《中国植物志》的编研

植物志的编研是植物学研究领域的基础性工作。植物志既是记载植物“身份"的"户口簿"，又是记录和研究植物特征的重要"信息库"。《中国植物志》编研以大规模野外考察与标本采集为基础，以丰富的信息记载为核心，系统研究这些信息并编撰成科学志书，是一项百科全书式的系统工程。《中国植物志》历经四代植物分类学家41年(1918-1959)的准备、45年(1959-2004)的编研，由312位作者和164位绘图人员通力协作完成（其中科学院院士10位），并于2004年全部出版（中文名和拉丁学名的索引于2006年出版）。在编研过程中，采集和查阅植物标本1700余万份，发表新属及新属名称243个，发表新种及新种名称14312个，提出了新的裸子植物和被子植物分类系统，对属、种划分和系统排列进行了深入研究。《中国植物志》是世界上已出版的规模最大和内容最丰富的植物志书，全书5000多万字，总计80卷126册，记载中国维管束植物301科、3408属、31142种，包括9080幅图版，详细总结、记录、澄清了中国所有已知植物的科学名称、研究历史、形态特征、地理分布、系统位置、物种生境、物候期和经济用途等。《中国植物志》是中国半个世纪以来植物学研究的标志性成果。它查明了中国植物资源的基本状况，对科学家深入认识植物世界具有重要学术价值，对陆地生态系统研究将起到重要促进作用，为合理开发利用植物资源提供了重要的科学依据，中国植物学科研和教学队伍也因此得到了壮大，出现了一批享誉国际的优秀植物分类学家。《中国植物志》是植物学研究领域一项开拓性、创新性、系统性、基础性工程，它的完成促进了中国植物学的健康发展，也带动了生物学相关学科的进步，必将对中国和全球生物多样性的可持续发展做出重大贡献并产生深远影响。

《中国植物志》的编研

植物志的编研是植物学研究领域的基础性工作。植物志既是记载植物“身份"的"户口簿"，又是记录和研究植物特征的重要"信息库"。《中国植物志》编研以大规模野外考察与标本采集为基础，以丰富的信息记载为核心，系统研究这些信息并编撰成科学志书，是一项百科全书式的系统工程。《中国植物志》历经四代植物分类学家41年(1918-1959)的准备、45年(1959-2004)的编研，由312位作者和164位绘图人员通力协作完成（其中科学院院士10位），并于2004年全部出版（中文名和拉丁学名的索引于2006年出版）。在编研过程中，采集和查阅植物标本1700余万份，发表新属及新属名称243个，发表新种及新种名称14312个，提出了新的裸子植物和被子植物分类系统，对属、种划分和系统排列进行了深入研究。《中国植物志》是世界上已出版的规模最大和内容最丰富的植物志书，全书5000多万字，总计80卷126册，记载中国维管束植物301科、3408属、31142种，包括9080幅图版，详细总结、记录、澄清了中国所有已知植物的科学名称、研究历史、形态特征、地理分布、系统位置、物种生境、物候期和经济用途等。《中国植物志》是中国半个世纪以来植物学研究的标志性成果。它查明了中国植物资源的基本状况，对科学家深入认识植物世界具有重要学术价值，对陆地生态系统研究将起到重要促进作用，为合理开发利用植物资源提供了重要的科学依据，中国植物学科研和教学队伍也因此得到了壮大，出现了一批享誉国际的优秀植物分类学家。《中国植物志》是植物学研究领域一项开拓性、创新性、系统性、基础性工程，它的完成促进了中国植物学的健康发展，也带动了生物学相关学科的进步，必将对中国和全球生物多样性的可持续发展做出重大贡献并产生深远影响。

华南热带亚热带森林生态系统恢复/演替过程碳、氮、水演变机理

项目针对热带亚热带森林生态系统服务功能及所属区域社会发展的需求，结合全球变化（CO2浓度上升导致的全球变暖、氮沉降、降水格局演变）所面临的关键科学问题，系统开展森林生态系统碳、氮、水等过程演变规律的研究。经过十多年的努力，取得如下创新性理论：⑴成熟森林土壤可持续积累有机碳。发现亚热带成熟森林表土层（0-20cm）有机碳以0.61t/hm2•a的速度增加，为确认成熟森林作为新的碳汇奠定基础。⑵成熟森林趋于氮饱和。发现热带亚热带成熟森林生态系统趋于氮饱和，氮沉降增加将导致系统养分平衡的破坏。⑶退化生态系统恢复限制因子理论。水热季节分配不均限制了退化生态系统的恢复。⑷森林生态系统恢复/演替过程中其结构与功能、地上和地下不同步理论。创新方法：计算土壤C贮量长期变化的新方法；建立森林地下NPP关联估算模型；基于C/N确定森林土壤硝化与反硝化作用速率；推出降水动能及其受林冠分配调控的理论计算方法；提出任意时空尺度的生态系统水热状况量度指标及计算公式。发表Science等SCI论文52篇，核心期刊论文185篇，专著3部，被SCI论文引用312篇次，核心期刊引用2277篇次，核心内容之一被评为“2006年度中国基础研究十大新闻”。该成果催生生态系统非平衡理论框架的建立，引起国际同行的极大关注并获得高度评价，达到了世界领先水平。

Distribution and life history of two diminutive flatfishes, Citharichthys gymnorhinus and C. cornutus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae), in the western North Atlantic

Citharichthys cornutus and C. gymnorhinus, diminutive flatfishes inhabiting continental shelves in the western Atlantic Ocean, are infrequently reported and poorly known. We identified 594 C. cornutus in 56 different field collections (68–287 m; most between 101–200 m) off the eastern United States, Bahamas, and eastern Caribbean Sea. Historical records and recently captured specimens document the northern geographic range of adults on the shelf off New Jersey (40°N, 70°W). Citharichthys cornutus measured 17.2–81.3 mm standard length (SL); males (20.0–79.1 mm SL) and females (28.0–81.3 mm SL) attain similar sizes (sex could not be determined for fish <20 mm SL). Males reach nearly 100% maturity at ≥60 mm SL. The smallest mature females are 41.5 mm SL, and by 55.1 mm SL virtually all are mature. Juveniles are found with adults on the outer shelf. Only 214 C. gymnorhinus were located in 42 different field collections (35–201 m, with 90% between 61 and 120 m) off the east coast of the United States, Bahamas, and eastern Caribbean Sea. Adults are found as far north as the shelf off Cape Hatteras, NC (35°N, 75°W). This diminutive species (to 52.4 mm SL) is among the smallest flatfishes but males (n=131; 20.3–52.4 mm SL) attain a slightly larger maximum size than that of females (n=58; 26.2–48.0 mm SL). Males begin to mature between 29 and 35 mm SL and reach 100% maturity by 35–40 mm SL. Some females are mature at 29 mm SL, and all females >35.1 mm SL are mature. Overlooked specimens in museum collections and literature enabled us to correct long-standing inaccuracies in northern distributional limits that appear in contemporary literature and electronic data bases for these species. Associated locality-data for these specimens allow for proper evaluation of distributional information for these species in relation to hypotheses regarding shifts in species ranges due to climate change effects.

Comparison of survey methods for estimating abundance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in glacial fjords

The importance of glacial ice habitats to harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in Alaska has become increasingly apparent. However, enumerating harbor seals hauled out on ice in glacial fjords has been difficult. At Johns Hopkins Inlet in Glacier Bay, Alaska, we compared a shore-based counting method to a large-format aerial photography method to estimate seal abundance. During each aerial survey, shore-based observers simultaneously counted seals from an observation post. Both survey methods incurred errors in double-counting and missing seals, especially when ice movements caused seals to drift between survey zones. Advantages of shore-based counts included the ability to obtain multiple counts for relatively little cost, distinguish pups from adults, and to distinguish mobile seals from shadows or glacial debris of similar size. Aerial photography provided a permanent record of each survey, allowing both a reconciliation of counts in overlapping zones and the documentation of the spatial distribution of seals and ice within the fjord.

Diets of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Southeast Alaska, 1993−1999

The diet of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) was determined from 1494 scats (feces) collected at breeding (rookeries) and nonbreeding (haulout) sites in Southeast Alaska from 1993 to 1999. The most common prey of 61 species identified were walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus), Pacific salmon (Salmonidae), arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), rockfish (Sebastes spp.), skates (Rajidae), and cephalopods (squid and octopus). Steller sea lion diets at the three Southeast Alaska rookeries differed significantly from one another. The sea lions consumed the most diverse range of prey categories during summer, and the least diverse during fall. Diet was more diverse in Southeast Alaska during the 1990s than in any other region of Alaska (Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands). Dietary differences between increasing and declining populations of Steller sea lions in Alaska correlate with rates of population change, and add credence to the view that diet may have played a role in the decline of sea lions in the Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands.

Sexual differentiation and gonad development in striped mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) from South Carolina estuaries*

This study examined the sexual differentiation and reproductive dynamics of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) in the estuaries of South Carolina. A total of 16,464 specimens were captured during the study and histological examination of sex and maturity was performed on a subsample of 3670 fish. Striped mullet were sexually undifferentiated for the first 12 months, began differentiation at 13 months, and were 90% fully differentiated by 15 to 19 months of age and 225 mm total length (TL). The defining morphological characteristics for differentiating males was the elongation of the protogonial germ tissue in a corradiating pattern towards the center of the lobe, the development of primary and secondary ducts, and the lack of any recognizable ovarian wall structure. The defining female characteristics were the formation of protogonial germ tissue into spherical germ cell nests, separation of a tissue layer from the outer epithelial layer of the lobe-forming ovarian walls, a tissue bud growing from the suspensory tissue that helped form the ovary wall, and the proliferation of oogonia and oocytes. Sexual maturation in male striped mullet first occurred at 1 year and 248 mm TL and 100% maturity occurred at age 2 and 300 mm TL. Female striped mullet first matured at 2 years and 291 mm total length and 100% maturity occurred at 400 mm TL and age 4. Because of the open ocean spawning behavior of striped mullet, all stages of maturity were observed in males and females except for functionally mature females with hydrated oocytes. The spawning season for striped mullet recruiting to South Carolina estuaries lasts from October to April; the majority of spawning activity, however, occurs from November to January. Ovarian atresia was observed to have four distinct phases. This study presents morpholog ical analysis of reproductive ontogeny in relation to size and age in South Carolina striped mullet. Because of the length of the undifferentiated gonad stage in juvenile striped mullet, previous studies have proposed the possibility of protandric hermaphrodism in this species. The results of our study indicate that striped mullet are gonochoristic but capable of exhibiting nonfunctional hermaphroditic characteristics in differentiated mature gonads.

Joanes Erauskinen aditz taulak: azterketa gramatikografiko eta linguistikoa

Gotzon Aurrekoetxea, Jesus Mari Makazaga & Patxi Salaberri Muñoa (eds.)

Avaliação da exposição de botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis Van Benédén, 1864) aos compostos orgânicos de estanho através das concentrações hepáticas de estanho total na costa sudeste e sul do Brasil

Durante as últimas décadas, observou-se um aumento da preocupação em relação aos ecossistemas marinhos devido à grande entrada de poluentes, resultando em efeitos deletérios em organismos aquáticos e seres humanos. Dentre as atividades humanas que podem introduzir compostos tóxicos persistentes e bioacumulativos (PBTs Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxicants) no ambiente marinho está o uso de tintas antiincrustrantes, aplicadas nos cascos de navios para evitar que algas, mexilhões e outros organismos se fixem às embarcações. Não raramente, compostos organoestânicos (OTs) como o Tributilestanho (TBT) ou o Trifenilestanho (TPT) constituíam o princípio ativo de tal preparado. Devido à alta toxicidade desses compostos, a IMO (Organização Marítima Internacional) baniu totalmente o uso dos mesmos. Como os OTs são prontamente bioacumulados, elevadas concentrações de estanho total (SnT) vêm sendo encontradas em cetáceos (Mammalia, Cetacea). Os botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis Van Beneden, 1864) ocupam elevados níveis tróficos e bioacumulam os PBTs aos quais estão expostos. Alguns autores relataram que o estanho hepático em cetáceos se encontra predominantemente na forma orgânica, visto que, na forma inorgânica tal metal é pobremente absorvido pela mucosa gastrintestinal, de forma que as concentrações hepáticas de SnT refletem o input antrópico de OTs. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo, avaliar a exposição de botos-cinza aos OTs, através determinação das concentrações hepáticas de estanho total (SnT = orgânico + inorgânico), por Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica com Atomização em Forno de Grafite (GFAAS Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Para tal, amostras de botos-cinza de diferentes áreas do litoral brasileiro, compreendendo a Região da Grande Vitória (GV), Baía de Guanabara (BG), Baía de Sepetiba (B.Sep), a Baía de Paranaguá (PR) e a Baía da Babitonga (SC), foram analisadas, visando comparar ambientes distintamente contaminados com OTs. Sendo assim, as concentrações hepáticas de SnT (em ng/g, peso seco) de botos-cinza variaram de <312 (limite de detecção) a 8.250, para a GV (n=22); de <312 a 14.100, para B.Sep (n = 38); <312 a 5.147, para PR (n= 22), bem como de 626 a 24.780 (ng/g, peso seco) para os botos de SC (n=10). As maiores concentrações foram verificadas nos botos da BG (n=11), variando de 1.265 a 24.882 (ng/g, peso seco). As concentrações encontradas na Baía de Guanabara (BG) estão entre as mais elevadas detectadas em cetáceos.