984 resultados para 173-1069
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We present a systematic, practical approach to developing risk prediction systems, suitable for use with large databases of medical information. An important part of this approach is a novel feature selection algorithm which uses the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to measure the expected discriminative power of different sets of predictor variables. We describe this algorithm and use it to select variables to predict risk of a specific adverse pregnancy outcome: failure to progress in labour. Neural network, logistic regression and hierarchical Bayesian risk prediction models are constructed, all of which achieve close to the limit of performance attainable on this prediction task. We show that better prediction performance requires more discriminative clinical information rather than improved modelling techniques. It is also shown that better diagnostic criteria in clinical records would greatly assist the development of systems to predict risk in pregnancy.
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原产于亚马逊河流域的水生植物凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)在花部结构上有三种花型(L、M和S),故其配殖系统(mating system)为典型的三型花柱(tristyly)。但在入侵地区,它却常只有M和L两种花型,其中尤以M型占据绝对优势,使有性繁殖水平大为下降。为了解释凤眼莲在入侵过程中,花型频率为何发生变化以及该变化对其在入侵地的适应性进化上有何影响,作者在中国西南的两个居群中连续两年开展了野外生长和人工授粉实验,对比分析水面和泥地两类不同生境中M和L在克隆生长、生物量积累以及有性繁殖水平等方面的异同,并利用RAPD、 ISSR片段比较了具M型和L型花植物个体间的遗传变异水平。对三型花柱这一长期引人注目的遗传模式的分子位点也尝试了连锁片段的克隆和测序。 克隆生长的对比实验发现,在2004年,漂浮生长的M个体平均克隆分株数为25.37,L为21.20,前者显示较强的克隆生长能力(t=2.252, P< 0.05);2005年的实验再次证实M(每个个体19.83个分株)比L(每个个体15.53分株)表现出了显著较强的克隆优势(t=2.631,P<0.001)。M较L多产生克隆约24%。 但在岸边泥地上固着生长时,2004年L个体平均克隆分株为16.20,M 为10.17个分株。L表现出了更强的克隆生长能力(t=4.788,p<0.001),与漂浮生长状况下的情形恰恰相反,暗示M与L个体可能存在一定的生态位分化。这种分化可能是在入侵过程中形成的,也可能反映了原产地亚马孙流域旱涝交替造成的固着生长与漂浮生长交替发生的种内适应性。 生物量(干重)的对比分析发现,M个体在漂浮生长和固着生长的情况下都比L有着更高的生物量积累(漂浮生长实验:t=6.173,p<0.005(2004年);t=6.99,p<0.001(2005年)。固着生长实验:t=4.029,p<0.001)。生物量对凤眼莲的竞争和过冬有着一定的作用,因此较大的生物量积累可能是M个体在当地气候和环境中逐渐适应的一个结果。 有性繁殖的实验包括了实验个体的花序数与花朵数、自交与异交人工授粉的结实情况以及种子萌发率等方面的对比分析。结果表明,虽然M和L个体在花序数和花朵数上不存在显著差异,但是M个体在自交和异交的种子产量上比L略高,尤其是自交的种子产量,M显著高于L(M平均每个蒴果的自交种子产量为139.8,L为76.2)。以各100粒种子进行萌发实验,发现两花型之间在种子萌发率上不存在显著差异。对于M而言,其自交种子产量远大于异交种子产量 (139.8 vs. 93.3),且种子萌发率也略大于异交的种子萌发率(自交种子萌发率45.47%,异交种子萌发率 30.73%)。结合以上的实验结果,本文认为M基因型优势的形成可能与M个体与当地环境长期适应导致的生长与繁殖 上的优势有关。M的本地适应性是建立在特定的遗传背景上时,异交反而会破坏这种遗传组合,造成远交衰退。 对40个M和30个L个体进行20个RAPD引物和20个ISSR引物的遗传分析时发现,所有个体在RAPD表型上没有区别,但是在M中出现了3个ISSR表型,在L中出现了2个ISSR表型。本文还尝试利用RAPD技术扫描与三型花柱的遗传位点连锁的DNA片段。在146个RAPD随机引物中,初步发现两个候选片段,一个750bp,另一个2 000bp;已对它们进行了克隆、测序。 这些初步实验表明凤眼莲在我国的入侵可能伴随着基因型的差异表现和居群遗传分化,这种基因型的差异表现对该植物的成功入侵具有作用。其中,花型为M的个体的优势生长解释了该花型在中国分布区内的主导地位。推测该生长优势的遗传基础可能来源于基因组内较高的杂合子水平和在入侵地较长的适应历史,但最终结论尚有待进一步的实验证据。
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本文简要回顾了三尖杉属形态解剖学、分类学和胚胎学研究的历史。 本文作者观察了蓖子三尖杉雌、雄配子体发育、受精及胚胎发育过程。观察结果表明三尖杉属胚胎发育过程大体一致:雄配子体均无原叶体细胞;花粉二细胞期散放;花粉管在精原细胞产生后经历了一年的休眠期;精原细胞分裂产生两个体积不等的精子细胞;雌配子体游离核经 12次分裂后形法细胞壁;窄而长的颈卵器单个顶生于雌配子体珠孔端;卵细胞中含大量类核仁状体;受精时雌、雄性杂色体在合子第一次分裂中期融合;原胚发育形成16个游离核后形成细胞壁;原胚具冠细胞;无裂生多胚现象;成熟胚于叶2枚。 观察结果还发现,蓖子三尖杉与三尖杉属其它种相比,存在明显差异,如:精原细胞分裂前细胞中心细胞质浓缩成星状放射区域;苗端早在胚成熟前分化形成明显的突起以及成熟胚子叶极发达等等。 根据实验结果,本文讨论了蓖子三尖杉与三尖杉属其它种胚胎学性状的异同,作者赞同将蓖子三尖杉在三尖杉属中单立一组的观点。本文还讨论了三尖杉科同红豆杉科及罗汉松科的亲缘关系,根据胚胎学资料以及形态解剖及分类学研究资料,作者认为这三科关系密切,并赞同将这三科归为一个亚目—一红豆杉亚目,与松杉亚目并列的观点。
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本论文充分利用野外调查的结果、地形底图、航空照片和收集到的各种文字、图件等资料,编制了东灵山地区北京森林站1:20,000在比例尺现状植被图,对图例进行了简要说明。综合利用群落生态学原则和多元分析、种间相关等数量分析方法,进行了群落分类并确定了分类和图例系统,这是植被制图方法的一种尝试。并利用EPPL7地理信息系统软件,绘制了北京森林站的系列彩色图(1:50,000植被图,1:50,000土壤图、1:65,000地质图等)。
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Wintertime precipitation in the mountains of the western United States during a warm or cool period has a pronounced influence on streamflow. During a warm year, streamflow at intermediate elevations responds more immediately to precipitation events; during a cold year, much of the discharge is delayed until the snow melts in spring and summer. Previous efforts at studying these extremes have been hampered by a limited number and length of observational analyses. In this study, we augment this limited observational record by analyzing a simplified general circulation model.
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A three month long experiment was conducted to observe the effect of stocking density on the growth of Pangasius sutchi in net cages. The size of each cage was 1m³.The three stocking densities used were 40, 50 and 60 fishes/m³ and designated as treatment T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Each treatment had three replicates. All the fishes were of same age group having mean length and weight of 7.13 ± 1.37 cm and 2.46 ± 0.12 g respectively. The fish in all the net cages were fed a diet containing 34% protein. The result of the study showed that fish in the treatment T1 stocked at the rate of 40 fish/m³ resulted the best individual weight gain followed by T2 and T3 respectively. The specific growth rate (SGR) ranged between 3.51 and 3.09, the food conversion ratio (FCR) values ranged between 1.73 and 2.04 with treatment T1 resulting the lowest FCR. The protein efficiency ratios (PER) values were 1.69, 1.16 and 1.43 for treatment T1, T2 and T3 respectively. There was no significant (P>0.05) variation among the survival rates of fish which ranged between 92 and 95%. The net productions in different treatments were 2189, 2343, and 2283g for treatment T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The result of the present study indicated that the best individual growth of P. sutchi was obtained at a density of 40 fish/m³ but the highest total production was obtained at a stocking density of 50 fish/m³ in net cages.
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本文探讨了五十年来北京地区广泛推广的17个冬小麦(Triticun aestivum L)品种在品种改良的过程中农艺性状和某些光合特性的变化趋势。从中选出形态、产量和推出年代差异最大的3个冬小麦品种:京冬8号、农大139和燕大1817,种植在相同的环境条件下,进一步研究与冬小麦产量提高有关的生理生态特性,以及它们的气体交换特性对于外界环境变化的响应。本试验于1999-2001年在北京农林科学院试验农场(39o09’N, 116o04’E)进行。结果如下: 1. 在冬小麦品种改良的过程中,小麦品种的经济产量、收获指数、千粒重提高,而生物产量、株高、单株穗数、单株籽粒产量和穗长降低。籽粒产量与株高、穗数极显著负相关,与穗粒重、收获指数、千粒重极显著正相关。株高与穗长、单株籽粒产量、穗数显著正相关,而与收获指数和千粒重极显著负相关。收获指数与穗数极显著负相关,而与千粒重极显著正相关。说明株高降低、收获指数提高和千粒重的提高对于冬小麦品种改良过程中产量的提高起重要作用。 2. 随品种推出年代的延迟,各品种苗期-拔节期的净光合速率(PN)、 气孔导度(gs)、蒸腾速率( E)、量子产率(Fv/Fm)均呈增加的趋势,水分利用率(WUE)呈降低的趋势。在孕穗期-蜡熟期,旗叶的PN也随品种推出年代而呈增大的趋势,而在成熟期呈减小的趋势。gs在孕穗期-灌浆期增大,在蜡熟期和成熟期减小;各个时期的E均呈递增趋势;而WUE呈降低趋势。旗叶的Fv/Fm在孕穗期和开花期呈递增的趋势,而在成熟期下降。在苗期至孕穗期,PN、 E均与产量显著正相关;在拔节始期和孕穗期gs与产量显著正相关(R=0.616, 0.499, P<0.05),在苗期-拔节期、开花期和成熟期,WUE与历史产量和试验产量显著负相关(P<0.05, 或P<0.001),在苗期和拔节期Fv/Fm与产量正相关(P<0.05)。在冬小麦品种的改良过程中,其光合作用的改良不仅表现在净光合速率上,而且还表现在荧光动力学参数Fv/Fm上, 即PSII的原初光能转化效率有所提高。 3. 孕穗期至灌浆期,高产品种京冬8号旗叶的PN、gs、E、叶绿素含量和水分含量均最高,而水分利用率(WUE)较低,且具有较高的光呼吸和较低的暗呼吸,其旗叶的叶比重也较高。京冬8号(上世纪90年代推出)叶片气体交换的日变化表现为:在拔节期,全天的净光合速率均最高,而后随生育进程差异变小,通常上午较高,而在中午和下午较低。其旗叶Fv/Fm的变化趋势与净光合速率相似。燕大1817(上世纪40年代推出)的光合作用的午休现象较不明显,且在下午恢复较快,说明它可能具有一定的抗光抑制能力。孕穗至灌浆期是冬小麦籽粒形成和充实的关键时期,此时,叶片光合产物充足与否直接影响千粒重。进一步研究它们“源库”关系的结果表明,京冬8号“源库”关系协调,能够充分发挥“源“和“库”的潜力,且具有最高的收获指数、穗粒重和千粒重,而其它两个品种燕大1817和农大139都存在提高其品种产量潜力的限制因素。因此我们认为,高产品种的高产不仅因为其叶片具有较高的光合速率和较低的暗呼吸消耗,而且有较大的“库”容量和收获指数。 4. 当CO2浓度从360增加到720 µmol.mol-1时,单位叶面积的净光合速率和叶片的水分利用率 随CO2浓度升高而升高。但不同品种差异很大,京冬8号PN 和WUE最高,增加最多,分别提高了173 %和81 %;其次为农大139(上世纪70年代推出),燕大1817增加最少,分别提高了76 %和65 %。E随CO2 浓度的增加而提高;农大139和燕大1817的gs随CO2浓度的增大而减小,而京冬8号则增大。京冬8号和农大139旗叶胞间CO2浓度(Ci) 随CO2 浓度的增加而增大,而燕大1817 的Ci先增大,而后又急剧降低,且京冬8号的Ci最低,燕大1817 最高。在高CO2浓度下,京冬8号的光合速率显著高于其它两个品种,而Ci却低于其它两个品种,说明京冬8号的光合潜力高于其它两个品种。灌浆期高产品种京冬8号旗叶在田间不同自然光强下,净光合速率都是最高的(差异最大时,比燕大1817提高24.8 %)。因此,冬小麦光合作用的潜力,也在一定程度上得到改良。
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The deteriorating condition of one of the most magnificent lakes of India, the Dal Lake, has provoked a lot of research interest from the biological and ecological points of view. However, the impact of deterioration of the ecology on the inhabitant fisher folk around Dal Lake has not been given much importance. In this study, the three major beats of the lake, namely, Hazratbal, Nishat and Nehru Park, were surveyed, randomly taking 10% of the fishermen families. It was observed that the summer mean catch per day (5.18 ± 0.69 kg) was more than the mean winter catch per day (2.85 ± 0.40 kg). However, the total annual catch per person was only 1195.56 ± 211.63 kg. Moreover, marketing through middlemen, especially, during summer, was observed to be very low fetching in terms of mean price per kilogram fish, amounting to Rs 37.50 ± 2.54 for local fish and Rs 22.50 ± 2.88 for the carp. It was also observed that the fisher folk had borrowed a good amount of money for the repair and construction of their houses and boats. Therefore, on the whole, the fishing business around Dal Lake was observed to be under severe stress. In this context, this paper has come out with recommendations to uplift the socio-economic conditions of the fishers.