QoS evaluation of bandwidth schedulersin IPTV networks offered SRD fluidvideo traffic: a simulation study

IPTV is now offered by several operators in Europe, US and Asia using broadcast video over private IP networks that are isolated from Internet. IPTV services rely ontransmission of live (real-time) video and/or stored video. Video on Demand (VoD)and Time-shifted TV are implemented by IP unicast and Broadcast TV (BTV) and Near video on demand are implemented by IP multicast. IPTV services require QoS guarantees and can tolerate no more than 10-6 packet loss probability, 200 ms delay, and 50 ms jitter. Low delay is essential for satisfactory trick mode performance(pause, resume,fast forward) for VoD, and fast channel change time for BTV. Internet Traffic Engineering (TE) is defined in RFC 3272 and involves both capacity management and traffic management. Capacity management includes capacityplanning, routing control, and resource management. Traffic management includes (1)nodal traffic control functions such as traffic conditioning, queue management, scheduling, and (2) other functions that regulate traffic flow through the network orthat arbitrate access to network resources. An IPTV network architecture includes multiple networks (core network, metronetwork, access network and home network) that connects devices (super head-end, video hub office, video serving office, home gateway, set-top box). Each IP router in the core and metro networks implements some queueing and packet scheduling mechanism at the output link controller. Popular schedulers in IP networks include Priority Queueing (PQ), Class-Based Weighted Fair Queueing (CBWFQ), and Low Latency Queueing (LLQ) which combines PQ and CBWFQ.The thesis analyzes several Packet Scheduling algorithms that can optimize the tradeoff between system capacity and end user performance for the traffic classes. Before in the simulator FIFO,PQ,GPS queueing methods were implemented inside. This thesis aims to implement the LLQ scheduler inside the simulator and to evaluate the performance of these packet schedulers. The simulator is provided by ErnstNordström and Simulator was built in Visual C++ 2008 environmentand tested and analyzed in MatLab 7.0 under windows VISTA.

An Upgrade of Network Traffic Recognition System for SIP/VoIP Traffic Recognition

The purpose of this project is to update the tool of Network Traffic Recognition System (NTRS) which is proprietary software of Ericsson AB and Tsinghua University, and to implement the updated tool to finish SIP/VoIP traffic recognition. Basing on the original NTRS, I analyze the traffic recognition principal of NTRS, and redesign the structure and module of the tool according to characteristics of SIP/VoIP traffic, and then finally I program to achieve the upgrade. After the final test with our SIP data trace files in the updated system, a satisfactory result is derived. The result presents that our updated system holds a rate of recognition on a confident level in the SIP session recognition as well as the VoIP call recognition. In the comparison with the software of Wireshark, our updated system has a result which is extremely close to Wireshark’s output, and the working time is much less than Wireshark. In the aspect of practicability, the memory overflow problem is avoided, and the updated system can output the specific information of SIP/VoIP traffic recognition, such as SIP type, SIP state, VoIP state, etc. The upgrade fulfills the demand of this project.

Analysis of EnterpriseVoIP Traffic from aWire line IMS System

With the rapid development of telecommunication industry, the IP multimedia Subsystem (IMS) could very well be the panacea for most telecom operators. It is originally defined as the core network for 3G mobile systems by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the more recent development is merging between fixed line network and wireless networkd This report researchs the characteristic of the IMS data and proposes an IMS characterization analysis. We captured the IMS traffic data with 10 tousands users for about 41 hours. By analyzing the characteristics of the IMS, we know that the most important application in the IMS is VoIP call. Then we use the tool designed by Tsinghua University & Ericsson Company to recognize the data, and the results we got can be used to build the traffic models. From the results of the traffic models, I will get some reasons and conclusion. The traffic model gives out the types of session and types of VoIP call. I bring into a concept—busy hour. This concept is very important because it can help us to know which period is the peak of the VoIP call. The busy hour is from 10:00 to 11:00 in the morning. I also bring into another concept—connection ratio. This concept is significant because it can evaluate whether the VoIP call is good when it use IMS network. By comparing the traffic model with other one’s models, we found the different results from them, both the accuracy and the busy hour. From the contract, we got the advantages of our traffic models.

Evaluation of Red Colour Segmentation Algorithms in Traffic Signs Detection

Colour segmentation is the most commonly used method in road signs detection. Road sign contains several basic colours such as red, yellow, blue and white which depends on countries.The objective of this thesis is to do an evaluation of the four colour segmentation algorithms. Dynamic Threshold Algorithm, A Modification of de la Escalera’s Algorithm, the Fuzzy Colour Segmentation Algorithm and Shadow and Highlight Invariant Algorithm. The processing time and segmentation success rate as criteria are used to compare the performance of the four algorithms. And red colour is selected as the target colour to complete the comparison. All the testing images are selected from the Traffic Signs Database of Dalarna University [1] randomly according to the category. These road sign images are taken from a digital camera mounted in a moving car in Sweden.Experiments show that the Fuzzy Colour Segmentation Algorithm and Shadow and Highlight Invariant Algorithm are more accurate and stable to detect red colour of road signs. And the method could also be used in other colours analysis research. The yellow colour which is chosen to evaluate the performance of the four algorithms can reference Master Thesis of Yumei Liu.

Expert system to calculate the cofficient of friction : an approach to enhance traffic safety

Friction plays a key role in causing slipperiness as a low coefficient of friction on the road may result in slippery and hazardous conditions. Analyzing the strong relation between friction and accident risk on winter roads is a difficult task. Many weather forecasting organizations use a variety of standard and bespoke methods to predict the coefficient of friction on roads. This article proposes an approach to predict the extent of slipperiness by building and testing an expert system. It estimates the coefficient of friction on winter roads in the province of Dalarna, Sweden using the prevailing weather conditions as a basis. Weather data from the road weather information system, Sweden (RWIS) was used. The focus of the project was to use the expert system as a part of a major project in VITSA, within the domain of intelligent transport systems

QoS evaluation of Bandwidth Schedulers in IPTV Networks Offered SRD Fluid Video Traffic

Internet protocol TV (IPTV) is predicted to be the key technology winner in the future. Efforts to accelerate the deployment of IPTV centralized model which is combined of VHO, encoders, controller, access network and Home network. Regardless of whether the network is delivering live TV, VOD, or Time-shift TV, all content and network traffic resulting from subscriber requests must traverse the entire network from the super-headend all the way to each subscriber's Set-Top Box (STB). IPTV services require very stringent QoS guarantees When IPTV traffic shares the network resources with other traffic like data and voice, how to ensure their QoS and efficiently utilize the network resources is a key and challenging issue. For QoS measured in the network-centric terms of delay jitter, packet losses and bounds on delay. The main focus of this thesis is on the optimized bandwidth allocation and smooth data transmission. The proposed traffic model for smooth delivering video service IPTV network with its QoS performance evaluation. According to Maglaris et al [5] first, analyze the coding bit rate of a single video source. Various statistical quantities are derived from bit rate data collected with a conditional replenishment inter frame coding scheme. Two correlated Markov process models (one in discrete time and one in continuous time) are shown to fit the experimental data and are used to model the input rates of several independent sources into a statistical multiplexer. Preventive control mechanism which is to be including CAC, traffic policing used for traffic control. QoS has been evaluated of common bandwidth scheduler( FIFO) by use fluid models with Markovian queuing method and analysis the result by using simulator and analytically, Which is measured the performance of the packet loss, overflow and mean waiting time among the network users.

Reliability of GPS based traffic data: an experimental evaluation

GPS tracking of mobile objects provides spatial and temporal data for a broad range of applications including traffic management and control, transportation routing and planning. Previous transport research has focused on GPS tracking data as an appealing alternative to travel diaries. Moreover, the GPS based data are gradually becoming a cornerstone for real-time traffic management. Tracking data of vehicles from GPS devices are however susceptible to measurement errors – a neglected issue in transport research. By conducting a randomized experiment, we assess the reliability of GPS based traffic data on geographical position, velocity, and altitude for three types of vehicles; bike, car, and bus. We find the geographical positioning reliable, but with an error greater than postulated by the manufacturer and a non-negligible risk for aberrant positioning. Velocity is slightly underestimated, whereas altitude measurements are unreliable.

Benchmark Evaluation of HOG Descriptors as Features for Classification of Traffic Signs

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance of the Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) as descriptors for traffic signs recognition. The test dataset consists of speed limit traffic signs because of their high inter-class similarities.   HOG features of speed limit signs, which were extracted from different traffic scenes, were computed and a Gentle AdaBoost classifier was invoked to evaluate the different features. The performance of HOG was tested with a dataset consisting of 1727 Swedish speed signs images. Different numbers of HOG features per descriptor, ranging from 36 features up 396 features, were computed for each traffic sign in the benchmark testing. The results show that HOG features perform high classification rate as the Gentle AdaBoost classification rate was 99.42%, and they are suitable to real time traffic sign recognition. However, it is found that changing the number of orientation bins has insignificant effect on the classification rate. In addition to this, HOG descriptors are not robust with respect to sign orientation.

Traffic and Road Sign Recognition

This thesis presents a system to recognise and classify road and traffic signs for the purpose of developing an inventory of them which could assist the highway engineers’ tasks of updating and maintaining them. It uses images taken by a camera from a moving vehicle. The system is based on three major stages: colour segmentation, recognition, and classification. Four colour segmentation algorithms are developed and tested. They are a shadow and highlight invariant, a dynamic threshold, a modification of de la Escalera’s algorithm and a Fuzzy colour segmentation algorithm. All algorithms are tested using hundreds of images and the shadow-highlight invariant algorithm is eventually chosen as the best performer. This is because it is immune to shadows and highlights. It is also robust as it was tested in different lighting conditions, weather conditions, and times of the day. Approximately 97% successful segmentation rate was achieved using this algorithm.Recognition of traffic signs is carried out using a fuzzy shape recogniser. Based on four shape measures - the rectangularity, triangularity, ellipticity, and octagonality, fuzzy rules were developed to determine the shape of the sign. Among these shape measures octangonality has been introduced in this research. The final decision of the recogniser is based on the combination of both the colour and shape of the sign. The recogniser was tested in a variety of testing conditions giving an overall performance of approximately 88%.Classification was undertaken using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The classification is carried out in two stages: rim’s shape classification followed by the classification of interior of the sign. The classifier was trained and tested using binary images in addition to five different types of moments which are Geometric moments, Zernike moments, Legendre moments, Orthogonal Fourier-Mellin Moments, and Binary Haar features. The performance of the SVM was tested using different features, kernels, SVM types, SVM parameters, and moment’s orders. The average classification rate achieved is about 97%. Binary images show the best testing results followed by Legendre moments. Linear kernel gives the best testing results followed by RBF. C-SVM shows very good performance, but ?-SVM gives better results in some case.

Color detection and segmentation for road and traffic signs

This paper aims to present three new methods for color detection and segmentation of road signs. The images are taken by a digital camera mounted in a car. The RGB images are converted into IHLS color space, and new methods are applied to extract the colors of the road signs under consideration. The methods are tested on hundreds of outdoor images in different light conditions, and they show high robustness. This project is part of the research taking place in Dalarna University / Sweden in the field of the ITS.

Acidentes de trânsito fatais e sua associação com indicadores sociais e adolescência

Introdução - Os acidentes de trânsito são um grave problema de saúde pública universal, em países desenvolvidos e subdesenvolvidos, estando entre as primeiras causas de morte em quase todos os países do mundo (DEL CIAMPO & RICCO, 1996). No Brasil, assu-mem grande relevância, especialmente pela alta morbidade e mortalidade, predominância em populações jovens e/ou economicamente ativas, maior perda de anos de vida produtiva e ele-vado custo direto e indireto para a sociedade. Objetivo - Os objetivos deste trabalho foram descrever a magnitude da mortali-dade por acidentes de trânsito, avaliar sua correlação com indicadores sociais e proporção de jovens na população e testar a sua associação com adolescência, sexo masculino e consumo de álcool. Material e Métodos - Foi realizado, inicialmente, um estudo ecológico envolven-do todas as capitais das unidades da federação e Distrito Federal (exceto o município do Rio de Janeiro), com coleta de dados sobre acidentes de trânsito com vítimas no Departamento Nacional de Trânsito. Foram descritos os índices de acidentes de trânsito com vítimas p/ 1.000 veículos (IAT-V) e de feridos p/ 1.000 veículos (IF-V) referentes aos anos de 1995, 1997 e 1998 e o índice de mortos p/ 10.000 veículos (IM-V) referente ao período de 1995 a 1998. Em seguida, avaliou-se a existência de correlação entre o IM-V e taxa de mortalidade infantil (TMI), índice municipal de desenvolvimento humano (IDH-M), índice de condições de vida (ICV), proporção de condutores adolescentes envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito com vítimas (PCJ-ATV) e proporção de residentes jovens (PRJ) nas diferentes capitais. Em um segundo momento, realizou-se um estudo de caso controle, onde foram estudados 863 condu-tores envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito com vítimas atendidos no Departamento Médico Legal de Porto Alegre, no período de 1998 a 1999. Os condutores foram divididos em dois grupos: condutores envolvidos em acidentes de trânsito com vítima fatal (casos) e com vítima não fatal (controles). Os grupos foram comparados com relação a adolescência, sexo mascu-lino e consumo de álcool, através da razão de chances e seu intervalo de confiança, com signi-ficância determinada pelo teste de qui-quadrado. Resultados - No estudo ecológico, observou-se, no Brasil, uma tendência decres-cente quanto aos indicadores de eventos relacionados ao trânsito no período de 1995 a 1998. Nas capitais das unidades da federação e Distrito Federal, apesar da ampla variação apresenta-da, a maioria manteve a mesma tendência decrescente observada para o país como um todo. Na análise das correlações entre o IM-V e os indicadores sociais, observou-se forte correlação positiva com a TMI (r = 0,57; P = 0,002), ou seja, quanto maior a TMI, maior a mortalidade no trânsito, além de correlação negativa com o IDH-M (r = - 0,41; P = 0,038) e com o ICV (r = - 0,58; P = 0,02). Quando se avaliaram o IDH-M e o ICV separados em suas dimensões, a dimensão renda de ambos indicadores foi a única que não demonstrou correlação com o IM- -V. As demais dimensões do IDH-M e ICV demonstraram correlação negativa, sendo que a dimensão infância (r = - 0,62; P = 0,001) apresentou a maior correlação. A análise da asso-ciação entre o IM-V e a PCJ-ATV não demonstrou correlação, mas, quando avaliada a asso-ciação com a PRJ nas capitais, houve forte correlação positiva (r = 0,59; P = 0,002). No estudo de caso controle, quando avaliada a relação entre condutores envolvidos em acidentes com vítima fatal e adolescência, sexo masculino e consumo de álcool, não foi observada asso-ciação importante em nenhum dos fatores em estudo. Conclusões - Apesar de os indicadores de eventos relacionados ao trânsito (IAT- -V, IF-V e IM-V) terem apresentado uma tendência decrescente durante o período de estudo, acidentes de trânsito continuam sendo um grave problema de saúde pública. O estudo ecológico evidenciou a existência de relação entre o IM-V e os indicadores sociais (TMI, IDH-M e ICV), sendo que a dimensão renda não demonstrou correlação e a dimensão infância apresen-tou a correlação negativa de maior valor. Quanto à PCJ-ATV, não foi encontrada associação relevante entre este indicador e o IM-V. Entretanto, observou-se forte associação entre a PRJ e o IM-V. O estudo de caso controle não evidenciou associação entre adolescência e os de-mais fatores estudados e maior risco para acidente de trânsito fatal.

A segurança viária e o fator humano : verificação da presença de álcool-direção no sistema de transporte rodoviário do RGS

Esta dissertação examina a situação geral dos Acidentes Viários, no contexto do transporte rodoviário, cujas evidências apontam o Fator Humano como o maior responsável por tais eventos. Entende-se que um maior conhecimento sobre ele possibilitará melhorar a segurança do tráfego e da produção transporte. O estudo pretende destacar a importância das análises relacionadas com a atividade transporte rodoviário, as variações da demanda do sistema de circulação e a tarefa do motorista, sob a ótica da ergonomia. Objetiva ele, também, mostrar importância desses estudos para melhor avaliar as interações dos fatores homemmáquina- ambiente viário e para o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e produtos de segurança viária. A revisão bibliográfica dos capítulos iniciais revelam o estado da arte e a importância da segurança de trânsito, em nível internacional. Também revelaram que todas nações sofrem do mesmo mal em suas redes viárias, que varia de acordo com a realidade de cada um. Embora o acidente de trânsito seja um fenômeno comum às nações, aqui eles atingiram a dimensão de flagelo social, em razão da sua severidade; e de calamidade econômica, face a elevação dos custos de produção na atividade do transporte rodoviário. São analisadas as características do fator humano, fundamentais na tarefa de condução, e o respectivo nexo causal das falhas com a gênese do acidente, num sistema multifatorial e interativo. O trabalho fundamenta-se em extensa revisão bibliográfica. O estudo de caso, desenvolvido a partir da revisão dos dados de uma pesquisa anterior, comprova a hipótese que o “álcool-direção”, considerado na literatura como o maior causador de acidentes viários, tem sua presença marcada por elevados índices nas rodovias do RS, contrariando a conclusão da pesquisa anterior. Ao final, também oferece recomendações para o desenvolvimento de ações objetivas para melhorar a segurança viária.

The state of the youth: prisons, drugs and car crashes

By virtue of the volume and nature of their attributions, including secondary school as well as problem-areas such as security and traffic, the Brazilian states are the ultimate responsible entities for young people. This study argues in favour of granting greater freedom for the states to define their own public policy parameters to deal with local features and to increase the degree of learning about such actions at the national level. In empirical terms, the study assesses the impacts of new laws, such as the new traffic code (from the joint work with Leandro Kume, EPGE/FGV doctor’s degree student) and traces the statistics for specific questions like drugs, violence and car accidents. The findings show that these questions produce different results for young men and women.The main characters in these dramas are young single males, suggesting the need for more distinguished public policies according not only to age, but also by gender. The study also reveals that the magnitude of these problems changes according to the youth’s social class. Prisons concern poorer men (except for the functional illiterate) while fatal car accidents and the confessed use of drugs concern upper-class boys.

Análise das ações preventivas executadas pelo DETRAN/AM e imtrans na cidade de Manaus durante o carnaval dos anos de 2007 e 2008: um estudo de caso

Atualmente, os acidentes de trânsito têm se constituído como um grave problema sócio-econômico e de saúde pública, sendo responsáveis por 1,2 milhões de óbitos e 50 milhões de feridos por ano em todo mundo. Muitas são as causas que geram esses acidentes. O Brasil é tido como um dos líderes mundiais em acidentes de trânsito há mais de 30 anos. O custo desses acidentes de trânsito é muito elevado. Manaus, é uma cidade da Região Norte, considerada pólo regional, é uma das 49 aglomerações urbanas do país, e apresenta uma população de 1.688.524 habitantes aproximadamente. Como a maioria dos municípios brasileiros, o trânsito urbano é violento, vez que apresenta um alto índice de acidentes de trânsito. Durante os anos de 2007 e 2008, o Departamento Estadual de Trânsito do Amazonas(Detran/AM), colocou em funcionamento o programa educativo de prevenção de acidentes de trânsito denominado “Carona Solidária”, conhecido popularmente como “Disk Pileque”. Este trabalho consistiu em analisar as ações preventivas levadas a efeito durante os períodos carnavalescos de 2007 e 2008, com a execução do carona solidária, demonstrando sua efetividade na redução de acidentes de trânsito com vítimas fatais. A execução do programa se deu através do próprio Detran, que montou esquema no sentido de proporcionar melhor atendimento ao cidadão. Os dados foram obtidos através de relatórios emitidos pelo Detran/AM, de sorte que mostrassem as especificidades relacionadas aos acidentes. Os resultados mostraram que a execução do programa foi positiva, pois, o número de solicitações feitas superou as expectativas, gerando com isso redução de custos e principalmente redução da quantidade de vítimas fatais na cidade por ocasião dos períodos analisados.Foi sugerido que o programa seja executado em outros períodos do ano.

Atribuição de causalidade e eventos acidentais e a tomada de risco

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar possíveis relações existentes entre Atribuição de causalidade e Tomada de Risco com relação a eventos acidentes, assim como a influência de algumas variáveis sobre o processo de Tomada de Decisão em situações de risco de acidentes. Para isto foram construídos 4 instrumentos e aplicados a 59 sujeitos operários não especializados de uma indústria de conservas de pescado no Rio de Janeiro. Dentre a mostra, 30 sujeitos são do sexo feminino e 29 do sexo masculino. As variáveis consideradas foram: sexo dos sujeitos, vitimação, consequência da Tomada de Risco, situação sob julgamento e local de trabalho dos sujeitos. Os instrumentos - aplicados a cada sujeito - em número de 4, sendo que dois deles versam sobre situações no trânsito e dois sobre situações no trabalho. Os resultad08 revelaram uma influência significativa de fatores sócio-culturais e psicológicos no processo de Tomada de Decisão diante de eventos acidentais, baseados na vivência de grupos de trabalho com relação a acidentes. Os resultados mostraram que os grupos se estruturam cognitivamente no sentido de tender a padronizar a forma explicativa dos acidentes com base na realidade vivida pelo grupo.