dilemas enfrentados e características desejadas ao modelo institucional brasileiro para as novas concessões ferroviárias nacionais previstas no Plano Nacional de Investimento em Logística (PIL). O objetivo da análise consiste em verificar qual foi o modelo regulatório aplicado pela Alemanha para garantir parâmetros satisfatórios de concorrência intramodal e o modelo proposto pelo Governo Federal, com o objetivo de incentivar a ampliação do uso desse modal na cadeia logística brasileira, assim como aumentar a densidade da malha. Para permitir uma efetiva comparação dos modelos, faz-se necessário proceder preliminarmente a um breve entendimento sobre os arranjos regulatórios existentes que objetivam garantir o acesso à malha ferroviária: o tráfego mútuo, o direito de passagem e as formas de unbundling. A hipótese de investigação consiste em observar que as mudanças na regulação setorial que estão sendo consideradas pelo governo brasileiro se distanciam tanto do modelo que foi utilizado para a desestatização do setor, nos anos 90, quanto da experiência alemã de unbundling.

Previsão do índice bovespa por meio de redes neurais artificiais: uma análise comparada aos métodos tradicionais de séries de tempo

Forecast is the basis for making strategic, tactical and operational business decisions. In financial economics, several techniques have been used to predict the behavior of assets over the past decades.Thus, there are several methods to assist in the task of time series forecasting, however, conventional modeling techniques such as statistical models and those based on theoretical mathematical models have produced unsatisfactory predictions, increasing the number of studies in more advanced methods of prediction. Among these, the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are a relatively new and promising method for predicting business that shows a technique that has caused much interest in the financial environment and has been used successfully in a wide variety of financial modeling systems applications, in many cases proving its superiority over the statistical models ARIMA-GARCH. In this context, this study aimed to examine whether the ANNs are a more appropriate method for predicting the behavior of Indices in Capital Markets than the traditional methods of time series analysis. For this purpose we developed an quantitative study, from financial economic indices, and developed two models of RNA-type feedfoward supervised learning, whose structures consisted of 20 data in the input layer, 90 neurons in one hidden layer and one given as the output layer (Ibovespa). These models used backpropagation, an input activation function based on the tangent sigmoid and a linear output function. Since the aim of analyzing the adherence of the Method of Artificial Neural Networks to carry out predictions of the Ibovespa, we chose to perform this analysis by comparing results between this and Time Series Predictive Model GARCH, developing a GARCH model (1.1).Once applied both methods (ANN and GARCH) we conducted the results' analysis by comparing the results of the forecast with the historical data and by studying the forecast errors by the MSE, RMSE, MAE, Standard Deviation, the Theil's U and forecasting encompassing tests. It was found that the models developed by means of ANNs had lower MSE, RMSE and MAE than the GARCH (1,1) model and Theil U test indicated that the three models have smaller errors than those of a naïve forecast. Although the ANN based on returns have lower precision indicator values than those of ANN based on prices, the forecast encompassing test rejected the hypothesis that this model is better than that, indicating that the ANN models have a similar level of accuracy . It was concluded that for the data series studied the ANN models show a more appropriate Ibovespa forecasting than the traditional models of time series, represented by the GARCH model

A ética econômica das classes trabalhadoras: a gramática social do comportamento econômico da nova pequena burguesia comercial de Natal/RN

Rogram relying on sociological interface between Economic Sociology, Sociology of Moral Theory of Socialization and Social Stratification, this dissertation research makes use of theoretical contributions Luic Boltanski, Charles Taylor, Axel Honneth, Pierre Bourdieu and Bernard Lahire to problematize the generally about the physical and symbolic production and social reproduction of the type of "economic ethics" predominant in the new petite bourgeoisie Brazilian. In other words, the goal is to explain and analyze the objective conditions (economic needs and moral grammar) and intersubjective (modes of socialization and social networks) and update the social genesis and contextual transcontextual beliefs, biases, inclinations and cultural regularities observed the economic behavior of individual profiles for the fractions of the urban petty bourgeoisie and commercial upward Natal / RN. With regard to methodological strategies adopted in data collection will be conducted qualitative interviews (semistructured) and ethnographic notes. In turn, the analytical treatment of the collected empirical content is based on the approach dispositionalist (Pierre Bourdieu, Loïc Wacquant and Bernard Lahire) that emphasizes the study of the past embedded agents and the different contexts of incorporation / activation / inhibition of "provisions" individual cultural

Biologia populacional comparada de duas espécies de heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) em um ambiente sazonal de floresta atlântica do nordeste brasileiro

Tropical environments often face strong seasonal variations in climate, such as alternate periods of dry and rain, that may often be important influence in the annual X the organisms lives. Here we assess how population dynamics of two butterfly species (Heliconius erato and Heliconius mepomene) respond to environmental and seasonal variations. A mark-release-recapture study carried out in an Atlantic forest reserve, 15 Km from Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, for 3 years, during the dry and rainy season, with three visits weekly done. Information such as species, wing lenght, site of capture, pollen load and phenotype (number of spots) (in H. erato only) were noted for each capture. Seasonal variation exists in capture rates of the two species, with great capture rates during the rainy season. Despite finding differences in the mean density of individuals of the two species among the different collection areas, this difference was only significant between floodplain and central areas, and no influence of seasonality was observed in the mean density between the areas. Seasonality in wing size was only observed for H. erato, with larger wings during the rainy season. Females carried larger pollen loads than males both species, but species were similar. Only males differed seasonally, with larger pollen loads during the rainy season. The distribution of the number of wing spots did not vary between the dry and rainy seasons, and the number of spots in males and females was similar. Therefore, we conclude that there was a strong influence of seasonal variation in the population dynamic of the two Heliconius species, as well as in several aspects of their biology

Anatomia comparada do lenho de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae) de floresta e cerradão

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Anatomia comparada do lenho em raiz e caule de Lippia salviifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Alternância no uso dos modos indicativo e subjuntivo em orações subordinadas substantivas: uma comparação entre o português do Brasil e o francês do Canadá

The purpose of this work is to analyze the use of the indicative mood, instead of the subjunctive prescribed by the normative grammar, in complement clauses introduced by the conjunction que in Brazilian Portuguese. Contexts of use of the subjunctive according to grammatical prescription, and contexts of fluctuation on the use of that verbal mood were analyzed, in an attempt to investigate what interferes on the choice of the mood by the user of the language. This study is based on North-American Functional Linguistics theoretical perspective, oriented to analyzing language in use, in the light of the principles of grammaticalization and markedness. The results obtained support that the contexts that favor the indicative over the subjunctive are those composed by a complement clause functioning as a direct object the unmarked clause of all complement clauses and by a verb on the main sentence that belongs to the semantic field of low certainty, corresponding to the epistemic sub-mode the unmarked category of the deontic sub-mode. The results indicate that pragmatics and semantics factors influence the language user on the choice of the verbal mood. This research also presents comparative data on the use of the indicative mood in place of the subjunctive in Brazilian Portuguese and Canadian French, aiming to providing suggestions on language teaching

Aí marcador de especificidade de SN indefinidos: um estudo funcionalista com implicações para o ensino

This body of work aims to describe and analyze the behavior of the Aí specificity marker of indefinite Noun Phrases (NP), one of the many functions this linguistic item is developing in contemporary Brazilian Portuguese. From the Functional Linguistic theory perspective, the North American declivity, this project intends to outline the possible grammaticalization trajectory taken by the Aí specificity marker. It will be followed from its function as a spatial deitic up to its integration of indefinite NP, and the action of the fundamental principles of the theory, such as iconicity and informativity, will be observed on the use of this item. Following this, Aí specificity marker behavior will be described in respect to various linguistic and social factors: type of text where the occurrence is encountered, language modality in which the latter is produced, syntactic function developed by the NP specified by Aí , the existence or lack of material intervening between Aí and the NP nuclear noun, informational status of the NP adjugated to Aí , and finally, sex, education and age of the speaker. The occurrence of conversational implicatures will also be verified (GRICE, 1982) within the contexts of Aí specificity marker use. Reflections on the teaching of grammar will be made, as well as on the possibility and validity of working with noun phrase specificity markers in elementary and high school Portuguese language classes. The data used in this research project stem from Corpus Discurso & Gramática A língua falada e escrita na cidade do Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998), and from Corpus Discurso & Gramática A língua falada e escrita na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (VOTRE; OLIVEIRA, 1995)

A argumentação na petição inicial

This research investigates current sense effects at the use of linguistic resources of the argument in a corpus constituted by juridical pieces (Initial Petitions), that gave opportunity to actions originated from the Civil Special Court of the District of Currais Novos-RN. For this purpose it was established a relation between the Law and the Linguistics, mediated by the focus of the Argumentative Semantics, emphasizing, in a special way, the use of argumentative operators, which inserted in the own language, in its grammar, assume the orientation of the speech and the modalizers use, important mechanisms in the construction of the sense of the text and in the signalling in the way as that that one say is said,. This way, we began the investigation of that gender choosing as study object the section of the facts , that comprehends a part of Initial Petition where is explanted the narration of events that gave margin to the proposal for the Action. In face of the study object and the aim to be reached it was appealed, methodologically, to the notion of Rhetoric since from the classic antiquity to the emergence of the New present Rhetoric in Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005) that, at the present time, is inserted in the studies of the Pragmatic connected to the central theses of the Ducrot s thinking (1977, 1980, 1987). Such referential allowed us to a better understanding about the production of the juridical speech on the part of the operators of the Law, as well as, to analyze in way wide the current sense effects from the use of argument linguistic marks the juridical speech. The data showed that such marks are indispensable elements to the construction of the textual web, particularly when in the range of the juridical argumentation, since they direct the speech for certain conclusions. However, we have observed that in the texts produced by the lawyers the use of those linguistic resources not always takes place in an appropriate way. The texts analyzed have also showed that it is possible to unmask, through the linguistic resources, the argumentative strategy employed by the authors for convincing of the magistrate, making evident that language is more than a system of signs, which it makes possible to see beyond the limit of the words and statements. Finally, we have verified that the categories analyzed, when used appropriately, are elements that engender argumentative maneuvers of effectiveness in the juridical text, being fundamental pieces which give argumentative strength the text, making the speech to move forward, not only the juridical, but the speech produced in any domain of the knowledge

Conectores adversativos na fala do natalense: uma análise funcionalista com implicações para o ensino

This work analyzes the behavior of the adversative connectors in the speech of the user of Natal, with views to suggest implications for the grammar teaching in the high school Portuguese languages classes. It is an investigation that sits on the functionalist paradigm, specifically in the protected ideas for Givón. For so much, data of situations of speech from the corpus Discurso e gramática lingual falada e escrita da cidade do Natal (FURTADO DA CUNHA, 1998). The sample embraces a total of forty interviews, of which the occurrences are cut out whose registrations mark the existence of adversatives constructions in narratives of personal experience and in the opinion reports, modality of oral language, of the mentioned database. The work revisits authors of the grammar, Cunha (1986); Bechara (2006); Perini (2006), among others; authors that contemplate referring approaches to the use of opposition connectors as: Barreto (1999); Tavares (2003); Longhin (2003); Silva (2005); Rocha (2006); Neves (2000, 2006). The results of the panoramic analysis reveal as adversity connectors in use for the habitant of Natal, for recurrence order, the mas, e, aí, agora, só que, no entanto and já. Analyzed the results, the same ones are compared with the treatment presented by the traditional grammar, with application of functional iconicity principle, markdness principle and the prototype of the category is chosen. In the differentiated analysis of the item " agora ", structural profile of the constructions is analyzed that involve the item, semantic profile, times, manners and aspects of the verbs that they wrap up in the constructions in reference, trajectory of grammaticalization and comparison with the prototype of the category. Finally, they are suggested implications of whole the study for the teaching of Portuguese language, in the high school classes

"Tudo" em Natal : definitude, implicaturas e contribuições para o ensino de língua materna

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior