Modelling of microstructure formation and evolution during solidification

A comprehensive probabilistic model for simulating microstructure formation and evolution during solidification has been developed, based on coupling a Finite Differential Method (FDM) for macroscopic modelling of heat diffusion to a modified Cellular Automaton (mCA) for microscopic modelling of nucleation, growth of microstructures and solute diffusion. The mCA model is similar to Nastac's model for handling solute redistribution in the liquid and solid phases, curvature and growth anisotropy, but differs in the treatment of nucleation and growth. The aim is to improve understanding of the relationship between the solidification conditions and microstructure formation and evolution. A numerical algorithm used for FDM and mCA was developed. At each coarse scale, temperatures at FDM nodes were calculated while nucleation-growth simulation was done at a finer scale, with the temperature at the cell locations being interpolated from those at the coarser volumes. This model takes account of thermal, curvature and solute diffusion effects. Therefore, it can not only simulate microstructures of alloys both on the scale of grain size (macroscopic level) and the dendrite tip length (mesoscopic level), but also investigate nucleation mechanisms and growth kinetics of alloys solidified with various solute concentrations and solidification morphologies. The calculated results are compared with values of grain sizes and solidification morphologies of microstructures obtained from a set of casting experiments of Al-Si alloys in graphite crucibles.

P/M in Australia

Powder metallurgy activities in Australia are reviewed. Though relatively small, the industry is diverse and is experiencing record sales, buoyed by a strong domestic economy. In particular, the industry is underpinned by a vibrant automotive sector and a dominant mining and minerals industry. Research on powder metallurgy and particulate materials is conducted primarily in the universities with emphasis on mechanical alloying and aluminium alloys. Overall, the future outlook for powder metallurgy in Australia is excellent.

Accurate orientation relationship between ferrite and austenite in low carbon martensite and granular bainite

Convergent beam Kikuchi diffraction was used to accurately determine the orientation relationships (ORs) between austenite and martensite, and between austenite and granular bainite in two Fe-Ni-Mn-C alloys. Both martensite and granular bainite have the same crystallographic characteristics with the OR: (111)(A)parallel to(101)(F), [1 (1) over bar0](A) 2.5degrees +/- 2degrees from [1 (1) over bar(1) over bar](B).

The strength of concentrated Mg-Zn solid solutions

Solid solution effects on the hardness and flow stress have been studied for zinc contents between 0.2 and 2.4 at% (0.5 and 6.9 wt%) in Mg. The alloys were grain refined with 0.6 wt% zirconium to ensure a similar grain size at all compositions. The hardness increases with the zinc content as Hv(10) (kg mm(-2)) = 9 Zn (at%) + 33. At low solute concentrations the (0.2%) proof strength does not change significantly with concentration. At concentrations above 0.7 at%, within the supersaturated solid solution region, the rate of solid solution hardening is high, following a c(2) rule, where c is the atom fraction of Zn. It is suggested that short-range order may account for most of the observed strengthening in concentrated Mg-Zn alloys.

Variables affecting the fine grinding of minerals using stirred mills

Base metal resources are becoming more fine-grained and refractory and minerals separation processes require these ores to be milled to increasingly finer sizes. To cope with very fine grinding to below a P-80 of approximately 15 mum stirred milling technology has been adopted from other industries Neither this technology, nor the basic concepts of fine grinding, are well understood by the minerals processing industry. Laboratory studies were therefore carried out in order to investigate fine milling using different types of stirred mills. The variables analysed were stirrer speed, grinding media type and size, slurry solids content as well as the feed and product size. The results of the testwork have shown that all of these variables affect the grinding efficiency. The ratio of media size to material size was found to be of particular significance. The results were also analysed using the stress intensity approach and the optimum stress intensity ranges for the most efficient grinding were determined. Application of the results for process optimisation in the industrial size units is also discussed in this paper. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

O efeito da carga normal no comportamento tribológico de uma superliga de cobalto no ensaio pino-disco

O coeficiente de atrito e o desgaste nas superligas de cobalto são fortemente influenciados pela transformação de fase de CFC para HC que ocorre devido ao trabalho mecânico, conforme já reportado pela literatura. Após essa transformação, os valores de μ costumam se situar na faixa de 0,15 a 0,20. Este trabalho apresenta o comportamento do atrito e do desgaste em um ensaio de deslizamento sem lubrificação utilizando uma configuração pino-disco, sendo o pino feito de aço inoxidável supermartensítico e o disco de uma superliga de cobalto fundida, num tribômetro PLINT TE67. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em temperatura ambiente, com uma velocidade e variando-se a carga normal de deslizamento entre 5 e 500 N. O coeficiente de atrito e o potencial elétrico de contato foram monitorados durante os ensaios. Utilizou-se a MEV e a perfilometria 3D para caracterizar o volume e o mecanismo de desgaste. Para as cargas de 350, 400 e 450 N, após atingir condições de regime estacionário, um valor de coeficiente de atrito não usual (μ<0,01) e uma baixa taxa de desgaste foram encontradas. A análise da difração de raios-X revelou a presença de transformação de fases.

Análise numérica de freqüência natural de materiais compósitos híbridos com memória de forma

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2007.

Implementação de WDM com dispositivos semicondutores

Este trabalho utiliza uma estrutura pin empilhada, baseada numa liga de siliceto de carbono amorfo hidrogenado (a-Si:H e/ou a-SiC:H), que funciona como filtro óptico na zona visível do espectro electromagnético. Pretende-se utilizar este dispositivo para realizar a demultiplexagem de sinais ópticos e desenvolver um algoritmo que permita fazer o reconhecimento autónomo do sinal transmitido em cada canal. O objectivo desta tese visa implementar um algoritmo que permita o reconhecimento autónomo da informação transmitida por cada canal através da leitura da fotocorrente fornecida pelo dispositivo. O tema deste trabalho resulta das conclusões de trabalhos anteriores, em que este dispositivo e outros de configuração idêntica foram analisados, de forma a explorar a sua utilização na implementação da tecnologia WDM. Neste trabalho foram utilizados três canais de transmissão (Azul – 470 nm, Verde – 525 nm e Vermelho – 626 nm) e vários tipos de radiação de fundo. Foram realizadas medidas da resposta espectral e da resposta temporal da fotocorrente do dispositivo, em diferentes condições experimentais. Variou-se o comprimento de onda do canal e o comprimento de onda do fundo aplicado, mantendo-se constante a intensidade do canal e a frequência de transmissão. Os resultados obtidos permitiram aferir sobre a influência da presença da radiação de fundo e da tensão aplicada ao dispositivo, usando diferentes sequências de dados transmitidos nos vários canais. Verificou-se, que sob polarização inversa, a radiação de fundo vermelho amplifica os valores de fotocorrente do canal azul e a radiação de fundo azul amplifica o canal vermelho e verde. Para polarização directa, apenas a radiação de fundo azul amplifica os valores de fotocorrente do canal vermelho. Enquanto para ambas as polarizações, a radiação de fundo verde, não tem uma grande influência nos restantes canais. Foram implementados dois algoritmos para proceder ao reconhecimento da informação de cada canal. Na primeira abordagem usou-se a informação contida nas medidas de fotocorrente geradas pelo dispositivo sob polarização inversa e directa. Pela comparação das duas medidas desenvolveu-se e testou-se um algoritmo que permite o reconhecimento dos canais individuais. Numa segunda abordagem procedeu-se ao reconhecimento da informação de cada canal mas com aplicação de radiação de fundo, tendo-se usado a informação contida nas medidas de fotocorrente geradas pelo dispositivo sob polarização inversa sem aplicação de radiação de fundo com a informação contida nas medidas de fotocorrente geradas pelo dispositivo sob polarização inversa com aplicação de radiação de fundo. Pela comparação destas duas medidas desenvolveu-se e testou-se o segundo algoritmo que permite o reconhecimento dos canais individuais com base na aplicação de radiação de fundo.

Image and color recognition using amorphous silicon p-i-n photodiodes

Large area hydrogenated amorphous silicon single and stacked p-i-n structures with low conductivity doped layers are proposed as monochrome and color image sensors. The layers of the structures are based on amorphous silicon alloys (a-Si(x)C(1-x):H). The current-voltage characteristics and the spectral sensitivity under different bias conditions are analyzed. The output characteristics are evaluated under different read-out voltages and scanner wavelengths. To extract information on image shape, intensity and color, a modulated light beam scans the sensor active area at three appropriate bias voltages and the photoresponse in each scanning position ("sub-pixel") is recorded. The investigation of the sensor output under different scanner wavelengths and varying electrical bias reveals that the response can be tuned, thus enabling color separation. The operation of the sensor is exemplified and supported by a numerical simulation.

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Dendritic Ni-Co Films By Electrodeposition on Stainless Steel Substrates

Co-deposition of nickel and cobalt was carried out on austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) substrates by imposing a square waveform current in the cathodic region. The innovative procedure applied in this work allows creating a stable, fully developed, and open porous three-dimensional (3D) dendritic structure, which can be used as electrode for redox supercapacitors. This study investigates in detail the influence of the applied current density on the morphology, mass, and chemical composition of the deposited Ni-Co films and the resulting 3D porous network dendritic structure. The morphology and the physicochemical composition were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (W). The electrochemical behavior of the materials was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results highlight the mechanism involved in the coelectrodeposition process and how the lower limit current density tailors the film composition and morphology, as well as its electrochemical activity.

Optoelectronic properties of a-Si(1-x)C(x)H films grown in hydrogen diluted silane-methane plasma

This work reports on the optoelectronic properties and device application of hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a-Si(1-x)C(x):H) films grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD). The films with an optical bandgap ranging from about 1.8 to 2.0 eV were deposited in hydrogen diluted silane-methane plasma by varying the radio frequency power. Several n-i-p structures with an intrinsic a-Si(1-x)C(x):H layer of different optical gaps were also fabricated. The optimized devices exhibited a diode ideality factor of 1.4-1.8, and a leakage current of 190-470 pA/cm(2) at -5 V. The density of deep defect states in a-Si(1-x)C(x):H was estimated from the transient dark current measurements and correlated with the optical bandgap and carbon content. Urbach energies for the valence band tail were also determined by analyzing the spectral response within sub-bandgap energy range. (C) 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Avaliação da cinetica bacteriana na biolixiviação de calcopirita

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Metal deposition using Ionic liquids

There is an interest to create zinc/tin alloys to replace cadmium as a corrosion protective coating material. Existing aqueous electroplating systems for these alloys are commercially available but have several limitations. Dangerous and highly toxic complexing agents are uses e.g. cyanides. To overcome these problems, ionic liquids could provide a solution to obtain an alloy containing 20 to 30% of zinc. Ionic liquids (IL’s) often have wider electrochemical windows which allow the deposition of e.g. refractive metals that can not be deposited from aqueous solutions. In IL’s it is often not necessary to add complexing agents. The Zn/Sn alloy deposition from IL’s is therefore a promising application for the plating industry. Nevertheless, there are some issues with this alternative for aqueous systems. The degradation of the organic components, the control of the concentration of two metals and the risk of a two phase deposition instead of an alloy had to be overcome first. It is the main purpose of this thesis to obtain a Zn/Sn alloy with 20% zinc using IL’s as an electrolyte. First a separate study was performed on both the zinc and the tin deposition. Afterwards, an attempt to deposit a Zn/Sn alloy was made. An introduction to a study about the electrodeposition of refractive metals concludes this work. It initiated the research for oxygen-free IL’s to deposit molybdenum or tungsten. Several parameters (temperature, metal source and concentration, organic complexing agents,…) were optimized for both the zinc, tin and zinc/tin deposition. Experiments were performed both in a parallel plate cell and a Hull cell, so as to investigate the effect of current density as well. Ethaline200 was selected as electrolyte. As substrate, brass and iron were selected, while as anode a plate of the metal to deposit was chosen, tin for the alloy. The best efficiencies were always obtained on brass; however the iron substrate resulted in the best depositions. A concentration of 0.27M ZnCl2, 0.07M SnCl2 with 0.015M of K3-HEDTA as complexant resulted in a deposition containing the desired alloy with the amount of 20% zinc and 80% tin with good appearance. Refractory metals as molybdenum and tungsten cannot be electrodeposited from aqueous solutions without forming a co-deposition with Ni, Co or Fe. Here, IL’s could again provide a solution. A first requirement is the dissolution of a metal source. MoO3 could be suitable, however there are doubts about using oxides. Oxygen-free IL’s were sought for. A first attempt was the combination of ZnCl2 with chlormequat (CCC), which gave liquids below 150°C in molar ratios of 2 : 1 and 3 : 1. Unfortuna tely, MoO3 didn’t dissolve in these IL’s. Another route to design oxygen-free IL’s was the synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts. None of the methods used, proved viable as reaction time was long and resulted in very low yields. Therefore, no sufficient quantities were obtained to perform the possible electrochemical behavior of refractive metals.

Study of polycrystalline Cu2ZnSnS4 films by Raman scattering

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a p-type semiconductor that has been seen as a possible low-cost replacement for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 in thin film solar cells. So far compound has presented difficulties in its growth, mainly, because of the formation of secondary phases like ZnS, CuxSnSx+1, SnxSy, Cu2−xS and MoS2. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), which is mostly used for phase identification cannot resolve some of these phases from the kesterite/stannite CZTS and thus the use of a complementary technique is needed. Raman scattering analysis can help distinguishing these phases not only laterally but also in depth. Knowing the absorption coefficient and using different excitation wavelengths in Raman scattering analysis, one is capable of profiling the different phases present in multi-phase CZTS thin films. This work describes in a concise form the methods used to grow chalcogenide compounds, such as, CZTS, CuxSnSx+1, SnxSy and cubic ZnS based on the sulphurization of stacked metallic precursors. The results of the films’ characterization by XRD, electron backscatter diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques are presented for the CZTS phase. The limitation of XRD to identify some of the possible phases that can remain after the sulphurization process are investigated. The results of the Raman analysis of the phases formed in this growth method and the advantage of using this technique in identifying them are presented. Using different excitation wavelengths it is also analysed the CZTS film in depth showing that this technique can be used as non destructive methods to detect secondary phases.

Effect of hole drilling at the overlap on the strength of single-lap joints

Bonded unions are gaining importance in many fields of manufacturing owing to a significant number of advantages to the traditional fastening, riveting, bolting and welding techniques. Between the available bonding configurations, the single-lap joint is the most commonly used and studied by the scientific community due to its simplicity, although it endures significant bending due to the non-collinear load path, which negatively affects its load bearing capabilities. The use of material or geometric changes in single-lap joints is widely documented in the literature to reduce this handicap, acting by reduction of peel and shear peak stresses at the damage initiation sites in structures or alterations of the failure mechanism emerging from local modifications. In this work, the effect of hole drilling at the overlap on the strength of single-lap joints was analyzed experimentally with two main purposes: (1) to check whether or not the anchorage effect of the adhesive within the holes is more preponderant than the stress concentrations near the holes, arising from the sharp edges, and modification of the joints straining behaviour (strength improvement or reduction, respectively) and (2) picturing a real scenario on which the components to be bonded are modified by some external factor (e.g. retrofitting of decaying/old-fashioned fastened unions). Tests were made with two adhesives (a brittle and a ductile one) varying the adherend thickness and the number, layout and diameter of the holes. Experimental testing showed that the joints strength never increases from the un-modified condition, showing a varying degree of weakening, depending on the selected adhesive and hole drilling configuration.