Inheritance of proportionate dwarfism in Angus cattle

Objective To determine the mode of inheritance of congenital proportionate dwarfism in Angus and Angus crossbred cattle, initially detected in two commercial beef herds in northern New South Wales. Design Matings of normal carrier sires to unrelated cows of diverse breeds, and of one carrier sire to his unaffected daughters. An unrelated Piedmontese bull was also mated to unaffected daughters of the carrier sires. Procedure Two carrier Angus bulls and nine unaffected daughters, all of whom were completely indistinguishable from normal animals, were purchased for controlled breeding studies under known nutritional and disease conditions. Affected and carrier individuals were examined for the presence of obvious chromosomal abnormalities. Results Angus dwarfism has been successfully reproduced under controlled experimental conditions over successive years using unrelated dams and is undoubtedly heritable. The high frequency of occurrence of affected individuals (23/61 = 0.38 +/- .06) among the progeny of matings of the Angus sires to unrelated females of diverse breeding is not compatible with recessive inheritance, because of the negligible frequency of proportionate dwarfism in the breeds of the dams. Both paternal and maternal transmission of the defect was demonstrated, so that imprinting in the strict sense of a gene that is only expressed when received from the male parent appears not to be involved. Tested individuals showed no evidence of gross chromosomal abnormality. Dominant autosomal inheritance with incomplete penetrance was indicated by the lack of expression of the defective gene in the two Angus sires and in three unaffected daughters who produced dwarf calves from matings to the Piedmontese bull. Conclusions The mode of inheritance is that of a single autosomal dominant gene with a penetrance coefficient of 0.75 +/- 0.12, estimated from the observed incidence of 23/61 affected offspring of the two carrier Angus bulls mated to unrelated dams. Simple genetic models involving either (i) an unstable mutant which changes at high frequency to the expressed dominant dwarfing allele during gametogenesis, or (ii) a dominant allele with penetrance determined by an unlinked modifying locus, are shown to be compatible with the experimental data. Both models indicate that penetrance of the dwarfing gene may possibly be higher in matings involving carrier daughters of the two Angus bulls.

Adição de Ácido Linoleico conjugado (CLA) no diluidor de congelação de sémen de touro, recolhido Post-Mortem, das raças Holstein Frísia, Aberdeen Angus, Charolês e Limousine

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Zootécnica, 7 de Abril de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Influência da estação do ano nas características do sêmen e na concentração de hormônios em touros Nelore e Simental

Estudou-se a influência das quatro estações do ano nas características do sêmen e nas concentrações de testosterona e cortisol em touros. Cinco touros Nelore e cinco Simental entre 48 e 72 meses de idade, criados extensivamente, foram avaliados andrologicamente por meio de exames físicos das características morfológicas do sêmen e das concentrações séricas de testosterona e cortisol. Houve redução na motilidade e no vigor do sêmen no inverno (P<0,05) na raça Simental. Observou-se correlação (P<0,01) entre testosterona x motilidade (0,69) e testosterona x vigor (0,57) na raça Simental, e cortisol x motilidade (0,68) e cortisol x vigor (0,65) na raça Nelore. O efeito das estações do ano modificou a qualidade do sêmen com aumento da motilidade e vigor espermáticos na primavera e verão nos touros Simental. A concentração de cortisol diminuiu no outono nos touros Nelore.

Influências genéticas nas características da carcaça e carne em bovinos

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias - Especialidade de Produção Animal

Integrative genomic, epigenetic and metabolomic characterization of beef from grass-fed Angus steers

Beef constitutes a main component of the American diet and still represent the principal source of protein in many parts of the world. Currently, the meat market is experiencing an important transformation; consumers are increasingly switching from consuming traditional beef to grass-fed beef. People recognized products obtained from grass-fed animals as more natural and healthy. However, the true variations between these two production systems regarding various aspects remain unclear. This dissertation provides information from closely genetically related animals, in order to decrease confounding factors, to explain several confused divergences between grain-fed and grass-fed beef. First, we examined the growth curve, important economic traits and quality carcass characteristics over four consecutive years in grain-fed and grass-fed animals, generating valuable information for management decisions and economic evaluation for grass-fed cattle operations. Second, we performed the first integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis in grass-fed beef, detecting alterations in glucose metabolism, divergences in free fatty acids and carnitine conjugated lipid levels, and altered β-oxidation. Results suggest that grass finished beef could possibly benefit consumer health from having lower total fat content and better lipid profile than grain-fed beef. Regarding animal welfare, grass-fed animals may experience less stress than grain-fed individuals as well. Finally, we contrasted the genome-wide DNA methylation of grass-fed beef against grain-fed beef using the methyl-CpG binding domain sequencing (MBD-Seq) method, identifying 60 differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Most of DMRs were located inside or upstream of genes and displayed increased levels of methylation in grass-fed individuals, implying a global DNA methylation increment in this group. Interestingly, chromosome 14, which has been associated with large effects on ADG, marbling, back fat, ribeye area and hot carcass weight in beef cattle, allocated the largest number of DMRs (12/60). The pathway analysis identified skeletal and muscular system as the preeminent physiological system and function, and recognized carbohydrates metabolism, lipid metabolism and tissue morphology among the highest ranked networks. Therefore, although we recognize some limitations and assume that additional examination is still required, this project provides the first integrative genomic, epigenetic and metabolomics characterization of beef produced under grass-fed regimen.

Genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) detection in Nelore cattle reveals highly frequent variants in genome regions harboring QTLs affecting production traits.

Background: Copy number variations (CNVs) have been shown to account for substantial portions of observed genomic variation and have been associated with qualitative and quantitative traits and the onset of disease in a number of species. Information from high-resolution studies to detect, characterize and estimate population-specific variant frequencies will facilitate the incorporation of CNVs in genomic studies to identify genes affecting traits of importance. Results: Genome-wide CNVs were detected in high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping data from 1,717 Nelore (Bos indicus) cattle, and in NGS data from eight key ancestral bulls. A total of 68,007 and 12,786 distinct CNVs were observed, respectively. Cross-comparisons of results obtained for the eight resequenced animals revealed that 92 % of the CNVs were observed in both datasets, while 62 % of all detected CNVs were observed to overlap with previously validated cattle copy number variant regions (CNVRs). Observed CNVs were used for obtaining breed-specific CNV frequencies and identification of CNVRs, which were subsequently used for gene annotation. A total of 688 of the detected CNVRs were observed to overlap with 286 non-redundant QTLs associated with important production traits in cattle. All of 34 CNVs previously reported to be associated with milk production traits in Holsteins were also observed in Nelore cattle. Comparisons of estimated frequencies of these CNVs in the two breeds revealed 14, 13, 6 and 14 regions in high (>20 %), low (<20 %) and divergent (NEL > HOL, NEL < HOL) frequencies, respectively. Conclusions: Obtained results significantly enriched the bovine CNV map and enabled the identification of variants that are potentially associated with traits under selection in Nelore cattle, particularly in genome regions harboring QTLs affecting production traits.

Resistência aos pesticidas piretróides em populações de Rhipicephalus microplus e aos piretróides e organofosforados em Haematobia irritans colhidas em rebanhos de corte no Estado de São Paulo.

A crescente resistência aos pesticidas em populações do carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus e da mosca-dos-chifres Haematobia irritans tem provocado prejuízos aos pecuaristas do Brasil. Testes fenotípicos, que detectam a suscetibilidade de diferentes populações desses parasitas a vários pesticidas estão disponíveis e deveriam ser usados com maior frequência, como critério na seleção de bases com melhor eficácia. Testes que detectam mutações específicas devido ao uso de pesticidas piretroides e organofosforados foram recentemente desenvolvidos e servem para monitorar a ocorrência de altos níveis de resistência, tendo em vista que a resistência ocorre somente em parasitas submetidos a tratamentos constantes com o mesmo princípio químico. Assim neste experimento foi investigado o uso dos pesticidas nas fazendas de gado de corte no estado de São Paulo e a resistência fenotípica e genotípica dos carrapatos e mosca-dos-chifres colhidos nesses rebanhos. Além disso, os testes genotípicos foram validados para as populações de parasitas e padronizados para serem usados na rotina do Laboratório de Sanidade Animal da Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste. Foram testadas dez populações de moscas e dez de carrapatos, Resistência aos pesticidas piretróides em populações de Rhipicephalus microplus e aos piretróides e organofosforados em Haematobia irritans colhidas em rebanhos de corte no Estado de São Paulo colhidas em propriedades rurais no estado de São Paulo. As moscas foram submetidas aos testes com papéis de filtro impregnados com cipermetrina e diazinon, e os carrapatos, ao Teste do Pacote de Larvas (LPT) impregnado com cipermetrina. Os resultados de mortalidade dos parasitas para cada diluição do inseticida foram anotados em planilhas e analisadas pelo procedimento Probit do programa Statistical Analisys System (SAS), para a obtenção das concentrações letais para 50% (CL50) e para 90% (CL90) e o cálculo do Fator de Resistência (FR) das populações de parasitas. As moscas que sobreviveram às maiores concentrações dos pesticidas foram submetidas à extração do DNA para a pesquisa de mutação específica para resistência a cipermetrina (KDR e sKDR) e diazinon (G262A). As larvas de carrapatos sobreviventes foram submetidas à extração de DNA individualmente e testadas para a mutação do tipo KDR. Das 17 propriedades amostradas para moscas e carrapatos, 11 tinham rebanhos compostos por animais Bos taurus indicus (10 propriedades de Nelore e uma de Guzerá), três de Bos t. taurus (uma de Caracu e duas de Angus) e três de bovinos cruzados. Os responsáveis pelos rebanhos taurinos afirmaram que o principal problema era o carrapato, no caso da raça Angus, e a mosca-dos-chifres, no caso da Caracu. Para os rebanhos de animais cruzados, os dois ectoparasitas eram igualmente difíceis de combater e, para os zebuínos, a mosca-dos-chifres era o principal problema. Os inseticidas do grupo dos piretroides foram os mais usados nos rebanhos estudados (11/17), seguidos da combinação piretroide + fosforado (4/17) e abamectina (2/17). As populações de H. irritans mostraram FR entre 0,75 e 6.434,26 para a cipermetrina e, apesar disso, apenas 3,79% das moscas genotipadas (n=686) apresentavam o alelo mutante para KDR e nenhuma para sKDR. Para o diazinon, os FR variaram entre 1,00 e 103,00 e das 587 moscas testadas, nenhuma apresentou o alelo mutante para resistência. Os testes com os carrapatos mostraram FR entre 1,00 e 718,52. A mutação KDR só foi detectada em 3,6% (com o genótipo heterozigoto SR) e 0,48% (com o genótipo homozigoto RR) das 631 larvas testadas. Podemos concluir que, no estado de São Paulo, existem populações de H. irritans e R. microplus resistentes aos grupos pesticidas piretroides e organofosforados, sendo predominante nas populações avaliadas a resistência aos piretroides. Os pecuaristas deverão ser instruídos no sentido de resguardar ao máximo esses princípios químicos, uma vez que poderão se tornar ineficientes em um curto período de tempo no controle da maioria das populações de ectoparasitas presentes nos rebanhos bovinos paulistas.

Estudo sobre a migração transuterina e a razão sexual de conceptos em bovinos da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus)

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2016.

Uso de suplementos para acasalamento de bezerras Angus aos 14 meses de idade.

RESUMO: O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento de novilhas de corte em três sistemas alimentares: exclusivamente em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ou em pastagem de azevém e recebendo 0,93% do peso corporal de grão de milho inteiro ou grão de aveia branca como suplemento. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. A utilização da pastagem de azevém, com ou sem uso de grão de milho ou aveia como suplemento, possibilita desenvolvimento reprodutivo para que as bezerras sejam acasaladas aos 14 meses de idade. O peso corporal ao início da utilização da pastagem é determinante para que as bezerras atinjam adequado desenvolvimento reprodutivo no início da estação de acasalamento. ABSTRACT: The experiment was carried out to evaluate the development of beef heifers in three feeding systems: exclusively on ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) or in ryegrass pasture and receiving 0.93% of body weight of corn whole grain or oats grain as a supplement. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures in time. The utilization of ryegrass pasture, with or without the use of corn or oats grain as a supplement, provides reproductive development of heifers in order for them to be mated at 14 months of age. The body weight at the beginning of pasture utilization is crucial for heifers to reach adequate reproductive development at the beginning of the mating season.

Genomic structure and marker-derived gene networks for growth and meat quality traits of brazilian nelore beef cattle.

Nelore is the major beef cattle breed in Brazil with more than 130 million heads. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are often used to associate markers and genomic regions to growth and meat quality traits that can be used to assist selection programs. An alternative methodology to traditional GWAS that involves the construction of gene network interactions, derived from results of several GWAS is the AWM (Association Weight Matrices)/PCIT (Partial Correlation and Information Theory). With the aim of evaluating the genetic architecture of Brazilian Nelore cattle, we used high-density SNP genotyping data (~770,000 SNP) from 780 Nelore animals comprising 34 half-sibling families derived from highly disseminated and unrelated sires from across Brazil. The AWM/PCIT methodology was employed to evaluate the genes that participate in a series of eight phenotypes related to growth and meat quality obtained from this Nelore sample.

A single nucleotide polymorphism in NEUROD1 is associated with production traits in nelore beef cattle.

Feed efficiency and carcass characteristics are late-measured traits. The detection of molecular markers associated with them can help breeding programs to select animals early in life, and to predict breeding values with high accuracy. The objective of this study was to identify polymorphisms in the functional and positional candidate gene NEUROD1 (neurogenic differentiation 1), and investigate their associations with production traits in reference families of Nelore cattle. A total of 585 steers were used, from 34 sires chosen to represent the variability of this breed. By sequencing 14 animals with extreme residual feed intake (RFI) values, seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NEUROD1 were identified. The investigation of marker effects on the target traits RFI, backfat thickness (BFT), ribeye area (REA), average body weight (ABW), and metabolic body weight (MBW) was performed with a mixed model using the restricted maximum likelihood method. SNP1062, which changes cytosine for guanine, had no significant association with RFI or REA. However, we found an additive effect on ABW (P ≤ 0.05) and MBW (P ≤ 0.05), with an estimated allele substitution effect of -1.59 and -0.93 kg0.75, respectively. A dominant effect of this SNP for BFT was also found (P ≤ 0.010). Our results are the first that identify NEUROD1 as a candidate that affects BFT, ABW, and MBW. Once confirmed, the inclusion of this SNP in dense panels may improve the accuracy of genomic selection for these traits in Nelore beef cattle as this SNP is not currently represented on SNP chips.