鸟类宏观分类和区系地理学研究概述

据Dickinson，E．C．，主编，2003年出版的“m Howard and Moore Gomplete Q蛐ofthe Birds of the World'’一书和2000。2008年的有关文献的记载，在1958～2008年的50年期间，全世界所描述发表鸟类的新种，计 有171种。以每10年中所发表的新种数进行统计比较，以1997～2007年期间所发表的新种为最多；按发现新种所属 目级分类阶元的统计比较，以雀形目发现的新种为最多；按地区进行统计比较，以南美洲发现的新种数为最多，非洲中南部地区和太平洋诸岛为次；在中国境内描记的新种有台湾短翅莺西哟脚嬲旋渤删、峨嵋柳莺场皿瞰灿mzden面、海南柳莺崩砌蚴‰肠砌船、峨嵋鹪莺岛匆船硎豳面、淡尾鹅莺崩锄船．．toror、弄岗穗鹛＆叻帕御赠删、 四川旋木雀眺砌婶删等7种，其中由中国鸟类学者描记的有四川旋木雀和弄岗穗鹛两种。这说明鸟类的宏 观分类研究，时至今日仍有研究的必要和发展空间。种下分类，是探讨同一个物种，随着分布区域的扩大，自然地 理环境条件的变化，而产生地区性分布种群的变异，以致新物种形成的途径，是宏观分类学研究一个物种的演化发 展。所以是当今鸟类分类研究的热点之一。据统计，1958—2008年的50年间，新描述发表的亚种数，约为1 129亚 种。繁殖区域分布较为广泛的种类，所描记的亚种较多。如岛鸫Turd．sp，hbcephaha分化有5l亚种之多。中国鸟类的 分类与区系地理学研究，大致可分为起步时期(1949年以前)、新中国建立之后的考察及宏观分类研究的总结整理 时期(1950—2005)和宏观与微观相结合的发展研究时期(1999年以后)等3个时期。郑作新所出版的《中国鸟类 分布名录》和《中国鸟类区系纲要》等专著，是中国鸟类宏观分类和区系地理学研究较为翔实的阶段性总结，为进 一步研究奠定了坚实的基础。

滇西北昆虫区系特点

该文对滇西北昆虫区系特征进行了分析. 滇西北昆虫区系具有以下特点: 古北区与东洋区种类过渡与交混明显; 新发现的种类及特有种和狭布种十分丰富; 原始古老的种类多; 垂直分布明显. 如以江河分水岭为界, 尚可分为怒江、澜沧江、金沙江3个小区. 滇西北典型的东洋区系成份, 一般在海拔3000m以下地区, 海拔3000m以上则以古北区系成份为主。

Effect of microbial activities on the mobility of copper in stabilised contaminated soil

Stabilisation, using a wide range of binders including wastes, is most effective for heavy metal soil contamination. Bioremediation techniques, including bioaugmentation to enhance soil microbial population, are most effective for organic contaminants in the soil. For mixed contaminant scenarios a combination of these two techniques is currently being investigated. An essential issue in this combined remediation system is the effect of microbial processes on the leachability of the heavy metals. This paper considers the use of zeolite and compost as binder additives combined with bioaugmentation treatments and their effect on copper leachability in a model contaminated soil. Different leaching test conditions are considered including both NRA and TCLP batch leaching tests as well as flow-through column tests. Two flow rates are applied in the flow-through tests and the two leaching tests are compared. Recommendations are given as to the effectiveness of this combined remediation technique in the immobilisation of copper. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group.

Fracture toughness of fibrous membranes

Random fibrous networks exist in both natural biological and engineering materials. While the nonlinear deformation of fibrous networks has been extensively studied, the understanding of their fracture behaviour is still incomplete. To study the fracture toughness of fibrous materials, the near-tip region is crucial because failure mechanisms such as fibril rupture occur in this region. The consideration of this region in fracture studies is, however, a difficult task because it involves microscopic mechanical responses at a small length scale. This paper extends our previous finite element analysis by incorporating the microscopic responses into a macroscopic domain by using a submodeling technique. The detailed study of microstructures at crack tips show a stochastic toughness of membranes due to the random nature of fibrous networks. Further, the sizes of crack tip region, which are sufficient to provide a reasonable prediction of fracture behaviour in a specific type of fibrous network, were presented. Future work includes improving the current linear assumption in the macroscopic models to become nonlinear.

长江上游龙溪河厚颌鲂种群资源的利用现状和保护

由于栖息地被破坏和过度捕捞等人为因素的影响,长江上游特有鱼类厚颌鲂M egalobrama pellegrini的种群资源显著减少。利用单位补充量模型进行分析,结果显示:长江上游支流龙溪河的厚颌鲂种群资源已经被过度开发,现有的捕捞强度(0.94年-1)远超过种群可承受的水平(F40%=0.18年-1,F0.1=0.20年-1和F25%=0.30年-1);繁殖潜力比为4.50%,低于25%,将造成种群的补充量不足,导致种群资源量下降;限制捕捞强度和捕捞规格是控制过度捕捞、保护种群资源的有效措施。