激波管壁AlO自由基B~2∑~+-X~2∑~+和C~2∏_r-X~2∑~+带系辐射光谱的研究

爆轰驱动过程中产生的高温高压气流对铝质膜片、激波管壁产生烧蚀和冲刷作用,以致激波管壁、端盖上附有氧化铝等杂质,而高温下AlO自由基在气体分子的高速碰撞下被激发并产生强烈的辐射,从而干扰了高温气体辐射光谱的分析。用爆轰驱动加热技术将空气加热到4 000~7 000 K,利用多通道光学分析仪对AlO自由基辐射光谱进行分析,实验发现在460~530 nm波长范围内有多支辐射非常强烈的AlO自由基B2Σ+-X2Σ+(T00=20 689 cm-1)带系辐射谱带,且每支谱带都由多个带头组成,带头间隔约为2 nm,带头处于高频位置并向低频方向伸延。通过实验与理论计算相结合,重点分析了AlO自由基B2Σ+-X2Σ+带系辐射光谱的结构特征。AlO自由基C2Πr-X2Σ+(T00=33 047 cm-1)带系辐射光谱处于270~335 nm波长范围内,其辐射强度相对于B2Σ+-X2Σ+带系较弱,并且与OH基A2Σ+-X2Π(T00=32 682 cm-1)带系辐射光谱互相干扰而难以分辨,对该波段高温空气的辐射光谱分析产生不利的影响。

黄河上游青海沙蜥种组的系统地理学研究

沙蜥属（Phrynocephalus）的卵胎生类群主要分布在我国青藏高原，包括南疆沙蜥（P. forsythii）、西藏沙蜥（P. theobaldi）、红尾沙蜥（P. erythrurus）、贵德沙蜥（P. putjatia）和青海沙蜥（P. vlangalii）。其卵胎生生殖方式适应了高寒生境，与青藏高原隆升有关。纵观前人的研究，上述几种卵胎生沙蜥的分类、系统发育关系以及生物地理都还存在疑问。本文研究了分布在若尔盖湿地的青海沙蜥红原亚种（P. v hongyuanensis）以及分布在黄河上游其它地区青海沙蜥种组的地理分布格局，并探讨了其形成机制。 青海沙蜥在黄河上游主要分布于若尔盖湿地以及青海湖周边地区。若尔盖湿地青海沙蜥红原亚种的生境由于沼泽的形成被切割成不连续的斑块，通过遗传分析可以推测这种特殊生境对它们遗传结构的影响。其次，贵德沙蜥、青海沙蜥的青海湖周边各居群以及若尔盖湿地居群之间的系统地理格局还未见报道。因此本文以居群为单位，将它们作为一个复合体，通过系统地理研究，可以了解其种群遗传结构，据此分析相关的地质历史事件对其分布的影响。主要结果如下： 1. 若尔盖湿地青海沙蜥红原亚种的种群遗传结构： 共研究了三个地理单元（红原（HY）、辖曼（XM）、玛曲（MQ））的7个采集点的72个个体。所有ND4-tRNALeu序列比对得到785 bp的片断，定义了9种单倍型。结果显示总的核苷酸多样性较低，单倍型多样性较高。分子变异分析（AMOVA）显示3个单元间差异显著（P<0.01），遗传变异主要存在于地理单元间，占62.61%。除MQ单元，XM各居群与HY居群混杂在一起，单倍型网络图没有显示出单倍型和地理位置的对应关系。XM单元单倍型的不配对分布（Mismatch distribution）为明显左移的单峰，且Fu’s Fs test为负值，表明XM单元可能经历了近期种群扩张，有足够的时间积累单倍型的多态性，还不足以大幅提高核苷酸多样性，这是其单倍型多样性较高和核苷酸多样性较低的原因。MQ单元遗传多样性低而与其他单元显著分化，推测这与3万年前黄河在若尔盖玛曲之间贯通有关。近期沼泽的形成对XMb居群的隔离时间短，使得其遗传多样性低但还不足以形成大的遗传差异。无论黄河的贯通还是沼泽的形成其隔离形成的时间都不长，其作用改变了单倍型出现的频率，也出现了一些特有单倍型，但共享单倍型还广泛存在，还不足以使得不同居群之间形成较大的遗传距离。 2. 黄河上游青海沙蜥种组的分布格局与地史过程的关系： 黄河上游青海沙蜥种组包括贵德沙蜥、青海沙蜥指名亚种的青海湖周边各居群、青海沙蜥红原亚种若尔盖湿地居群、以及青海湖以西的部分居群（序列由Genbank下载获得），总计22个居群189个样品。所有ND4-tRNALeu序列比对得到703个位点，定义了39种单倍型。以南疆沙蜥为外群构建的贝叶斯树以及MP法构建的无根树，都分为A、B两大组。其中A包括若尔盖湿地居群以及玛多居群（A1）、青海湖以西的居群和兴海居群（A2）、西藏沙蜥；B包括青海湖以南的居群和天祝居群（B1）、青海湖以东北的居群（B2）。单倍型网络图分别对应了系统发育树上的各支。按照系统发育结果分组进行分子变异分析，得到组间变异占88.63％，各组间差异显著（P=0.000）。种群遗传结构分析得到，A1和B2可能经历了近期的种群扩张，前者扩张时间约为0.105－0.189 Ma B.P.（million years before present），后者为0.057－0.102 Ma B.P.，可能与末次间冰期的气候变暖有关。A2和B1对应的两个地理单元都具有较强的种群遗传结构，较为稳定。 青海沙蜥种组A、B两大支之间遗传距离大，分化明显，分化大约发生在4.29－2.38 Ma B.P.，推测青藏运动的A幕运动后复杂的地形变化可能是它们产生分化的原因。B1和B2分化大约发生在1.73－0.96 Ma B.P.，这与湟水流域构造运动发生的时间相符。在早、中更新世时期，B1支内部各居群可能有交流，中更新世末共和盆地出现的抬升以及河流溯源改道等事件可能是引起这支内部多个单倍型丢失的原因。A1、A2支的分化可能与倒数第三次冰期降临之后气候变冷、阿尼玛卿山的大冰帽有关。 The viviparous group of genus Phrynocephalus is mainly distributed in the Qinghai –Tibetan Plateau, including P. forsythii、P. theobaldi、P. erythrurus、P. putjatia and P. vlangalii. These species are adapted well to the cold clime there, and the origin of this group was the result of a vicariance event associated with the uplifting of the Qinghai -Tibetan Plateau. Although many works have been done, there are still several questions about classification、phylogenetic relationships and the biogeography of this group. The phylogeographic pattern of the P. vlangalii complex on the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the P. v. hongyuanensis in Zoige Wetland were studied in this thesis. On the upper reaches of the Yellow River, P. vlangalii complex are distributed in Zoige Wetland and the southeast and northeast region of Kuku-noor Lake. Because of the forming of the wetland in Zoige, the habitats for sand lizards are divided into many discontinuous ones, and it is necessary to analyze genetic structure in these unique habitats. The phylogeographic patter among P. putjatia、populations of P. vlangalii in the southeast region of Kuku-noor Lake and populations of P. vlangalii in Zoige Wetland hasn’t been studied yet, and the complicated geological events of the Plateau may play an important role in the populations’ diversity and species forming there. So these populations were gathered as a complex, and phylogeographic analysis were used to clarify these doubts. According to the two topics above, this thesis has two parts of results as follows: 1. Three geographic units of P. vlangalii hongyuanensis in Zoige Wetland were defined, and they were Xiaman （XM）、Hongyuan （HY） and Maqu （MQ）. 785bp fragments of the mtDNA ND4-tRNAleu were determined from 72 samples and nine haplotypes were identified. As a whole, the nucleotide diversity was low，but the haplotype diversity was high. Analysis of molecular variance （AMOVA） showed that the three units were distinctly different（P<0.01），and 62.61% of the total genetic diversity was attributable to variation among units. There were 3 haplotypes shared among XM and HY，and no geographic clustering was observed except MQ from the TCS network. The results from the mismatch distribution analysis and Fu’s Fs test implied that there might be a recent population expansion in the XM unit, and this may be the reason why XM had a high haplotype diversity but a low nucleotide diversity. We estimate that the MQ and XMb have lower diversities because of some very recent geographic events, such as the formation of the Yellow river’s upriver and the Zoige Wetland. Although they are distinctly different, not enough time has passed for them to have diverged a great genetic distance. 2. 189 samples in 22 populations of P. vlangalii complex were collected, including P. putjatia、populations of P. vlangalii in the southeast and northeast region of Kuku-noor Lake、 populations of P. vlangalii in Zoige Wetland and the data from Genbank. 703bp ND4-tRNALeu sequences identified 39 haplotypes. P. forsythii was selected as outgroup, and both the Bayesian tree and the MP unrooted tree were divided into two groups（A、B）. A included populations in Zoige Wetland and Xinghai（A1）、populations in the west of Kuku-noor Lake（A2）、P. theobaldi, and B included populations in the southeast of Kuku-noor Lake and Tianzhu（B1）、populations in the northeast of Kuku-noor Lake（B2）. The haplotype network agreed with these groups. AMOVA showed that these five groups were distinctly different（P<0.01）, and 88.63% of the total genetic diversity was attributable to variation among groups. There might be recent population expansion in A1 and A2, which corresponded to the dry climate of the last interglacial period. The expansion times were 0.189-0.105 Ma B.P. and 0.102-0.057 Ma B.P., respectively. A2 and B1 had strong genetic structure. The large genetic distance between A and B showed that they had been separated from each other for a long time（about 4.29-2.38 Ma B.P.）, and it corresponded to the A phase of Qingzang Movement. The diversity between B1 and B2 at 1.73-0.96 Ma B.P. may be caused by the geological event in Huangshui valley. In early Pleistocene, populations in B1 may have gene flow because of geographic linkage, and later the uplift of the Plateau and the change of river route there made a few haplotypes lost. A1 and A2 were divided into two parts by A’nyemaqen Mountains at 0.66-0.37 Ma B.P., which maybe corresponded to glaciations at about 0.7 Ma B.P.

IL-2与金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A和B融合基因的克隆及表达

目的 :IL - 2与金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A和B融合基因的克隆及表达。方法 :分别在金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A2 2 7Ala、B基因的两端克隆上两个酶切位点HindⅢ ,KpnⅠ。将IL - 2基因突变 ,设计一段linker使之分别与SEA2 2 7Ala和SEB相连并克隆到PET表达载体中 ,在大肠杆菌DH5α(DE3) -Pass中表达。结果 :表达的蛋白占总蛋白 15 %。结论 :IL - 2与金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A和B融合蛋白能在大肠杆菌中有效表达

不同海拔长白山岳桦的生理变化

通过分析长白山国家级自然保护区内不同海拔(A1:1700 m,A2:1800 m,A3:1900 m,A4:2000 m,A5:2050 m)梯度岳桦叶片中各种生理指标含量的变化,探讨了林线树木适应高山环境的生理机制。结果表明:随着海拔的升高,比叶面积(SLA)显著减小,A5与A1相比下降了35.90%,差异达到显著水平;叶绿素含量随海拔梯度升高而降低,但叶绿素a/b比值(Chla/Chlb)和Car的相对含量(Car/Chl)随海拔梯度升高而增加;在海拔1900 m左右,MDA含量和MP均处于最低水平,各种酶的活性均为最低;当海拔超过2000 m,接近森林分布的界限时,MDA含量和MP升高,并达到最大值,各种酶的活性都出现了一定程度的下降。综合本次研究表明,在海拔1900 m比较适合岳桦的生长;海拔超过2000 m,岳桦体内生理抗性下降,不利于岳桦的生长发育,因此高海拔限制了岳桦的分布。

缓释肥料的研制及其缓效性评价

在模拟条件下通过筛选选择2种亲水性材料聚乙烯醇和聚丙烯酸钠,并用2种材料制造了6种包膜肥料SRF-A1、SRF-A2、SRF-A3、SRF-B1、SRF-B2、SRF-B3。并用水浸泡法和土柱淋溶法检验其缓效性,最后得出SRF-A3和SRF-B3在同种材料中具有较好的缓效性。

模拟酸雨对果园土壤交换性阳离子迁移及其对土壤酸化的影响

采用短期室内淋溶的方法研究了模拟酸雨对供试果园土壤交换性Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、交换性盐基总量(BS)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、电导率(EC)等变化的影响。试验结果表明,土壤交换性Ca2+(pH2.5)、Mg2+、K+、Na+、BS(pH2.5)、CEC(pH≥3.5)含量较酸雨淋溶前增加,且随着剖面深度表现出较好的层次性;淋出液中C a2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+含量随着模拟酸雨酸度的增强而依次增加,其中pH2.5酸雨处理与其它淋溶处理间淋出液Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+含量差异显著;以土壤交换性Ca2+、BS、CEC、盐基饱和度(BSP)与EC为指标衡量土壤的酸化,pH 2.5酸雨处理导致了淋溶土柱表层和中间土层的土壤酸化,其中交换性Ca2+、BS、BSP指标表征pH 3.5的酸雨处理引起了表层土壤酸化,而pH≥4.5的酸雨淋溶缓冲了土壤的酸化,土壤的酸度减弱。

水稻叶片光谱对亚铁胁迫的响应

在湖泊富营养化治理过程中,除了要注意控制氮、磷的输入,还应考虑铁(Fe)的调控作用.本文基于"Fe假说",探索性地将植物光谱效应应用于湖泊水体富营养化遥感预警机制研究.在水培条件下分析了亚铁(Fe2+)胁迫对水稻(Oryza sativaL.)体内Fe含量、叶绿素浓度及可见-近红外特征光谱的影响,并对其相关关系进行了深入探讨;同时,应用3个光谱定量化指标A1(Fe2+胁迫水稻叶片在460~670nm波段反射率变化积分值)、A2(Fe2+胁迫水稻叶片在760~1000nm波段反射率变化积分值)、S(Fe2+胁迫水稻叶片光谱曲线红边"蓝移"强度)分别建立了水稻叶片Fe含量与叶片光谱之间的定量相关关系模型.结果表明,随培养液中Fe2+浓度的升高,水稻体内Fe含量逐渐增加,叶绿素浓度降低,叶片光谱反射率在可见光波段升高,在近红外波段降低,同时红边发生"蓝移".水稻叶片的3个光谱指标A1,A2,S与叶片中Fe含量都具有显著相关性,相关系数分别为0.933(P<0.01),-0.965(P<0.01)和0.946(P<0.01),且A1,A2和S3个参数都能够较好地模拟(复相关系数R2>0.96)和估测水稻叶片Fe含量.

滇池金线鲃的人工受精及孵化方法

本发明涉及一种滇池金线鲃的人工受精及孵化方法，属鱼产品养殖技术领域。该方法由干法受精和人工孵化组成。对性成熟金线鲃亲鱼用马来酸地欧酮按每公斤体重1mg和促黄体素释放激素A2按每公斤体重1μg进行肌肉注射，注射24小时后分别将卵、精成熟的雌、雄滇池金线鲃的卵子和精子从其腹部轻轻压挤出，在器皿中用鸡毛轻轻搅拌30秒，再加入清水搅拌20秒，再经三次清水清洗干净，然后均匀泼洒粘附在已经清洗消毒杀菌处理的棕片上，放入5ppm霉菌净溶液中浸泡消毒15分钟，取出放入20m2 或50m2的孵化池中进行孵化，在水温18～20℃，pH7.5～8.0的条件下，用氧气泵增氧进行孵化，经150小时后完成孵化。本发明具有成本低、操作简便，能投入产业化、集约化生产，受精率及孵化率高的优点。

Structural determination of a new phase of monoclinic BaTb2Mn2O7

A new phase of monoclinic BaTb2Mn2O7 with extra superlattice lines in addition to the usual orthorhombic X-ray diffraction patterns was prepared and a Rietveld refinement was applied to analyze the crystal structure using X-ray powder diffraction data at room temperature. The refined lattice parameters were a = 0.54918(8) nm, b = 2.0149(5) nm, c = 0.54922(9) nm, and beta = 90.62degrees with the space group A2/m (no. 12). The MnO6 oxygen octahedron has distortion and tilts around a-axis by about 7degrees each other in the reverse direction.

Phase behavior of rare earth manganites

Among complex oxides containing rare earth and manganese BaLn(2)Mn(2)O(7)( Ln = rare earth) with the layered perovskite type and Ln(2)(Mn, M)O-7 with pyrochlore-related structure were studied since these compounds show many kinds of phases and unique phase transitions. In BaLn(2)Mn(2)O(7) there appear many phases, depending on the synthetic conditions for each rare earth. The tetragonal phase of so-called Ruddlesden-Popper type is the fundamental structure and many kinds of deformed modification of this structure are obtained. For BaEu2Mn2O7 at least five phases have been identified from the results of X-ray diffraction analysis with the space group P4(2)/mnm, Fmmm, Immm and A2/m in addition to the fundamental tetragonal I4/mmm phase. In the pyrochlore-related type compounds, Ln(2)Mn(2-x)M(x)O(7)(M = Ta, Nb, W etc), there also appear several phases With different crystal structures. With regard to every rare earth, Ln(2)MnTaO(7) phase is stable only for excess Ta and can be obtained under high oxygen partial pressure process. This group has trigonal structure with zirkelite type ( P3(1)21 space group).

新单斜相BaTb2Mn2O7化合物的合成与结构解析

本文采用淬火的方法合成了一种新畸变结构和BaTb<,2>Mn<,2>O<,7>化合物,并用Rietveld方法对其结构进行了精化计算,发现新结构具有单斜的A2/m对称性.

人参四逆汤成分的研究

利用ESI/MS~n、LC/MS、MALDI-TOF/MS等技术,从人参四逆汤水煎液中分析和鉴定了10种二萜生物碱:苯甲酰中乌头碱benzoylmesaconitine、苯甲酰乌头碱henzoylaconitine、苯甲酰次乌头碱benzoylhypacoitine、尼奥灵neoline、附子灵fuziline、14-乙酰基塔拉地萨敏14-acetyl-talatisamine、苯甲酰次乌头碱亚油酸酯14-benzoylhypaconine-8-linoleate、苯甲酰去氧乌头碱亚油酸酯14-benzoydeoxyaconine-8-oleate、苯甲酰次乌头碱棕榈酸酯14-benzoylhypaconine-8-palmitate、塔拉地萨敏talatisamine和人参皂甙R_(a1)、R_(a2)、R_(b1)、R_(b2)、R_(b3)、R_c、R_d、R_e、R_(g1)、R_(g2)、R_(g3)、R_f等12种人参皂甙。脂肪酸酯型生物碱和苯甲酰类生物碱的提取组分有抗失血性休克作用和弱的正性肌力作用。人参皂甙的提取组分具有明显的负性肌力作用。

稀土及其配合物对蛇毒磷脂酶A_2活性的影响

分别研究了三价稀土离子 (La3 + ,Eu3 + ,Dy3 + ,Yb3 + )、二乙三胺五乙酸及其衍生物二乙三胺五乙酸 -双二甲酰胺 ,二乙三胺五乙酸 -双 (异烟肼 )与稀土离子的配合物以及Tb -谷氨酰胺配合物对蛇毒磷脂酶A2 活性的影响 .浓度低于 <3μmol/L的稀土离子可以激活磷脂酶A2 ,浓度大于 5 μmol/L后稀土离子对酶活性表现出抑制作用 ;外源Ca2 + 离子的加入可以缓解稀土离子对酶活性的抑制作用 ,表明稀土离子和钙离子是竞争性地结合在酶的活性部位 ;稀土离子和二乙三胺五乙酸及其衍生物的配合物对酶活性没有明显影响 ;Tb -谷氨酰胺在浓度大于 10 μmol/L后开始抑制酶的活性

长白山白眉蝮蛇蛇毒磷脂酶A_2的荧光光谱

利用荧光光谱系统研究了长白山白眉蝮蛇蛇毒磷脂酶Ａ_２的荧光特性。研究结果表明：当发射波长与激发波长差为２０ｎｍ和７５ｎｍ时，ＰＬＡ２的同步荧光分别主要由酪氨酸（Ｔｙｒ）残基和色氨酸（Ｔｒｐ）残基所贡献。缓冲溶液的酸度变化能够明显影响ＰＬＡ２氨基酸侧链的电荷分布，从而改变 ＰＬＡ２的荧光发射强度。金属离子Ｃａ２＋一方面能增强ＰＬＡ２的荧光强度，另一方面也能够加快ＰＬＡ２与底物二棕榈酸磷脂酰胆碱（ＤＰＰＣ）的反应速度。

新型不同结构聚酯的生物降解

目的　探讨几种新型可生物降解聚酯类合物的结构及生物环境对降解规律的影响 ,为临床选择应用该类材料提供实验依据 .方法　将自行合成的聚己内酯 (PCL)、聚丙交酯(PL A)、以及它们不同摩尔比的共聚物 (PCL A2 / 1,PCL A1/2 )分别置于胆汁、胰组织悬液和血浆中 1～ 7d,植入兔肌肉内2 4wk,观察材料质量损失、超微形态变化和分子量变化 .结果　 PCL 在 2 4wk内各种性质变化最慢 :质量损失不明显 ,分子质量在胰腺悬液中下降 19.8% ,形态无明显变化 ;PCL A2 / 1在 2 4wk时质量损失 0 .5 % ,分子质量下降 6 1.7% ,材料断面出现蚀刻形态 ;PCL A1/ 2在 2 4wk质量损失 40 .4% ,分子质量下降 6 .6 % ,形态出现空洞、碎裂 ;PL A在 2 4wk质量损失 79.2 % ,分子质量下降 15 .1% ,形态完全降解 .结论　不同结构的材料在不同环境中体现不同的降解性质 .