Taxa de respiração de cenouras minimamente processadas e armazenadas em diferentes temperaturas

Entre as hortaliças minimamente processadas, a cenoura é uma das mais populares, sendo comercializada de várias maneiras: raladas, cortadas em fatias, palitos, e ainda apresentadas na forma de mini-cenoura (baby carrot). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as taxas respiratórias de cenouras (Daucus carota) da cultivar Nantes minimamente processadas. O armazenamento foi realizado nas temperaturas de 1 °C, 5 °C e 11 °C, e 90% UR. A taxa respiratória foi determinada usando um fluxo contínuo de ar. O teor de CO2 e etileno foi medido por um cromatógrafo a gás. A taxa de respiração para as cenouras fatiadas foi mais alta do que para os produtos inteiros. Os valores da energia de ativação obtidos para as cenouras fatiadas e inteiras foi de 69,82 kJmol-1 e 54,60 kJmol-1, respectivamente. A produção de etileno foi insignificante para as cenouras durante os 14 dias de armazenamento.

Rendimentos do abate e composição da carne de ema (Rhea americana)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o desempenho zootécnico da ema (Rhea americana), rendimentos do abate, composição química e análise sensorial da carne. Onze animais foram submetidos a um sistema de confinamento, recebendo ração balanceada à vontade e com acesso a um piquete. Antes do abate as emas permaneceram em jejum hídrico por 12 h, foram pesadas e submetidas ao processamento: insensibilização, sangria, depenagem manual, esfola e evisceração. As emas apresentaram peso vivo médio, no momento do abate, de 19,393 kg, desempenho médio de 529,82 de consumo de ração/dia, 53,20 g de ganho de peso/dia e 9,44 de conversão alimentar. Em relação ao peso de carcaça, mostraram rendimento médio de 63,33% de carne, 5,09% de gordura e 22% de ossos. A composição centesimal média da carne de ema foi de 22,81% de proteína, 1,59% de lipídios, 1,62% de cinzas e de 74,72% de umidade. O conteúdo de colágeno variou de 0,94% a 1,12% e o teor de colesterol foi de 65,44 mg por 100 g de carne. Pela análise sensorial, verificou-se que a carne de ema processada foi bem aceita pelos provadores. Assim, admite-se que a carne de ema pode ser consumida como fonte de proteína animal com baixo teor de lipídios.

Development and assessment of acceptability and nutritional properties of a light snack

A light snack was developed using a fat replacer as a flavor fixative agent. The product presented a calorie reduction of up to 47.5% in comparison with products available on the market. The impact of this fat replacer on the sensory properties was determined by comparing this light snack to the traditional ones. No significant difference in texture was observed; however, there was a difference in color (deltaE = 8.67), due mainly to luminosity (deltaL = 7.79). The light snack presented high sensory acceptability (7.27 ± 1.3; 82.5% of grades were > 7 on 9-point hedonic scale); no significant difference in snack acceptability was observed. However, the traditional snack was significantly preferred in sensory terms (p < 0.05). In an opinion survey when the consumers were informed about snack composition, 75% of them said that they would buy the light snack instead of the traditional one. The caloric and fat reductions allow the use of the claims "light snack" and "fat free", in accordance with the legislation of various countries. We conclude that it is technologically possible to use a fat replacer in snack production, resulting in a sensory acceptable light snack with great potential to replace traditional ones.

Genetic, prenatal and postnatal determinants of weight gain and obesity in young children – The STEPS Study

Genetic, Prenatal and Postnatal Determinants of Weight Gain and Obesity in Young Children – The STEPS Study University of Turku, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Turku Doctoral Program of Clinical Investigation (CLIPD), Turku Institute for Child and Youth Research. Conditions of being overweight and obese in childhood are common health problems with longlasting effects into adulthood. Currently 22% of Finnish boys and 12% of Finnish girls are overweight and 4% of Finnish boys and 2% of Finnish girls are obese. The foundation for later health is formed early, even before birth, and the importance of prenatal growth on later health outcomes is widely acknowledged. When the mother is overweight, had high gestational weight gain and disturbances in glucose metabolism during pregnancy, an increased risk of obesity in children is present. On the other hand, breastfeeding and later introduction of complementary foods are associated with a decreased obesity risk. In addition to these, many genetic and environmental factors have an effect on obesity risk, but the clustering of these factors is not extensively studied. The main objective of this thesis was to provide comprehensive information on prenatal and early postnatal factors associated with weight gain and obesity in infancy up to two years of age. The study was part of the STEPS Study (Steps to Healthy Development), which is a follow-up study consisting of 1797 families. This thesis focused on children up to 24 months of age. Altogether 26% of boys and 17% of girls were overweight and 5% of boys and 4% of girls were obese at 24 months of age according to New Finnish Growth references for Children BMI-for-age criteria. Compared to children who remained normal weight, the children who became overweight or obese showed different growth trajectories already at 13 months of age. The mother being overweight had an impact on children’s birth weight and early growth from birth to 24 months of age. The mean duration of breastfeeding was almost 2 months shorter in overweight women in comparison to normal weight women. A longer duration of breastfeeding was protective against excessive weight gain, high BMI, high body weight and high weight-for-length SDS during the first 24 months of life. Breast milk fatty acid composition differed between overweight and normal weight mothers, and overweight women had more saturated fatty acids and less n-3 fatty acids in breast milk. Overweight women also introduced complementary foods to their infants earlier than normal weight mothers. Genetic risk score calculated from 83 obesogenic- and adiposity-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed that infants with a high genetic risk for being overweight and obese were heavier at 13 months and 24 months of age than infants with a low genetic risk, thus possibly predisposing to later obesity in obesogenic environment. Obesity Risk Score showed that children with highest number of risk factors had almost 6-fold risk of being overweight and obese at 24 months compared to children with lowest number of risk factors. The accuracy of the Obesity Risk Score in predicting overweight and obesity at 24 months was 82%. This study showed that many of the obesogenic risk factors tend to cluster within children and families and that children who later became overweight or obese show different growth trajectories already at a young age. These results highlight the importance of early detection of children with higher obesity risk as well as the importance of prevention measures focused on parents. Keywords: Breastfeeding, Child, Complementary Feeding, Genes, Glucose metabolism, Growth, Infant Nutrition Physiology, Nutrition, Obesity, Overweight, Programming

Osmotic dehydration of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) in ternary solutions

The aim of this work was to evaluate the osmotic dehydration of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) using hypertonic sucrose solutions, with or without NaCl, at three different concentrations, at 40 °C. Highest water losses were obtained when the mixture of sucrose and NaCl was used. The addition of NaCl to osmotic solutions increases the driving force of the process and it is verified that the osmotic dehydration process is mainly influenced by changes in NaCl concentration, but the positive effect of the salt-sucrose interaction on soluble solids also determined the decrease of solid gain when solutes were at maximum concentrations. Mass transfer kinetics were modeled according to Peleg, Fick and Page's equations, which presented good fittings of the experimental data. Peleg's equation and Page's model presented the best fitting and showed excellent predictive capacity for water loss and salt gain data. The effective diffusivity determined using Fick's Second Law applied to slice geometry was found to be in the range from 3.82 x 10-11 to 7.46 x 10-11 m²/s for water loss and from 1.18 x 10-10 to 3.38 x 10-11 m²/s for solid gain.

Effect of pectinolitic enzymes on the physical properties of caja-manga (Spondias cytherea Sonn.) pulp

Cajá-manga, also known as golden apple and hog-plum, is an exotic fruit native from Îles de la Société (French Polynesia), which was first introduced in Brazil in 1985. The pulp of ripe fruit was treated with the commercial enzymatic pool and its effect was evaluated in terms of yield, as well as the physical properties viscosity, turbidity and color (L* values). Response surface methodology was used and three levels were adopted for the independent variables temperature (30, 40, and 50 ºC), incubation time (30, 60 and 90 minutes) and enzyme concentration (0.01, 0.05, 0.09 v/v%). A central composite statistical design was used to guide the experimental work. The enzyme treatment highly increased both juice yield (up to 56%) and color (up to 8.6%) and strongly decreased viscosity (up to 57.4%), clarity (up to 77%) and turbidity (up to 85.5%). Incubation time was the most interacting facto, whereas temperature was the least one. Optimization analysis was carried out to reduce enzyme concentration to a minimum by superposing the contour plots of the tested properties, and the recommended ranges of the variables enzyme concentration, process temperature and incubation time were, respectively, 0.042-0.068%, 47.0-49.0 ºC and 82-90 minutes.

Stability of the anthocyanins extracted from residues of the wine industry

Anthocyanins are highly important due to their antioxidant capacity. They are the most important among the phenolic compounds and one of the main natural dyes used in the food industry. In this research, residue of processed grapes was used to investigate the presence of anthocyanins, the possibility of their extraction from the residue, and their stability. The extraction solution consisted of 70 mL of ethanol 70% and 30 mL of HCl 0.1% at pH 2.0. The results found for the processed grapes residue was 26.20 mg.100 g-1. In order to evaluate stability, caffeic acid was added at 0.5:1 w/v; 0.8:1 w/v; and 1:1 w/v concentrations. Anthocyanins extract reached the greatest stability at 0.5:1 w/v concentration, with 82.47% color retention and a half-life period of 15 days. Therefore, the use of this organic acid as a stabilizer for anthocyanins is feasible.

Chemical constituents and technological functional properties of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) waste flour

Acerola is a fruit that can be consumed in the form of juice and pulp. However, during its processing, a large amount of waste is generated (seed and bagasse). Adding value to these by-products is of great interest, since their use can enrich foods with nutrients and fiber. In this study, we performed phytochemical screening, determined the proximate and mineral composition, bioactive compounds and the technological functional properties of acerola seed flour and acerola bagasse flour. Seeds were dried in a ventilated oven at ± 45 °C and the bagasse was lyophilized. Samples were ground, stored in flasks protected from light. Phytochemical screening revealed metabolites of nutritional and pharmacological interest and no potentially toxic substances in the flours. Seed flour and bagasse flour showed high levels (g 100 g- 1 of dry matter - DM) of soluble fiber: 4.76 and 8.74; insoluble fiber: 75.76 and 28.58, and phenolic compounds: 4.73 and 10.82, respectively. The flours also showed high absorption of water, oil and emulsion stability, presenting potential for inclusion in meat products and bakery products.

Nutritional characteristics of biofortified common beans

Iron and zinc deficiency can cause anemia and alterations in the immune response and impair work capacity. To minimize this problem, biofortification has been developed to improve and/or maintain the nutritional status of the population. Beans are an important source of carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals. The objective of this study is to characterize biofortified beans, quantify the minerals in different cultivars, and determine mineral dialysis. Grains of raw and cooked beans were analyzed for moisture, protein, lipids, fiber, minerals, and in vitro availability using four treatments and one control. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, and the Tukey test (p<0.05). The chemical composition of the raw and cooked treatments showed a moisture content ranging from 13.4 to 81.4%, protein from 22.24 to 31.59%, lipids from 1.66 to 2.22%, fiber from 16.81 to 40.63%, carbohydrates from 27.80 to 34.78%, and ash from 4.1 to 4.82%. Different varieties of beans showed statistically significant differences in iron and zinc content compared to the control cultivar (Pérola). The iron content differed significantly from that of the Pérola cultivar in the raw treatment, while in the cooked treatment, the control cultivar did not differ from the Piratã. The same behavior was observed for the zinc content in both treatments. There was no significant difference between the cultivars in the treatments in terms of the content of the dialysis of Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), and Zinc (Zn).

Composition and color stability of anthocyanin-based extract from purple sweet potato

AbstractPurple sweet potato (PSP) can provide products with attractive color besides nutritious benefits in food processing. So, the compositions and color stability of an aqueous anthocyanin-based PSP extract were investigated in order to promote its wide use in food industry. PSP anthocyanins were extracted with water, and nine individual anthocyanins (48.72 ug mL–1 in total, 24.36 mg/100 g fresh PSP in yield) were found by HPLC analysis. The PSP extract also contained 17.11 mg mL–1 of protein, 0.44 mg mL–1 of dietary fiber, 2.82 mg mL–1 of reducing sugars, 4.02 ug mL–1 of Se, 54.21 ug mL–1 of Ca and 60.83 ug mL–1 of Mg. Changes in color and stability of the PSP extract, as affected by pH, heat, light and extraction process, were further evaluated. Results indicated that PSP anthocyanins had good stability at pH 2.0-6.0, while the color of PSP extract kept stable during 30 days of storage at 20 °C in dark. Both UV and fluorescent exposure weakened the color stability of PSP extract and UV showed a more drastic effect in comparison. A steaming pretreatment of fresh PSP is beneficial to the color stability.

Variações nos níveis de adiponectina nos pacientes com doença renal crônica: um estudo prospectivo de 12 meses

INTRODUÇÃO: As complicações cardiovasculares permanecem como a principal causa de mortalidade nos pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica (DRC). A adiponectina é uma proteína produzida pelo tecido adiposo que apresenta importante propriedade cardioprotetora. O nosso objetivo foi investigar os determinantes dos níveis de adiponectina nos pacientes com DRC. MÉTODOS: Este estudo prospectivo observacional incluiu 98 pacientes [taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) 36,1+-14,4 ml/min; 56,5+-10,4 anos; 63% homens; 31% diabéticos e índice de massa corporal (IMC) 27,1+-5,2 kg/m²]. A avaliação da adiponectina (teste imunoenzimático), dos parâmetros laboratoriais, do estado nutricional (avaliação global subjetiva), da gordura corporal total (absortometria de raios-x de dupla energia) e da gordura abdominal visceral e subcutânea (tomografia computadorizada) foi realizada no início e após 12 meses. RESULTADOS: A adiponectina correlacionou-se com a TFG (r = -0,45; p < 0,001), a proteinúria (r = 0,21; p = 0,04), o IMC (r = -0,33; p < 0,01) e a gordura visceral (r = -0,49; p < 0,001). Na análise de regressão múltipla, os determinantes das concentrações de adiponectina foram o sexo (feminino β = 3,8; p < 0,01), a idade (β = 0,14; p = 0,03), a TFG (β = -0,15; p < 0,01) e a gordura visceral (β = -0,04; p < 0,001) (R² = 0,41). Após 12 meses, a progressão da DRC foi evidenciada pela diminuição da TFG (-1,6+-6,3 ml/min; p = 0,01) e aumento da proteinúria (0,3+-0,8 g/d; p < 0,01). Houve um aumento da gordura visceral de 97+-73 cm² para 111+-82 cm² (p < 0,001) e concomitante redução dos níveis de adiponectina, de 27,6+-7,5 mg/l para 22,2+-11,6 mg/l (p < 0,001). O peso corporal, o IMC, a gordura corporal total e a gordura abdominal subcutânea não se alteraram neste período. Ajustando pelos fatores associados à adiponectina, observamos que somente o acúmulo de gordura visceral ao longo do tempo determinou a redução nos níveis de adiponectina (β = -0,04; p = 0,025; R² = 0,21). CONCLUSÃO: A idade, o sexo, a função renal e a gordura visceral estiveram independentemente associados com os níveis de adiponectina nos pacientes com DRC na fase não dialítica. No entanto, a mudança da gordura visceral foi o único preditor das variações nos níveis de adiponectina ao longo de 12 meses.

Länsimaisten 40-130 mm:n laivatykkien nykyisten ominaisuuksien yleiskatsaus

Johtajan roolit ovat vähän tutkittu aihe, jotka liittyvät osaltaan jokaiseen johtamistoimintaan. Roolit ovat osa meitä kaikissa toimissamme, vaikka niiden huomioiminen ja huomaaminen on usein hankalaa. Kiinnostuin roolien tutkimisesta tämän lähtökohdan kautta. Roolien yhdistäminen joukkueenjohtajan toimintaan oli luontevaa, koska tulen itse kouluttamaan joukkueen kokoista organisaatiota ensimmäisissä työtehtävissäni. Päätutkimusongelmana tutkimuksessani on: Miten joukkueenjohtajan rooli muuttuu siirryttäessä torjuu-tehtävästä tuottaa tappioita -tehtävään? Alatutkimuskysymykseni ovat: 1) Missä on joukkueenjohtajan paikka tuottaa tappioita -tehtävässä? ja 2) Joutuuko joukkueenjohtaja muuttamaan rooliaan tietoisesti tuottaa tappiota - tehtävään? Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytin laadullista sisällönanalyysiä. Roolien määrittämiseen käytin johtamisen ja sotilaspsykologian asiantuntijoiden teoksia. Maavoimien taistelun 2015 kuvaamiseen käytin joukkueen ja komppanian ohjesääntöjä ja oppaita. Tutkimuksessani tulin siihen johtopäätökseen, että joukkueenjohtajan rooli muuttuu tehtävän muuttuessa. Roolien monimuotoisuuden takia eri lähestymistapoja käyttäen selkeän ja yksiselitteisen tuloksen saaminen on kuitenkin vaikeaa. Joukkueenjohtajan roolin muuttuessa osa muutoksesta on tietoista, osa tiedostamatonta. Oman johtamis-käyttäytymisen arvioinnilla saa roolitustaankin muutettua helpommin. Joukkueenjohtajan paikkaa ei pelkän roolituksen avulla näkemykseni mukaan pysty määrittämään.

Percepção dos médicos sobre a formação adquirida durante a especialização em Nefrologia no Peru

ResumoIntrodução:No Peru, existem diferentes locais e currículos de ensino para a formação de especialistas em Nefrologia.Objetivo:Avaliar a percepção dos médicos que frequentam esse tipo de formação.Métodos:Análise descritivo-transversal sobre médicos que estavam nos últimos dois anos de formação em Nefrologia em fevereiro de 2012 e os que se formaram nos anos 2010 e 2011, em nível nacional. Utilizou-se um questionário autoaplicável desenvolvido com base em normas internacionais, juntamente com a Sociedade Peruana de Nefrologia. Este questionário explorou as seguintes áreas: ensino, treinamento clínico, procedimentos, rotações externas, pesquisa e percepção global.Resultados:Foram obtidas 40 respostas de um total de 49 médicos. 82,5% tinham tutores, 22,5% deles disseram que o apoio destes era deficiente. 27,5% descreveram a sua formação teórica como deficiente. A formação prática, é percebida como aceitável, no entanto sugerem melhoras na formação em diálise peritoneal, transplante renal e análise de biópsias. Um 90% tem rotações externas nacionais e 65% relataram ter uma rotação internacional. Quando se avaliou seu desempenho na área de pesquisas, 77,5% o considerou deficiente. Além disso, 82,5% acreditam que a residência deve durar quatro anos. No entanto, 60% informaram que sua residência é boa. Existe uma diminuição da percepção positiva dos aspectos estudados entre os residentes com relação aos graduados.Conclusão:A formação geral na especialização em Nefrologia é considerada boa para os residentes; no entanto, a área de tutoria, as atividades acadêmicas e de pesquisa são deficientes.

Meripelastussovelluksen taktinen käyttö

Meripelastussovellus on operatiivinen tietojärjestelmä, joka on osa RVT:n tietojärjestelmien kokonaisuutta. Tämä tutkielma keskittyi tarkastelemaan Meripelastussovellusta, ja sen käytettävyyttä käyttäjän näkökulmasta. Tutkielma kuuluu meripelastuksen aihepiiriin, ja on muotoutunut Raja- ja merivartiokoulun esittämästä aiheesta ’’Meripelastussovelluksen kehittäminen käyttäjän näkökulmasta ’’ Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, kuinka Meripelastussovelluksen taktinen käyttö ottaa huomioon universaalit hyvän operatiivisen tietojärjestelmän periaatteet. Tarkastelun kohteena tutkimuksessa olivat sovelluksen käytännön merivartiotaktiikkaan liittyvät ominaisuudet. Tutkimus ei ota kantaa sovelluksen yksityiskohtaisiin teknisiin ominaisuuksiin. Tutki-mustehtävän pääkysymykseen, miten Meripelastussovellus ottaa huomioon hyvän operatiivisen tietojärjestelmän perusteet, pyrittiin vastaamaan alakysymyksillä miten Meripelastussovelluksen operaattorit kokevat sovelluksen käytettävyyden? ja millainen on hyvä operatiivinen tietojärjestelmä? Tutkielma on luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen tutkimus. Selvittääkseni Meripelastussovelluksen tämän hetkisen operatiivisen kyvyn, ja sen ominaisuudet operatiivisena tietojärjestelmänä, suoritin neljälletoista Meripelastussovelluksen käyttäjälle puolistrukturoidun teemahaastattelun. Kvalitatiivisuuden ohella tutkimuksessani löytyy kvantitatiivisia elementtejä, liittyen haastattelujen tulosten tulkintaan. Tutkimus on hypoteesiton ja objektiivinen. Haastattelujen tuloksia verrattiin hyvän operatiivisen tietojärjestelmän periaatteisiin. Nämä periaatteet löydettiin tutkimalla hyvän operatiivisen tietojärjestelmän teoriapohjaa. Tämän vertailun lopputulos voidaan kiteyttää seuraavasti: Meripelastussovellus on operatiivisessa käytössä toimintavarma, luotettavaa juridista informaatiota sisältävä, suojausmenetelmiltään tarkoituksenmukainen ja riittävän opiskelun jälkeen helpohko käyttää. Vertailusta käy kuitenkin myös ilmi, että Meripelastussovellus on käyttöjärjestelmältään kankeahko, resurssitiedon ylläpidon näkökulmasta hankala ja integrointiominaisuuksiltaan vähäinen. Sovelluksen reaaliaikainen päivittäminen on sen käyttäjien mielestä liian haasteellista. Osa haastatelluista operaattoreista pitää käytössä olevan Meripelastussovelluksen kehittämistä lähes turhana. Heidän mukaansa kehitystyön tulee tähdätä täyden uuden meripelastukseen käytettävän sovelluksen kehittämiseen. Monet sovelluksen ongelmista (esimerkiksi sen kankeus ja käyttöliittymän epäselvyys) ovat ainoastaan täysin uudella sovelluksella ratkaistavissa. Uuden sovelluksen kehitystyö on käynnissä.